Chronology of the Crusades after 1400

Contents

The chronology of the Crusades after 1400 provides a detailed timeline of the Crusades and considers the Crusades of the 15th century. This continues the chronology of the later Crusades through 1400. In the Middle East, the threats to the Christian West were from the Mamluks, the Timurids and the Ottomans. The latter would also threaten Eastern Europe and would emerge as the primary Islamic dynasty opposing the West. The Byzantine Empire would no longer exist, but the Reconquista was working well and would be resolved by the end of the 15th century.[1] The works of Norman Housley, in particular, describe the Crusading movement in this timeframe,[2] the impact of the fall of Constantinople in 1453,[3] and the manifestation of Crusading propaganda.[4]

Chronologies of the Crusades in print

Numerous chronologies of the Crusades have been published and include the following.

  • A Chronology of the Crusades, covering the crusades from 1055–1456, by Timothy Venning.[5]
  • Chronology and Maps, covering 1095–1789, in The Oxford History of the Crusades, edited by Jonathan Riley-Smith.[6]
  • A Chronological Outline of the Crusades: Background, Military Expeditions, and Crusader States, covering 160–1798, in The Routledge Companion to the Crusades, by Peter Lock.[7]
  • A Narrative Outline of the Crusades, covering 1096-1488, ibid.[8]
  • The Crusades: A Chronology, covering 1096–1444, in The Crusades—An Encyclopedia, edited by Alan V. Murray.[9]
  • Important Dates and Events, 1049–1571, in History of the Crusades, Volume III, edited by Kenneth M. Setton.[10]
  • Oxford Reference Timelines: Byzantine Empire, 330 – c. 1480;[11] Ottoman Empire, c. 1295 – 1923.[12]

Incumbent rulers in 1400

At the start of the 15th century, the rulers of the relevant countries, orders and dynasties were as follows.

Western Europe and Byzantium

Muslim World

  • 9 April 1370. Timur becomes emir of the Timurid Empire.[24]
  • 16 June 1389. Bayezid I becomes Ottoman sultan after the death of Murad I at the Battle of Kosovo.[25]
  • 3 October 1392. Muhammad VII of Granada becomes sultan of the Emirate of Granada.[26]
  • 19 March 1398. Abu Sa'id Uthman III becomes Marinid sultan of Morocco[27]
  • June 1399. An-Nasir Faraj becomes Mamluk sultan after the death of his father Barquq.[28]

Events from the late 14th century

A number of events from the late 14th century are key to the later timelines, including the following.

  • 15 June 1389. At the Battle of Kosovo, armies under Lazar of Serbia and Murad I meet.[29] Both armies are destroyed and their commanders killed.[30]
  • July 1391. Ottoman invasion of Anatolia stopped at the Battle of Kırkdilim.[31]
  • 26 April 1394. The military Order of Alcántara[32] organizes the failed Crusade of 1394 against Granada.[33]
  • 17 May 1395. Bayezid's invasion of Wallachia is stopped at the Battle of Rovine.[34]
  • Spring/Summer 1396. Hungary organizes the Crusade of Nicopolis to relieve the pressure on Constantinople.[35]
  • 25 September 1396. Ottomans defeat the allied Western forces at the Battle of Nicopolis.[36]

15th century

1400

  • October–November. Timurids defeat the Mamluks at the Sack of Aleppo.[37]
  • (Date unknown). Siege of Damascus results in a Timurid victory over the Mamluks.[38]

1402

  • 20 July. Timurids defeat the Mamluks at the Battle of Ankara.[39]
  • 20 July. Bayezid I and Olivera Despina captured at Ankara, beginning Ottoman Interregnum.[40]
  • (Date unknown). Siege of Constantinople ends with the Byzantines remaining in control of the city.[41]
  • December. Timurids take the city from the Hospitallers at the Siege of Smyrna.[42]

1404

1405

  • 14 February. Timur dies, Shah Rukh becomes ruler of Timurid Empire.[44]
  • 24 June. Innocent VII directs action against the heretical teachings of the Hussites.[45]

1406

1408

1409

1410

1411

1412

  • Early. Mehmed Çelebi defeated by Musa Çelebi at the Battle of İnceğiz.[61]
  • 23 May. Death of an-Nasir Faraj leads to a series of ineffectual Mamluk sultans through 1422.[62]

1413

  • 20 March. Henry V of England becomes king after the death of his father Henry IV.[63][64]
  • 5 July. Mehmed Çelebi defeats Musa Çelebi at the Battle of Çamurlu.[65]
  • 5 July. Mehmed I becomes Ottoman sultan, ending the Interregnum.[66]

1414

1415

1416

  • 29 May. Venetian admiral Pietro Loredan destroys the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Gallipoli.[73]
  • 30 May. Hussite Jerome of Prague burned at the stake as a heretic.[74]

1417

  • 11 November. Martin V elected pope,[75] ending the Great Schism of 1378–1417.[76]
  • (Date unknown). Mircea the Elder[77] loses Dobruja to the Ottomans, preventing Wallachia from becoming an Ottoman province.[78]

1418

  • (Date unknown). Martin V authorizes of a crusade against Africa to combat the slave trade.[79]

