Chronology of the Reconquista

Contents

This chronology presents the timeline of the Reconquista, a series of military and political actions taken following the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula that began in 711. These Crusades began a decade later with dated to the Battle of Covadonga and its culmination came in 1492 with the Fall of Granada to Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon. The evolution of the various Iberian kingdoms (including Aragon, León and Castile) to the unified kingdoms of Spain and Portugal was key to the conquest of al-Andalus from the Moors.[1]

Chronologies of the Reconquista

Numerous chronologies of the Crusades have been published and include the following.

  • A Chronology of the Crusades, covering the crusades from 1055 to 1456, by Timothy Venning.[2]
  • Chronology and Maps, covering 1095–1789, in The Oxford History of the Crusades, edited by Jonathan Riley-Smith.[3]
  • A Chronological Outline of the Crusades: Background, Military Expeditions, and Crusader States, covering 160–1798, in The Routledge Companion to the Crusades, by Peter Lock.[4]
  • A Narrative Outline of the Crusades, covering 1096–1488, ibid.[5]
  • The Crusades: A Chronology, covering 1096–1444, in The Crusades—An Encyclopedia, edited by Alan V. Murray.[6]
  • Important Dates and Events, 1049–1571, in History of the Crusades, Volume III, edited by Kenneth M. Setton (1975).[7]
  • Historical Dictionary of the Crusades, by Corliss K. Slack. Chronology from 1009 to 1330.[8]
  • Oxford Reference Timelines: Crusades, 1095–1303;[9] Spain.[10]

8th century

705

  • 9 October 705. Al-Walid I becomes Umayyad caliph, leader of the Moors.[11]

After 707

  • (Date unknown). Arab general Musa ibn Nusayr leads the Moors in capturing Western Maghreb, then under Visigoth control.[12]
  • (Date unknown). Musa ibn Nusayr becomes governor of Ifriqiya, with Tariq ibn Ziyad as his deputy at Tangier.[13]

710

  • Estimated. Roderic becomes Visigothic king in Christian Hispania.[14]

711

  • 27–28 April. Tariq ibn Ziyad lands an invasion force of Arabs and Berbers at Gibraltar.[15] This began the Muslim conquest of Spain.[16]
  • 19 July. The Visigoths are defeated at the Battle of Guadalete.[17]
  • Shortly thereafter. Roderic, the last Visigoth king, drowns while retreating.[18]
  • (Date unknown). Córdoba and Galicia are captured by the Moors.[19]

712

  • July. Musa ibn Nusayr lands in Iberia with a follow-on force, and Medina–Sidonia falls shortly afterwards.[20]
  • Fall. Seville falls to ibn Nusayr's forces.[21]

713

  • 5 April. Visigoth lord Theudemia of Murcia agrees to the Treaty of Orihuela with the Moors.[22]
  • 30 June. The city of Mértola surrenders to the Moors.[20]

714

  • Spring. Ibn Nusayr and Ibn Ziyad complete their conquest of Hispania, now known as al-Andalus.[20]
  • Summer. The caliph orders ibn Nusayr and ibn Ziyar to return to Damascus.[20]
  • (Date unknown). Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa given the governorship of al-Andalus.[23]
  • (Date unknown). Abd al-Aziz marries Egilona, widow of Roderic.[24]

715

  • February. Ibn Nusayr and ibn Ziyar return to Damascus to find the caliph dead, succeeded by his brother Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik.[25]
  • (Date unknown). Musa ibn Nusayr is assassinated on the orders of Sulayman.[26]

717

  • (Date unknown). Córdoba is established as the capital of al-Andalus.[27]

718

719

  • (Date unknown). The forces of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz led by al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani capture the coastal city of Narbonne.[32]
  • (Date unknown). Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani becomes governor of al-Andalus.[33]
  • (Date unknown). Moorish occupation reaches its largest extent in Iberia and expands to Occitania.[34]

720

  • (Date unknown). The Moors under al-Samh conquer Narbonne.[35]

