Chronology of the Northern Crusades

Contents

This chronology presents the timeline of the Northern Crusades beginning with the 10th century establishment of Christian churches in northern Europe. These were primarily Christianization campaigns undertaken by the Christian kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden together with the Teutonic Knights, primarily against the pagan Baltic, Finnic and West Slavic peoples around the southern and eastern shores of the Baltic Sea.

10th century

  • 960–990. Christian churches are established among West Slavs, Danes, Poles and Russians.[1]
  • 983. The Wends participate in the Slavic Revolt of 983 against the Holy Roman Empire under Otto the Great.[2]
  • 997. St. Adalbert of Prague is martyred in Prussia.[3]

11th century

1000

1045

1064

1066

  • 10 November. Bishop John Scotus is killed during a Wendish revolt against Christianity.[6]
  • (Date unknown). Adam of Bremen writes his chronicle Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum (Deeds of Bishops of the Hamburg Church).[7]

1086

1088

1093

  • (Date unknown). A Christian coalition led by the Obotrite prince Henry and Magnus of Saxony defeats the Wends at the Battle of Schmilau.[10]

1095

1099

12th Century

1103

  • (Date unknown). Eric I of Denmark and his wife Boedil begin a pilgrimage to the Holy Land as described in the Knýtlinga saga. He would die in July on Cyprus, but she made it to Jerusalem where she died shortly thereafter.[11]

1104

1106

  • Approximate. Daniel of Kiev makes a pilgrimage to the Holy Land.[16]

1107

1108

  • (Date unknown). The Archbishopric of Magdeburg calls for war against the Wends.[18]

1109

1116

  • (Date unknown). Novgorod and Pskov begin an expedition against Tartu and the fortress of Otepää.[20]

1119

1120

1124

1128

1130

1134

  • 4 June. Beginning a series of the Danish Civil Wars, Eric II of Denmark defeats Niels of Denmark and Magnus the Strong at the Battle of Fotevik and becomes king on 25 June.[28]
  • (Date unknown). The Saxons erect the castle of Segeberg.[1]

1135

  • (Date unknown). Eric II of Denmark defeats the Lechites under Ratibor I of Pomerania in a naval battle off the coast of Denmark.[29]

1136

  • Summer. Danish forces under Eric II of Denmark attack Slavic Rügen, taking its capital Arkona.[30]

1137

  • 18 September. Eric III of Denmark becomes king after the death of his uncle Eric II of Denmark.[31]

1143

  • (Date unknown). Henry the Lion grants the Slavic lands of Wagria and Polabia to Saxon counts.[32]

1144

  • (Date unknown). During the reign of Sverker I of Sweden, the Cistercians establish Catholic abbeys in Sweden and Denmark at the invitation of queen Ulvhild Håkansdotter.[33]

1145

1146

1147

  • 11 April. The second part of the papal bull Divina dispensatione is issued, calling for the Wendish Crusade against the Polabian Slavs.[44]
  • Later. In response, Christian forces are assembled including Saxons under Albert the Bear and Henry the Lion and Danes under Canute V of Denmark and Sweyn III of Denmark assemble.[45]
  • 26 June. The Wendish Crusade begins as the Wends under Slavic prince Niklot sack Lübeck.[46]
  • October. The Christian forces of the Wendish Crusade led by Anselm of Havelberg withdraw after the Danes are defeated and the crusade is abandoned by the Saxons.[47]

1148

1151

  • (Date unknown). Danish nobleman Wetheman founds a lay confraternity in Roskilde organized into leidang to help fight the Wends.[49]
  • (Date unknown). Rognvald Kali Kolsson begins his pilgrimage to the Holy Land as documented in the Orkneyinga saga.[50]

1152

  • (Date unknown). Clergyman and historian John of Salisbury writes his Historia Pontificalis quae Supersunt, covering the years 1148–1152.[51]

1156

1157

1157

  • July. Valdemar I of Denmark, Sweyn III of Denmark and Canute V of Denmark agree to jointly rule Denmark.[54]
  • 23 October. Sweyn III of Denmark is defeated by Valdemar I of Denmark in the last phase of the Danish Civil Wars, culminating in the Battle of Grathe Heath.[54]

1159

1160

  • 18 May. Magnus II of Sweden becomes king after murdering Erik I of Sweden.[56]
  • June. Henry the Lion begins his conquest of the Wends.[32]
  • (Date unknown). The Obotrites are attacked by Saxons and Danes, resulting in the death of the Obotrite prince Niklot, and the partition of the Obotrite lands.[57]

1161

  • (Date unknown). Charles VII of Sweden becomes king after killing his predecessor Magnus II of Sweden.[58]

1162

  • 6 July. The Slavic duchy of Demmin is taken by Henry the Lion.[59]

1163

1164

  • 6 July. The army of Henry the Lion, assisted by the fleet of Valdemar the Great, defeat the West Slavic Obotrites at the Battle of Verchen.[57]
  • (Date unknown). The Archbishopric of Uppsala is created in Sweden.[24]

1167

  • 12 April. Canute I of Sweden becomes king.[60]

1168

  • (Date unknown, through 1169). Valdemar I of Denmark defeats the Wends at the Siege of Arkona.[61]

1170

  • (Date unknown). Danish forces led by Valdemar I of Denmark and Absalon defeat those of Casimir I of Pomerania and Bogisław I of Pomerania at the Battle of Julin Bridge.[61]

1171

1172

  • June–July. Henry the Lion takes a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.[32]