1419

  • 30 July. First Hussite Crusade begins.[80]
  • 13 August. Marinid sultan Abu Said Uthman III launches the unsuccessful Siege of Ceuta to recapture the city from Portuguese led by Pedro de Menezes.[81]
  • 14 August. Hussite forces begin the Battle of Vyšehrad against crusaders sent by Sigismund leading to a Hussite victory on 1 November.[82]
  • 6 November. Ottoman–Venetian peace treaty signed ending a short conflict and confirming Stato da Màr and stipulating the rules of maritime trade between them.[83]

1420

1421

1422

1423

1424

1425

  • July. Alvise Loredan leads Venetian naval operations in defense of Thessalonica and raided the fortress at Ierissos and then Christopolis.[104]

1426

1427

  • 4 August. Hussites defeat the armies led by Henry Beaufort at the Battle of Tachov.[109]
  • (Date unknown). Byzantines defeat the fleet of Carlo I Tocco at the Battle of the Echinades, the last victory of their navy.[110]

1428

  • (Date unknown). Henry Beaufort and Philip the Good plan a joint crusade against Bohemia in the midst of the on-going Anglo-French War.[111]
  • October. English decision to attack Orléans reduces Philip's support for the Bohemian crusade.[112]

1429

1430

1431

1432

  • 19 November. Milan defeats Venice at the Battle of Delebio, part of the Wars in Lombardy.[127]
  • 31 August. Lithuanian Civil War begins.[128]
  • (Date unknown). Albanian Revolt of 1432–1436 suppressed by the Ottomans. Skanderbeg, son of Albanian rebel Gjon Kastrioti, remains in Ottoman service.[129]

1433

  • 31 May. Sigismund is crowned Holy Roman Emperor, becoming the first emperor since the death of his father Charles IV in 1378.[15]
  • 14 August. Edward of Portugal becomes king after the death of his father John of Aviz.[130]

1434

1435

1436

1437

1438

  • 14 April. Jahan Shah becomes sultan of the Qara Qoyunlu.[138]
  • 10 September. Sayf ad-Din Jaqmaq overthrows Barsbay's son al-Aziz Jamal ad-Din Yusuf to become Mamluk sultan. Yusuf ruled only 87 days.[139]
  • 13 September. Alfonso the African becomes king of Portugal after the death of his father Edward of Portugal.[140]

1439

1440

  • 1 February. Prussian Confederation is formed to oppose the Teutonic Knights.[142]
  • End of April. Hungarians under Ivan Talovac defeat the Ottomans led by Murad II and Ali Bey Evrenosoğlu at the five-month Siege of Belgrade.[143]
  • October. Hadım Şehabeddin leads Ottoman blockage at the Siege of Novo Brdo to last until 27 June 1441.[144]
  • 29 June. Florentine forces under Francesco Sforza defeat the Milanians led by Niccolò Piccinino in the Battle of Anghiari.[127][145]

1441

1442

  • 18 March. John Hunyadi defeats an Ottoman army at the Battle of Sibiu.[147]
  • September. John Hunyadi defeats a second Ottoman army led by Hadım Şehabeddin near the Ialomița River and places Basarab II as ruler of Wallachia.[148]

1443

1444

  • 2 January. The forces of John Hunyadi defeat those of the Ottomans at the Battle of Kunovica, capturing the Ottoman commander Mahmud Çeleb.[153]
  • 2 March. Skanderbeg establishes the League of Lezhë.[154]
  • 12 June. Murad II makes peace with Hungary and soon abdicates in favor of his son.[155]
  • 29 June. League of Lezhë defeats the Ottomans at the Battle of the Plain of Torvioll.[156]
  • July/August. Mehmed II becomes Ottoman sultan after the abdication of his father Murad II.[157]
  • 10 August – 18 September. The Hospitallers defeat the Ottomans at the first Siege of Rhodes.[158]
  • 15 August. The Treaties of Edirne and Szeged are signed between Hungary and the Ottoman Empire.[159]
  • 10 November. In the final battle of the Crusade of Varna, the Ottomans under Murad II defeated the crusaders under Władysław III of Poland (killed in action), John Hunyadi and Mircea II of Wallachia at the Battle of Varna.[160]

1445

1446

  • September. Murad II returns as Ottoman sultan.[162]
  • 27 September. Skanderbeg defeats the Ottomans at the Battle of Otonetë.[129]
  • 10 December. Ottomans destroy the Hexamilion wall, and the Despotate of the Morea is turned into an Ottoman vassal state.[163]

1447

  • 6 March. Nicholas V elected pope.[164]
  • November. Vlad II Dracul and his son Mircea II of Wallachia are assassinated. Vladislav II of Wallachia.[124]
  • December. Albanian–Venetian War of 1447–1448 begins.[165]

1448

  • 14 May – 31 July. Ottomans defeat the League of Lezhë at the first Siege of Svetigrad.[156]
  • 14 August. Albania is victorious over Venice at the first Battle of Oranik.[165]
  • 4 October. Peace established between Albania and Venice.[165]
  • 17–20 October. Ottomans defeat the Hungarians at the second Battle of Kosovo.[166]
  • October–November. Vlad the Impaler serves his first term as Voivode of Wallachia.[167]