721

  • Early. The Moors establish garrisons in Septimania, beginning the Moorish invasion of Gaul. This included the County of Roussillon.[36]
  • 9 June. An army led by Odo the Great, the duke of Aquitaine, defeats the Moors at the Battle of Toulouse, stopping their progress westward from Narbonne into Aquitaine.[37]

725

  • (Date unknown). The Moors under Anbasa ibn Suḥaym al-Kalbi complete their conquest of Septimania.[38]

730

  • (Date unknown). After defeating the Saxons, Charles Martel turns his attention to the Moors, rivaling Odo the Great.[39]
  • (Date unknown). Odo the Great marries his daughter Lampegia to Berber rebel Munuza, securing a peace.[34]

731

732

  • May. The Moors led by Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Ghafiqi capture Bordeaux after defeating Odo the Great at the Battle of the River Garonne.[41]
  • 10 October. Charles Martel defeats the Moorish forces led by Abd al-Rahman at the Battle of Tours.[42]

735

  • (Date unknown). Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj invades Gaul and is stopped by Charles Martel.[43]

737

  • (Date unknown). Favila of Asturias succeeds his father Pelagius as the second king of Asturias.[44]
  • (Dates unknown). Charles Martel begins a campaign in Septimania which includes the following four sieges/battles:
  1. Martel destroys a Moorish garrison at the Siege of Avignon.[45]
  2. Following the destruction of Avignon, Martel fails in the first Siege of Narbonne.[46]
  3. After his failure at Narbonne, Martel defeats Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri at the Battle of the River Berre.[47]
  4. Martel continues his campaign with the successful Siege of Nîmes. He then returns to France.[48]

739

  • (Date unknown). Alfonso I of Asturias (the Catholic) becomes king and creates the buffer zone known as the Desert of the Duero. He married Ermesinda, daughter of Pelagius.[49]

740

  • Early. The Berber Revolt results in several independent states created in North Africa.[50]
  • (Date unknown). Alfonso I of Asturias leads the Reconquest of Galicia, reestablishing the Kingdom of Galicia.[51]

750

  • 25 January. The Umayyads are defeated at the Battle of the Zab, leading to the Abbasid Revolution.[52][53]

752

754

  • (Date unknown). The Mozarabic Chronicle of 754 is written.[55]

756

  • 14–15 May. The Umayyads led by Abd ar-Rahman I are successful at the Battle of Alameda, establishing the Emirate of Córdoba.[56]

757

  • (Date unknown). Fruela I of Asturias (the Cruel), son of Alfonso I and Ermesinda, becomes king.[57]

759

  • (Date unknown). Pepin reclaims Narbonne from the Moors.[58]

760

  • Pepin begins his expedition to Septimania and Aquitaine and conquers the cities of Carcassonne and Toulouse, and the County of Roussillon.[59]

761

  • 25 November. The city of Oviedo founded.[60]

768

  • (Date unknown). Aurelius of Asturias becomes king succeeding his cousin Fruela I the Cruel.[57]

774

  • (Date unknown). Silo of Asturias becomes king, coming to the throne upon his marriage to Adosinda, daughter of Alfonso I.[57]

777

  • (Date unknown). Charlemagne and caliph Harun al-Rashid pursue an Abbasid–Carolingian alliance.[61][62]

778

  • 15 August. A contingent of Basques ambush Carolingian forces at the first Battle of Roncevaux Pass.[63] The 12th-century work The Song of Roland is based on this battle and the exploits of the legendary Frankish military leader Roland.[64]

781

  • (Date unknown). Louis the Pious named King of Aquitaine.[65]

783

  • (Date unknown). Mauregatus (the Usurper) becomes king of Asturias. He was an illegitimate son of Alfonso I.[66]

787

789

  • (Date unknown). Bermudo I of Asturias (the Monk) becomes king.[68]

791

  • 1 January. The Moorish forces of Córdoba defeat a Christian force led by Bermudo I the Monk at the Battle of Río Burbia.[69]
  • 14 September. Bermudo abdicates and is succeeded by his cousin Alfonso II of Asturias (the Chaste).[70]