1179

1180

  • 13 January. Henry the Lion is stripped of his imperial fiefs at an Imperial Diet in Würzburg for having breached the peace of Frederick Barbarossa.[32]

1181

  • November. Henry the Lion is deposed and exiled.[32]
  • (Date unknown). The Kingdom of Denmark defeats the Scanian rebels at the Battle of Dösjebro.[65]

1182

1184

1185

  • 25 November. Urban III becomes pope.[68]
  • (Date unknown). A failed raid of Igor Svyatoslavich against the Polovtsians (possibly fictional) is described in The Tale of Igor's Campaign.[69]
  • (Date unknown, may be 1186). Canute VI of Denmark invades Pomerania and forces Bogisław I of Pomerania to acknowledge him as overlord. Canute and his successor monarchs of Denmark then used the title King of the Wends.[66]

1187

  • 12 August. Estonians, Curonians or/and Karelians destroy the Swedish town during the Pillage of Sigtuna.[70]
  • 20 October. Urban III dies and is succeeded by Gregory VIII on 25 October.[71]
  • 29 October. Gregory VIII issues the bull Audita tremendi calling for the Third Crusade.[72]
  • (Date unknown). Chieftain Esbern the Resolute calls for Danish support of the Third Crusade.[73]
  • (Date unknown). Canute I of Sweden repels a fleet of pagan Karelians ravaging coastal towns. He builds a defensive tower in Stockholm in response.[74]

1188

  • (Date unknown). Estonians raid Upsalla. First mission to the Livs.[75]

1191

1192

1193

  • (Date unknown). Celestine III calls for a crusades in Spain and in Northern Europe.[79]

1194

1195

1198

13th century

1200

1202

1204

1207

1208

1215

1216

1217

1218

1219

1220

1221

  • (Date unknown). A Kievan Rus' force fails to defeat the Seljuk Turks under Kayqubad I at the Battle of Sudak.[100]
  • (Date unknown). An Estonian force fails to take the city from the Danes in the Siege of Tallinn.[101]

1222

1225

1226

1227

1229

1230

1233

  • (Date unknown). The papal attacks on heretics in the Stedinger Crusade begin and are finally successful in 1234.[111]

1234

1236

1237

1240

1241

1242

1243

1248

1249

1250

1252

1253

1254

1259

1260

1261

1264

1265

1268

1271

1273

1275

1279

1281

1283

1285

1286

1288

  • 22 February. Nicholas IV becomes pope, immediately supporting a crusade to the Holy Land.[145]

1290

1292

  • (Date unknown). The Swedes establish the outpost of Viborg (Viipuru) in Karelia.[147]

1293

1294

1298

1299

14th century

1300

  • (Date unknown). Swedes under Tyrgils Knutsson lead an attack against the Novgorodians and establish an outpost at Landskrona.[151]

1308

1309

1311

1312

1315

  • (Date unknown). The Great famine of 1315–1317 devastates Europe.[160]

1319

1320

  • (Not earlier than). Erik's Chronicle is written, the oldest surviving Swedish chronicle,

1323

  • 12 August. The Treaty of Nöteborg is signed between Sweden and the Novgorod Republic regulating their border.[162]

1324

1326

  • 10 February. The Polish–Teutonic War begins with the 8-week Raid on Brandenburg by Polish-Lithuanian forces against Louis IV the Bavarian, protector of the Teutons, leaving the area devastated.[163]
  • 3 June. The Treaty of Novgorod is signed, marking the end of decades of the Norwegian-Novgorodian border skirmishes in the far-northern region of Finnmark.[164]

1329

1330

1331

1334

1340

1342

1343

1346

1348

1352

1355

1362

1363

1364

1365

1370

1376

1378

1380

1381

1384

1386

1387

1388

1389

1390

1397

1398

15th century

1404

1409

1410

1411

1414

  • Summer. The Hunger War is conducted between Poland and Lithuania against the Teutonic Knights.[199]

1417

1422

1431

1432

1433

  • 31 May. Sigismund is crowned Holy Roman Emperor, becoming the first emperor since the death of his father Charles IV in 1378.[206]

1435

1440

1441

1442

1448

1450

1454

1457

1462

1463

1466

1470

  • 1 June. Sten Sture becomes regent of Sweden.[216]

1471

  • 14 July. Muscovy defeats the Novgorods at the Battle of Shelon.[217]
  • 9 August. Sixtus IV elected pope and issues a papal bull authorizing the creation of Uppsala University.[218]

1478

  • (Date unknown) Ivan III of Russia conquers the Republic of Novgorod.[219][220]

1481

1483

1491

  • 24 January. Poland and Lithuania defeat the Crimean Khanate under Meñli I Giray at the Battle of Zasław.[222]

1492

1496

  • (Date unknown). Sweden conquers Ivangorod.[224]

1497

16th century

1501

  • 21 June. The Treaty of Wenden unites the Livonians and Lithuanians against Ivan III of Russia.[226]

1502

  • (Date unknown). Alexander Jagiellon signs a five-year treaty with Bayezid II, the first of the Polish-Ottoman alliances.[227]

1506

  • 6 August. Lithuania defeats the Crimean Khanate at the Battle of Kletsk.[228]

1508

1510

1514

  • 8 September. Lithuania defeats the Principality of Moscow at the Battle of Orsha.[231]

1519

1525

1561

  • (Date unknown). Livonia is secularized and partitioned.[232]

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