1449

  • 6 January. Constantine XI Palaiologos is crowned Byzantine Emperor, the last in a line of rulers that can be traced to the founding of Rome.[168]
  • 4 May. The Albanian garrison surrenders at the second Siege of Sfetigrad and the Ottomans seize the fortress.[169]
  • 20 May. Afonso V of Portugal and Afonso of Braganza suppress the rebellion of Peter of Coimbra at the Battle of Alfarrobeira. Peter died in this battle.[170]

1450

  • 26 February. Francesco Sforza enters Milan after a siege, founding a dynasty that will rule Milan for a century.[171]
  • 9 May. Timurid emir Abdal-Latif Mirza is assassinated.[172]
  • 14 May – 23 November. Albanians defeat the Ottomans at the first Siege of Krujë.[156]
  • (Approximate). The Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire begins.[173]

1451

  • 3 February. Mehmed II is restored as Ottoman sultan after the death of his father Murad II.[174]
  • 26 March. Treaty of Gaeta signed, Skanderbeg becomes a vassal of Naples.[175]
  • (Date unknown). The Ottomans conquer Karaman, beginning the long list of Mehmed II's campaigns.[176]
  • (Date unknown). Abu Sa'id Mirza becomes sultan of the Timurid Empire.[172]

1452

1453

1454

1455

1456

  • 15 April. Vlad the Impaler begins his second term as Voivode of Wallachia.[192]
  • 18 May. Skanderbeg defeats a large Ottoman force sent to capture Albania at the second Battle of Oranik.[193]
  • 4–22 July. Crusade of 1456: Hungarians and Serbians defeat the Ottomans in the blockade known as the Siege of Belgrade. The crusade was led by John Hunyadi, Michael Szilágyi and John of Capistrano, defeating Mehmed II, who was wounded, Grand Viziers Zagan Pasha and Mahmud Pasha, and Karaca Pasha, who was killed in action.[194]
  • 20 August. Vladislav II of Wallachia is killed by Vlad the Impaler.[192]

1457

  • 2 September. Albanian forces under Skanderbeg and defeat the Ottomans led by Isak bey Evrenoz and Hamza Kastrioti at the Battle of Albulena.[195]

1458

1459

1460

  • (Date unknown). Ottoman commander Ali Bey Mihaloğlu captures Hungarian regent Michael Szilágyi.[202]

1461

  • 26 February. Shihab ad-Din Ahmad becomes Mamluk sultan after the death of his father Sayf ad-Din Inal. He abdicates after only four months.[203]
  • 28 June. Sayf ad-Din Khushqadam becomes Mamluk sultan after the abdication of Shihab ad-Din Ahmad.[204]
  • 10 July. Stephen Tomašević becomes the last king of Bosnia upon the death of his father Stephen Thomas.[205]
  • 22 July. Louis XI of France becomes king upon the death of his father Charles VII.[206]
  • July. Graitzas Palaiologos surrenders Salmeniko Castle, the last garrison of the Despotate of the Morea, to Ottoman forces after a year-long siege.[207]
  • 15 August. The Empire of Trebizond falls to the Ottomans after the 32-day Siege of Trebizond.[176]

1462

  • 17 June. Vlad the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II at the Night Attack at Târgoviște, forcing him to retreat from Wallachia.[208]
  • July. Radu the Handsome replaces his brother Vlad the Impaler as Voivode of Wallachia. Vlad is captured by Matthias Corvinus and imprisoned for 12 years for treason.[192]
  • 1 September. Mehmed II captures the town after the Siege of Mytilene, conquering the island of Lesbos.[209]
  • 17 September. Poland defeats the Teutons at the Battle of Świecino, part of the Thirteen Years' War.[210]
  • (Date unknown). Castilians capture the city after the Eighth Siege of Gibraltar.[211]

1463

1464

  • 10 July – 22 August. Mehmed II is unsuccessful in his attempt to recover the fortress in the second Siege of Jajce.[217]
  • 18 July. Crusade of Pius II begins with the departure of the pope for Ancona. Pius II would die on 14 August.[218]
  • 30 August. Paul II elected pope.[219]
  • 14 September. As Athleta Christi of the Holy See in Pius II's Crusade, Skanderbeg breaks his ten-year peace treaty with the Ottomans signed in 1463, by initiating the Battle of Ohrid. The Albanian–Venetian forces were successful.[220]

1465

  • 14 August. Marinid sultan Abd al-Haqq II is murdered in the Moroccan revolution.[221]

1466

  • June. Mehmed II begins the second Siege of Krujë, to last nearly 11 months.[156]
  • 19 October. Thirteen Years' War ends with the second Peace of Toruń.[222]
  • (Date unknown). Juan Alonso de Guzmán takes the city from Castile in the Ninth Siege of Gibraltar.[223]

1467

1468

1469

1470

1471

  • 14 July. Muscovy defeats the Novgorods at the Battle of Shelon.[237]
  • 9 August. Sixtus IV elected pope.[238]
  • 24 August. Portugal defeats Kingdom of Fez resulting in the Conquest of Asilah.[239]
  • 29 August. Portugal occupies Tangier.[240]
  • (Date unknown). Guillaume Fichet publishes Bessarion's Orations against the Turks, one of the first pieces of mass-propaganda used in Europe.[241][242]