793

794

  • (Date unknown). Hisham I of Córdoba is defeated by Alfonso II of Asturias at the Battle of Lutos.[73]

795

9th century

800

  • 20 August. Frankish siege army mustered under Louis the Pious to attack Barcelona.[75]
  • October. Siege of Barcelona begins with forces led by William of Gellone.[76]

801

  • 4 April. The Siege of Barcelona ends with a Carolingian victory over the Moors. William of Gellone's son Bera becomes the first Count of Barcelona.[77]

808

  • (Date unknown). The Catalonian city of Tortosa is retained by the Moors after a year-long Siege of Tortosa.[78][79]

816

  • (Date unknown). A Frankish force led by Velasco the Basque is defeated by a Moorish force in the sixteen-day Battle of Pancorbo.[80]

824

  • (Date unknown). A Carolingian force under Aznar Sánchez of Gascony is defeated by the Basques at the second Battle of Roncevaux Pass.[81]
  • (Date unknown). The Kingdom of Pamplona is founded under Íñigo Arista. Formed around the city of Pamplona, this would include the Kingdom of Najera in 923 and eventually become the Kingdom of Navarre in 1134.[82]

827

  • (Date uncertain). Emirate of Crete founded under the Andalusian Umar I of Crete.[83]

829

  • (Date unknown). Annales Regni Francorum is written.[84]

842

  • (Date unknown). Nepotian of Asturias is briefly king after the death of Alfonso II of Asturias.[85]
  • Later. Ramiro I of Asturias becomes king after defeating Nepotian at the Battle of the Bridge of Cornellana.[86]

843

  • (Date unknown). García Íñiguez (later king of Pamplona) joins with rebel Musa ibn Musa al-Qasawi in an attack against the Emirate of Córdoba. The rebellion was put down by Abd ar-Rahman II.[87]

844

850

851

  • (Date unknown). The Moors under Musa ibn Musa al-Qasawi defeat the Franks and Gascons at the Battle of Albelda.[92]
  • (Date unknown). Ordoño I of Asturias begins a campaign to suppress a Basque revolt.[92]
  • (Date unknown). García Íñiguez of Pamplona becomes king.[93]

852

  • (Date unknown). Forces under the command of Muhammad I of Córdoba defeat those of Asturias and Navarre at the Battle of Guadalacete.[94]

859

  • (Date uncertain). García Íñiguez is captured by a Viking force and ransomed.[95]
  • Later. Ordoño I and his ally García Íñiguez defeat the Moors under Musa ibn Musa al-Qasawi at the Battle of Monte Laturce.[96]

865

866

870

  • (Date unknown). García Íñiguez forms an alliance with Moorish rebel Amrus ibn Yusuf.[93]
  • Later.[99] Fortún Garcés of Pamplona becomes king.[100]

878

881

  • (Date unknown). Codex Vigilanus and Chronicle of Alfonso III are compiled.[102]

882

883

10th century

901

  • July. Alfonso III defeats the Moorish forces under Ibn al-Qitt at the battle known as the Day of Zamora.[98]

905

  • (Date unknown). Sancho I of Pamplona becomes king.[105]

910

  • (Date unknown). Kingdom of León founded under Garcia I of León.[106]
  • 20 December. Alfonso III dies and is succeeded by his sons Fruela II of Asturias, Ordoño II of León in Galicia, and García I of León in León.[107]
  • (After 910). The Chronicle of Alfonso III written.[108]

912

  • 16 October. Abd al-Rahman III becomes emir of Córdoba, one day after the death of his grandfather Abdullah of Córdoba.[109]

917

920

923

  • (Date unknown). Kingdom of Najera formed under García Sánchez I.[112]

925

  • August. Fruela II of Asturias dies, and his son Alfonso Fróilaz briefly becomes the king of the unified kingdom of Asturias, Galicia and León. He is soon deposed by his cousins Sancho Ordóñez, Alfonso IV of León and Ramiro II of León.[113]
  • Later. The Kingdom of León absorbs Asturias and operates as a united kingdom under Alfonso IV of León.[114]
  • 10 December. Jimeno Garcés becomes king of Pamplona upon the death of his brother Sancho I of Pamplona.[105]