1472

  • (Date unknown). Wattasid dynasty under Abu Abd Allah al-Sheikh Muhammad is founded in Fez following the chaos left by the Moroccan revolution.[243]

1473

  • 11 August. Mehmed II defeats the Aq Qoyunlu led by Uzun Hasan at the Battle of Otlukbeli.[244]

1474

1475

  • 10 January. Stephen the Great defeats the Ottomans under Hadım Suleiman Pasha at the Battle of Vaslui.[247]
  • June. Vlad the Impaler begins his third term as Voivode of Wallachia.[192]
  • (Date unknown). Ottoman forces of Janissaries exceeds 4000 and Sipahi at 40,000.[248][249]
  • (Date unknown). War of the Castilian Succession begins with the Siege of Burgos.[250]
  • (Date unknown). Principality of Theodoro[251] falls to the Ottoman Empire, arguably taking with it the final territorial remnant of the Roman Kingdom.[252]

1476

1478

  • May. The Ottomans defeat the Venetians at the Siege of Shkodra.[255]
  • Spring. The Ottomans are successful in the fourth Siege of Krujë.[224]
  • 1 November. The Spanish Inquisition begins.[256]

1479

  • 20 January. Ferdinand II of Aragon becomes king and rules together with his wife Isabella I of Castile over Iberia.[257]
  • 25 January. Venice and the Ottomans sign the Treaty of Constantinople ceding Shkodra to Mehmed II, bringing all of Albania under Ottoman control.[258]
  • 4 September. War of the Castilian Succession ends with the signing of the Treaty of Alcáçovas.[259]
  • 13 October. The Hungarians defeat the Ottomans at the Battle of Breadfield.[260]

1480

  • 23 May – 17 August. Hospitallers under Pierre d'Aubusson[261] defeat the Ottomans under Mesih Pasha[262] at the second Siege of Rhodes.[263]
  • 28 July. An Ottoman army lands near Otranto causing Sixtus IV to call for a crusade.[264]
  • 12 August. The Siege of Otranto by the Ottomans under Gedik Ahmed Pasha begins. Ottoman troops behead 800 Christians known as the Martyrs of Otranto for refusing to convert to Islam.[265]
  • (Date unknown). Gulielmus Caoursin writes Obsidionis Rhodiæ urbis descriptio, an account of the Siege of Rhodes.[266]

1481

  • 8 April. Sixtus IV issues the bull Cogimur iubente altissimo beginning the Otranto Crusade.[267]
  • 3 May. Mehmed II dies and is succeeded by Bayezid II on 22 May. His succession is contested by his half-brother Cem Sultan.[268]
  • 22 May. The 1481 Rhodes earthquake of magnitude 7.1 strikes, causing an estimated 30,000 casualties.[269]
  • 21 June. Sixtus IV issues the bull Aeterni regis confirming the Treaty of Alcáçovas.[270]
  • 28 August. John II of Portugal becomes king.[271]
  • 10 September. Otranto Crusade ends with the withdrawal of Ottoman forces.[272]
  • 15 September. Andreas Palaiologos plans a crusade against the Ottomans.[273]
  • (Date unknown). John Caius the Elder translates Caoursin's Obsidionis Rhodiæ urbis descriptio into English.[274]

1482

  • 28 February. Alhama de Granada is taken by Christian forces, starting the Granada War.[275]
  • 29 July. The imprisonment of Cem Sultan begins at Rhodes. He would remain under Christian control until his death in 1495.[276]

1483

  • April. Castile defeats Granada at the Battle of Lucena. Christian forces take Muhammad XI of Granada as prisoner.[277]
  • 15 August. The Sistine Chapel, built with ransom paid by Bayezid II for Cem Sultan, celebrates its first mass.[278]
  • 30 August. Charles VIII of France becomes king, under the regency Anne of France and Peter II of Bourbon, upon the death of his father Louis XI. The regency will last until Charles' 21st birthday on 30 June 1491.[279]
  • October. Matthias Corvinus signs a five-year truce with Bayezid II applying to all of Moldavia except the ports.[280]
  • 29 October. The Kingdom of Croatia defeats the Ottomans at the Battle of Una. A seven-year truce is signed between the parties.[281]

1484

1485

1486

1487

  • Early. Muhammad XI of Granada, the last Nasrid ruler of the Emirate of Granada, is released in exchange for placing Granada as a tributary to the Catholic monarchy.[277]
  • 27 April. Innocent VIII issues the bull Id Nostri Cordis calling for the Waldensian Crusade to exterminate the Vaudois.[289]
  • 7 May – 18 August. Spain conquers the city after the 103-day Siege of Málaga following earlier attacks on Ronda and Vélez-Málaga.[290]
  • August. Portugal pillages the Anfa region (Casablanca)[291] of Morocco in the Chaouia Expedition.[292]

1488

  • (Date unknown). The Mamluks defeat the Ottomans at the Battle of Aga-Cayiri.[293]

1489

  • 14 February. Catherine Cornaro leaves Cyprus completing the Venetian conquest of Cyprus.[294]
  • (Date unknown). Al-Zadal (Muhammad XII of Granada) surrenders the city to Spain after the six-month Siege of Baza and is captured.[295]

1490

  • (Date unknown). Portugal ravages Moroccan pirate havens in the Sack of Targa and Comice.[296]

1491

  • 24 January. Poland and Lithuania defeat the Crimean Khanate under Meñli I Giray at the Battle of Zasław.[297]
  • 23 April. Spain begins the Siege of Granada, the final battle of the Reconquisa.[298]
  • 7 November. Maximilian I and Vladislaus II sign the Peace of Pressburg, ending the Austrian–Hungarian War.[299]
  • 25 November. Treaty of Granada signed, granting the Nasrids two months to withdraw from the city.[300]
  • September. The Ottomans are defeated by Croatia at the Battle of Vrpile.[301]
  • (Date unknown). The Ottoman-Mamluk War ends with Status quo ante bellum.[302]

1492

  • 2 January. Muhammad XI, the last emir of Granada, surrenders his city to the army of the Catholic Monarchs after a lengthy siege, ending the ten-year Granada War and the centuries-long Reconquista, and bringing an end to 780 years of Muslim control in Al-Andalus.[303]
  • 6 January. Ferdinand and Isabella enter Granada.[304]
  • 31 March. Ferdinand and Isabella sign the Alhambra Decree, expelling all Jews from Spain unless they convert to Christianity.[305]
  • 2 August. Bayezid II dispatches the Ottoman Navy to bring expelled Spanish Jews safely to Ottoman lands.[306]
  • 6 August. After the death of Innocent VIII on 25 July, the 1492 Papal Conclave is convened, the first held in the Sistine Chapel.[307]
  • 11 August. Alexander VI elected pope.[308]
  • 12 October. Christopher Columbus' expedition makes landfall in the Caribbean, believing he has reached the East Indies.[309]
  • 26 October. Stephan the Great defeats John I of Poland at the Battle of the Cosmin Forest.[310]

1493

1494

1495

  • 25 February. Cem Sultan dies on an expedition of Charles VIII to conquer Naples.[315]

1496

  • 7 August. An-Nasir Muhammad becomes Mamluk sultan after the death of his father Qaitbay.[229]

1497

  • 17 September. The Conquest of Melilla was done by a fleet sent by the Juan Alonso Pérez de Guzmán which attacked the North African city of Melilla.[316]
  • (Date unknown). Moldavian Campaign was an unsuccessful attack by John Albert of Poland on Moldavia, supported by the Ottomans, with the objective of deposing Stephen the Great. This would last two years.[317]

1498

1499

  • 28 July. The Turkish navy defeats the Venetians at the Battle of Zonchio.[319]
  • 18 December. Spanish Muslims begin the first Rebellion of the Alpujarras.[320]

16th century

1500

  • 1 June. Alexander VI issues Quamvis ad amplianda calling for a crusade against the Ottomans following their invasions of Venetian territory in Greece.[321]
  • 30 June. Abu Sa'id Qansuh is overthrown and sent into exile. Janbalat becomes the new Mamluk sultan, but reigns for less than six months. He was succeeded by Tuman Bay I on 25 January 1501.[322]
  • 24 July. The Ottoman fleet under Admiral Kemal Reis[323] defeats the Venetians in the Battle of Modon.[324]

1501

  • 11 April. Rebellion of the Alpujarras is squashed.[320]
  • 20 April. Qansuh al-Ghuri becomes the second-to-last Mamluk sultan after Tuman Bay I is overthrown after three months.[325]
  • (Date unknown). Safavid Empire of Persia founded by Ismail I.[326]

1502

1503

1504

  • 2 July. Bogdan III the One-Eyed becomes the new Voivode of Moldavia upon the death of his father Stephen the Great.[333]

1505

  • 16 March. The Mamluk-Portuguese conflicts begin with Qansuh al-Ghuri ordering a naval expedition against the Portuguese.[334]

1506

  • 6 August. Lithuania defeats the Crimean Khanate at the Battle of Kletsk.[335]

1507

  • (Date unknown). Henry VII of England exchanges letters with Julius II to organise an expedition against the Ottomans.[336]
  • (Date unknown). Timurid Dynasty ends when Muhammad Shaybani captures their capital Herat. The last Timurid emir Badi' al-Zaman Mirza flees.[337]

1508

1509

  • 3 February. The Portuguese fleet defeats the Mamluks at the Battle of Diu.[340]
  • 21 April. Henry VIII of England becomes king on the death of his father Henry VII.[341]
  • 14 May. France defeats Venice at the Battle of Agnadello.[342]
  • 14 September. Ottoman capital devastated by the 1509 Constantinople earthquake.[343]
  • (Date unknown). Ottoman Civil War between the sons of Bayezid II, Selim I and Şehzade Ahmed, begins.[344]

1510

1511

  • 2–19 January. Papal forces defeat Ferrara at the Siege of Mirandola.[346]
  • 2 July. The Şahkulu rebellion in Anatolia against Ottoman rule is suppressed after three months. Şehzade Ahmed, son of Bayezid II, was tasked with the suppression but instead tried to turn his troops against his father and brother.[347]

1512

  • 11 April. French and Ferrarese forces defeat the Papal forces at the Battle of Ravenna.[348]
  • 24 April. Selim I becomes sultan of the Ottoman Empire upon the abdication of Bayezid II, who dies on 26 May.[349]