926

  • (Date unknown). Sancho Ordóñez becomes king of Galicia. He may also had been briefly king of León from 925 to 926.[115]

928

  • (Not later than). García Sánchez I becomes joint ruler of Pamplona with his uncle Jimeno Garcés.[116]

929

  • 16 January. Caliphate of Córdoba established under Abd ar-Rahman III.[117]
  • (Date unknown). The Kingdom of Galicia reunites with the Kingdom of León after the death of Sancho Ordóñez.[118]

930

  • May. The first Siege of Toledo begins.[119]

931

  • (Date unknown). Alfonso IV of León abdicates in favor of his brother Ramiro II of León.[120]
  • (Date unknown).The County of Castile splits from the Kingdom of León.[121]

932

  • June. The Córdobans defeat Ramiro II of León at the first Siege of Toledo, taking the city and holding it until 1085.[119]

939

951

  • 1 January. Ordoño III of León becomes king.[124]

956

  • (Date unknown). Sancho I of León becomes king.[125]

958

  • (Date unknown). Ordoño IV of León becomes king, interrupting the reign of Sancho I of León for two years.[126]

961

  • 6 March. Crete recaptured by the Byzantines after the Siege of Chandax.[127]
  • 15 October. Al-Hakam II becomes Caliph of Córdoba after the death of Abd ar-Rahman III.[128]

966

  • 19 December. Ramiro III of León becomes king.[125]

970

  • 22 February. Sancho II of Pamplona becomes king.[105]

975

976

  • 16 October. Hisham II becomes Caliph of Córdoba.[130]

978

  • (Date unknown). Almanzor (Ibn Abi ‘Amir) becomes chamberlain of the Caliphate of Córdoba and continues his campaigns against the Christians.[131][132]

981

  • 9 July. Forces loyal to Córdoba under Almanzor and defeat a rebel force under Galib ibn Abd al-Rahman supported by Ramiro Garcés and García Fernández at the Battle of Torrevicente.[133]
  • (Date unknown). Christian forces of Ramiro III of León, García Fernández and Sancho Garcés II were defeated by Moorish forces led by Almanzor at the Battle of Rueda.[134]

982

  • (Date unknown). Bermudo II of León becomes king of Galicia (as Bermudo I).[135]

984

  • (Date unknown). Bermudo II becomes king of León and seeks an alliance with Almanzor.[135]

985

  • Summer. The Hispanic March is attacked by Almanzor who defeats Borrell II at the Battle of Rovirans.[136]
  • 1–6 July. Almanzor leads the Sack of Barcelona.[136]

987

  • (Date unknown). The Portuguese city of Coimbra is taken from the Christians by Almanzor.[137]

994

  • (Date unknown). García Sánchez II of Pamplona becomes king.[105]

997

999

  • September. Alfonso V of León becomes king.[140]

11th century

1000

1002

1003

1004

  • (Date approximate[145]). Sancho III of Pamplona (Sancho the Great) becomes king.[146]

1008

  • 20 October. Abd al-Malik dies and is succeeded by his brother Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo.[147]

1009

  • 15 February. Muhammad II al-Mahdi usurps the Caliphate, imprisoning Hisham II.[130]
  • 9 March. Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo is assassinated, leading to the Fitna of al-Andalus.[147]
  • November. Muhammad II overthrown by Sulayman ibn al-Hakam.[148]

1010

  • Early. A Catalan–Andalusian alliance is formed to overthrow the Caliphate overlords led by Muhammad II and Wadih al-Siqlabi, together with Franks led by Ermengol I of Urgell, Hugh I of Empúries, and Ramon Borrell of Barcelona.[149]
  • 2 June. The rebels defeat the Caliphate at the Battle of Aqbat al-Bakr.[149]
  • 23 July. Hisham II restored as caliph.[130]
  • (Date unknown). Taifa of Valencia formed.[150]

1012

  • (Date unknown). Taifa of Dénia founded under the warlord Mujahid al-Amiri.[151]