1513

  • 9 March. Son of Lorenzo de' Medici elected pope, taking the name Leo X.[350]
  • 24 April. Şehzade Ahmed, brother of Selim I, is defeated at Yenişehir and executed.[351]
  • 6 June. Milanese and Swiss defeat France at the Battle of Novara.[352]
  • 16 August. Croatians under Petar Berislavić defeat the Ottomans at the Battle of Dubica.[353]

1514

  • 23 August. Selim I defeats the Safavids at the Battle of Chaldiran, placing East Anatolia under Ottoman control for the first time.[354]
  • 8 September. Lithuania defeats the Principality of Moscow at the Battle of Orsha.[355]

1515

  • 1 January. Francis I of France becomes king, succeeding Louis XII who died without a legitimate son.[356]
  • 13 June. Selim I defeats Bozkurt of Dulkadir at the Battle of Turnadag. After taking the Ramadanids, all of the Turkish beyliks are under Ottoman control.[357]

1516

  • 24 August. Selim I defeats the Mamluks at the Battle of Marj Dabiq, beginning the second Ottoman-Mamluk War.[358]
  • August. Damascus Eyalet established as an administrative division of the Ottoman Empire.[359]
  • September/October. Hayreddin Barbarossa and his brother enable the Capture of Algiers.[360]
  • 17 October. Tuman Bay II becomes the last Mamluk sultan.[361]
  • 28 October. Ottoman forces under Hadım Sinan Pasha defeat the Mamluks at the Battle of Yaunis Khan.[358]
  • (Date unknown). Piri Reis joins the Ottoman navy as a captain.[362]

1517

  • 22 January. Selim I defeats Tuman Bay II at the Battle of Ridaniya.[363]
  • 30 January. Cairo is captured by the Ottomans after a three day battle bringin the Fall of the Mamluks.[364]
  • 30 January. The Abbasid Caliphate of Cairo under al-Mutawakkil III falls to the Ottomans. He was the last of the Cairo caliphs and was succeeded by Selim I as the founder of the Ottoman Caliphate.[365][366]
  • After February. The first world map, the Piri Reis map, is presented to Selim I.[362]
  • 15 March. The Fifth Council of the Lateran ends.[367]
  • 12 April. The Ottomans annex the city after their successful Siege of Jeddah.[368]
  • (Date unknown). Leo X plans a crusade against the Ottomans.[350]

1518

  • October. Treaty of London, led by Thomas Wolsey, unites the kingdoms of western Europe in the wake of the Ottoman threat.[369]
  • January–May. Ottoman admiral Oruç Barbarossa engineers the Fall of Tlemcen.[360]

1519

  • 28 June. Charles V of Spain elected as Holy Roman Emperor.[370]
  • November. Regency of Algiers asks to join the Ottoman Empire.[371]
  • (Date unknown). The first of Celali rebellions in Anatolia begins.[372]

1520

  • 30 September. The reign of Suleiman I (the Magnificent) begins.[373][374]

1521

  • 27 January. Suleiman I suppresses a revolt by Janbirdi al-Ghazali, the first governor of Ottoman Damascus.[375]
  • 18 May. The campaigns of Suleiman I begin.[376]
  • 29 August. After a two-month assault, Suleiman I defeats the Hungarians at the Siege of Belgrade.[377]

1522

1523

1526

1527

  • 6 May. Mutinous troops of the Holy Roman Empire cause the Sack of Rome.[386]
  • 8 June. The Kalender Çelebi rebellion is crushed by Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha.[382]
  • 27 September. Ferdinand I of Austria defeats John Zápolya and takes over most of Hungary at the Battle of Tarcal. John appeals to the Ottomans for help.[387]

1528

1529

  • 27 September – 15 October. Suleiman I conducts the unsuccessful Siege of Vienna.[389]
  • 29 May. Hayreddin Barbarossa enables the Capture of Peñón of Algiers.[360]

1530

1531

  • 16 February. The Portuguese fail to take the city in the first Siege of Diu.[391]

1532

  • 5–30 August. The Hungarians stop the Ottoman advance at the Siege of Güns (Közseg).[392]
  • (Date unknown). Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532–1555 begins.[354]

1533

  • 22 July. Treaty of Constantinople signed between the Ottomans and Austria, a fief of the Holy Roman Empire, concerning the fate of Hungary. János Zápolya becomes king under the suzerainty of Suleiman I.[393]
  • (Date unknown). Suleiman I marries Roxelana, a Ruthenian harem girl.[394] She is the first Haseki Sultan and the marriage marks the beginning of the Sultanate of Women.[395]

1534

  • May. Jean de La Forêt becomes the first French ambassador to the Ottoman Empire.[396]
  • 16 August. Barbarossa is successful in the Conquest of Tunis, taking the city from Hafsid ruler Muley Hasan.[360]
  • 13 October. Paul III elected pope.[397]
  • December. As part of the Campaign of the Two Iraqs, Suleiman I succeeds in the Capture of Baghdad.[398]

1535

  • 1 June. Charles V leads the Reconquest of Tunis, taking the city from the Ottomans. As a result, Barbarossa's fleet is destroyed and nearly 30,000 inhabitants are massacred.[399]
  • (Date unknown). Suleiman I begins the rebuilding of the walls around Jerusalem.[400]

1536

1537

  • August–September. Suleiman I fails to capture the island at the Siege of Corfu.[402] He does later conquer the islands of Paros and Ios.[403]

1538

  • 24 February. The Treaty of Nagyvárad is declared between Ferdinand I of Austria, future Holy Roman Emperor, and the Ottoman Empire.[404]
  • 18 July. The Truce of Nice establishes peace between Charles V and Francis I.[405]
  • 6 November. The Ottomans fail in the second Siege of Diu.[406]

1540

  • September. Gibraltar is sacked by Barbary pirates in the service of the Ottomans. This leads to construction of the defensive Charles V Wall.[407]
  • 1 October. A Spanish fleet under the command of Bernardino de Mendoza destroys an Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Alborán.[408]

1541

  • 26 April. The Portuguese fail to defeat the Ottomans at the Battle of Suez.[409]
  • 4 May – 21 August. Beginning the Little War in Hungary, the Ottomans capture the city after the Siege of Buda and establish rule over much of Hungary.[410][411]
  • October–November. The Holy Roman Empire and Spain fail in their Algiers Expedition.[412]
  • (Date unknown). Suleiman I seals off Jerusalem's Golden Gate, likely because of a prophecy that the Messiah would return through this gate to Jerusalem.[413]
  • (Dates unknown). The Portuguese engage the Ottomans in numerous conflicts including the Battle of Suakin, the Attack on Jeddah and the Battle of El Tor.[409]

1542

  • 8 March. Antoine Escalin des Aimars gains promises of Ottoman aid in a French war against the Holy Roman Empire.[414]
  • (Date unknown). The Ottomans repel the Hapsburgs led by at the Siege of Pest.[415] The siege was led by Joachim of Brandenburg.[416]

1543

  • 25 July – 10 August. Suleiman I defeats the Hungarians at the Siege of Esztergom.[417]
  • 6–22 August. The Ottomans under Barbarossa and French forces take the city after the Siege of Nice
  • 3 September. Suleiman I captures the Hungarian coronation city of Székesfehérvár.[417]

1545

  • (Date unknown). Francis I of France orders the Waldensians punished for heresy resulting in the Mérindol Massacre.[418]
  • (Date unknown). Rüstem Pasha defeats Bagrat III of Imereti at the Battle of Sokhoista, the last attempt of the Georgians to stop the Ottoman advance.[419]

1546

  • 10 November. The third Siege of Diu fails to wrest the city from the Portuguese.[420]

1547

  • 31 March. Henry II of France becomes king after the death of his father Francis I.[421]
  • (Date unknown). The Truce of Adrianople signed between Charles V and Suleiman I the Magnificent in which Ferdinand I of Austria and Charles V recognize total Ottoman control of Hungary.[411]
  • (Date unknown). Piri Reis becomes Admiral (Reis) of the Ottoman navy.[362]

1548

  • 26 February. The Ottomans achieve the Capture of Aden from the Portuguese.[422]
  • (Date unknown). Suleiman I and Rüstem Pasha attack Persian in the second campaign of the Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532–1555 and succeed with the Siege of Van.[423]

1549

1550

1551

  • 18 July. The Ottomans and Barbay pirates fail in their attempt to take Malta, but succeed in their Invasion of Gozo.[427]
  • Late July. The Portuguese overcome the Ottomans at the Siege of Qatif.[428]
  • 15 August. The Ottomans and Barbary pirates defeat the Knights of Malta and capture the Red Castle of Tripoli after a six-day Siege of Tripoli.[429]
  • 18 October. The Ottomans under Sokollu Mehmed Pasha begin an unsuccessful siege of the Hungarian Timișoara Fortress.[430]

1552

  • 9 July. In Hungary, Drégely Castle is attacked by the Ottoman Empire under Hadim Ali Pasha. Castle captain György Szondy and 140 soldiers die defending the castle against 8,000 Turks.[431]
  • 27 July. At the Siege of Temesvar, the Ottomans under Kara Ahmed Pasha capture the Timișoara Fortress.[432]
  • August. The Ottomans are successful in the Capture of Muscat from the Portuguese, beginning the Ottoman campaign against Hormuz.[433]
  • September. The Ottomans led by Kara Ahmed Pasha are unsuccessful in capturing Eger Castle in the Siege of Eger.[434]

1553

  • 6 October. Şehzade Mustafa is executed on the orders of his father Suleiman I.[435]
  • 24 August. The island is temporarily occupied by the Ottomans after a successful Invasion of Corsica.[436]
  • August. The Ottomans are forced to retreat at the Battle of the Strait of Hormuz.[437]
  • (Date unknown) Mahdia is abandoned by Spain and reoccupied by the Ottomans.[426]

1554

  • 7 January. Fez becomes and Ottoman vassal after the Capture of Fez.[438]
  • 25 July. Maximilian II of Austria elected as Holy Roman Emperor.[439]
  • 10–25 August. The Ottomans are defeated by the Portuguese at the Battle of the Gulf of Oman.[436]

1555

  • 23 May. Paul IV is elected pope. He succeeded Marcellus II who served for three weeks after the death of Julius III on 23 March.[440]
  • 29 May. The Peace of Amasya ends the Ottoman–Safavid War.[441]

1559

1560

  • 11 May. The Ottomans under admiral Piyale Pasha defeat a Christian fleet at the Battle of Djerba.[445]
  • 5 December. Charles IX of France becomes king upon the death of his brother Francis II.[446]
  • (Date unknown). A Portuguese fleet is defeated at the Battle of Kamaran by an Ottoman fleet under Sefer Reis.[447]

1561

  • 25 October. While under the protection of Tahmasp I,[448] Ottoman prince Şehzade Bayezid is executed by orders of his father.[449]

1565

  • 18 May – 11 September. The Ottomans fail to take the island in the Great Siege of Malta.[450]
  • December. The Mariovo and Prilep rebellion in Rumelia is suppressed by the Ottomans.[451]

1566

  • 7 January. Pius V elected pope.[452]
  • April. Chios was captured from the Genoese after their surrender to Ottoman admiral Piyale Pasha.[453]
  • 6 September. Suleiman I dies at Turbék, en route to the fortress at Szigetvár.[454]
  • 8 September. The Ottomans capture the city and fortress in the Siege of Szigetvár, joining it to the Budin Eyalet.[455]
  • 7 September. Selim II becomes Ottoman sultan. His seven brothers had died at this point, either by natural causes or on the orders of their father.[349]
  • (Date unknown). Pius V expels prostitutes from Rome and the Papal States.[456]

1568

1569

  • (Date unknown). The Capitulation of 1536 is renewed, exempting French merchants from Ottoman law and allowing them to travel, buy and sell throughout the sultanate and to pay low customs duties on French imports and exports.[461]

1570

  • 27 June. Ottomans set sail for Cyprus, beginning the Ottoman–Venetian War of 1570–1573.[462]
  • 1 July. Ottoman Cyprus established.[463]
  • 9 September. Piali Pasha besieges the city, resulting in the Massacre in Nicosia.[464]
  • 17 September. The Ottomans begin the Siege of Famagusta, the last Christian stronghold in Cyprus.[465]

1571

  • March. Suppression of the second Rebellion of the Alpujarras results in the expulsion of most Muslims from Spain.[459]
  • 24 May. Ottomans and Crimeans under Devlet I Giray raid the city of Moscow resulting in the Fire of Moscow.[466]
  • 25 May. The Holy League of 1571 formed to defeat the Ottomans.[467]
  • 5 August. Siege of Famagusta ends, bringing Cyprus completely under Ottoman control.[465]
  • 7 October. Spanish, Venetian, and Papal naval forces under Don John of Austria, defeat the Ottoman fleet of Müezzinzade Ali Pasha at the Battle of Lepanto.[468]

1572

1573

1574

  • 30 May. Henry III of France becomes king upon the death of his brother Charles IX. He was also King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1573 to 1575. He was the last king of the Capetian house of Valois.[470]
  • 12 July – 13 September. The Ottomans are successful in their Conquest of Tunis.
  • 15 December. Selim II dies.[471]
  • 27 December. Murad III accends to the Ottoman throne after strangling his four younger brother five days earlier.[472]

1577

  • 3 October. Ottoman forces led by Ferhad Pasha Sokolović begin the Siege of Gvozdansko against Croatia.[473]

1578

  • 13 January. The Croatian fort of Gvozdansko falls to the Ottomans.[473]
  • March. The Ottomans and Algerians place Abd al-Malik on the Moroccan throne with their Capture of Fez.[474]
  • 9 August. Lala Mustafa Pasha launches his Caucasian Campaign with the Battle of Çıldır.[475] This is the beginning of the Ottoman–Safavid War of 1578–1590.[354]

1580

  • 9–11 May 1583. The Ottomans defeat the Safavids in the Battle of Torches.[475]
  • 24 April 1585. Sixtus V elected pope, with ambitions of the annihilation of the Turks, the conquest of Egypt, the transport of the Holy Sepulchre to Italy.[476]
  • 2 August 1589. Henry III of France is assassinated and succeeded by Henry IV of France, then king of Navarre. He was the first of the House of Bourbon.[469]

1590

  • 21 March. The Treaty of Constantinople ends the Ottoman–Safavid War.[475]

1592

  • 30 January. Clement VIII elected pope.[477]
  • 10–19 June. The Ottomans are successful in their Siege of Bihać.[478]
  • 11 September. Elizabeth I of England establishes diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire with the chartering of the Levant Company.[479]

1593

  • 22 June. Croatia defeats the Ottomans at the Battle of Sisak.[480]
  • 29 July. The Long Turkish War begins.[481]

1594

1595

  • 16 January. Mehmet III accession to throne.[483]

1596

  • 23–26 October. The Ottomans defeat a combined Habsburg-Transylvanian force at the Battle of Keresztes.[484]

17th century

1603

  • 26 September. The Ottoman–Safavid War begins, to last fifteen years.[485]
  • 22 December. Ahmed I becomes Ottoman sultan.[486]

1648

  • 8 August. Mehmed IV becomes Ottoman sultan.[487]

1683

  • 14 July – 12 September. Western forces defeat the Ottomans at the Battle of Vienna, the turning point for Ottoman expansion into Europe.[488]

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