1013

  • 19 April. Sulayman ibn al-Hakam again becomes Caliph.[148]

1015

  • (Date unknown). Mujahid al-Amiri of Dénia seizes control of the Balearic Islands.[152]

1016

  • (Date unknown). Ali ibn Hammud al-Nasir from the Hammudid dynasty becomes Caliph.[153]

1018

  • 22 March. Al-Qasim al-Ma'mun becomes Caliph of Córdoba.[153]
  • (Date unknown). The Taifa of Zaragoza is founded under al-Mundhir ibn Yahya al-Tujibi.[154]

1026

  • (Date unknown). Hisham III becomes the last Caliph of Córdoba.[153]

1028

  • 7 August. Bermudo III of León becomes king.[155]

1031

  • (Date unknown). The death of Hisham III marks the end of the Caliphate of Córdoba, crumbling into a number of independent taifas.[156]
  • Shortly thereafter. The Taifa of Córdoba is formed.[157]

1035

  • February. Kingdom of Aragon founded under Ramiro I of Aragon.[158]
  • 23 March. The army of Bermudo III of León defeats the Taifa of Seville at the Battle of Cesar.[159]
  • 18 October. Sancho the Great, king of Pamplona since 1004, dies and his eldest son García Sánchez III of Pamplona becomes king.[146]

1037

  • 4 September. Ferdinand I of León (Ferdinand the Great) becomes king after defeating Bermudo III at the Battle of Tamarón.[160][161]
  • (Date unknown). Kingdom of Castile founded under Sancho II of Castile and León (Sancho the Strong).[158]

1043

  • (Date unknown). Castilian hero El Cid is born Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar near Burgos.[162]

1049

  • (Date unknown). Ahmad al-Muqtadir becomes ruler of the Taifa of Zaragoza.[154]

1054

  • 1 September. Ferdinand I of León defeats his brother García Sánchez III at the Battle of Atapuerca. García Sánchez III dies in that battle and is succeeded by Sancho IV of Pamplona.[163]

1063

  • 8 May. Ahmad al-Muqtadir of Zaragoza teams with a Castilian force led by Sancho II and defeats Ramiro I of Aragon at the Battle of Graus. Some accounts say that El Cid supported Sancho.[164]
  • Shortly thereafter. Ramiro I dies in battle and is succeeded by his son Sancho Ramirez.[165]

1064

  • (Estimated). Alexander II sanctions the Crusade of Barbastro against the Taifa of Lérida.[166]
  • 9 July. Ferdinand I of León captures the Portuguese city of Coimbra from the Moors after the first Siege of Coimbra.[137]
  • August. A force led by William of Montreuil, Sancho Ramírez and William VIII of Aquitaine captures Barbastro from the Moors.[167]

1065

  • 17 April. The Aragonese city of Barbastro is recaptured by the Moors.[160]
  • Summer–Fall. After an unsuccessful Siege of Valencia, Ferdinand I of León captures the city in the Battle of Paterna.[168]
  • 24 December. Ferdinand I becomes ill after the Battle of Paterna and dies. His sons Alfonso VI of León and Garcia II of Galicia succeeded him.[169] [170]
  • Later. Ferdinand's death triggers the War of the Three Sanchos, between three grandsons of Sancho the Great––Sancho II, Sancho Garcés IV and Sancho Ramirez.[171]

1067

  • August–September. Sancho II of Castile and León prevails in the War of the Three Sanchos. Castile annexes La Bureba, Montes de Oca and Pancorbo.[172]

1068

1071

  • 19 February. García II of Galicia defeats Portuguese count Nuno II Mendes at the Battle of Pedroso.[174]
  • Early June. Garcia II is overthrown by overthrown by his brothers Sancho II and Alfonso VI.[174]

1072

  • Early January. In an internecine battle among Christian kingdoms, Sancho II of Castile and León defeats Alfonso VI of León at the Battle of Golpejera. After an initial setback, El Cid rallied the Castilians to victory.[175]
  • 7 October. Sancho II is assassinated and is succeeded at Castile by his brother, now known as Alfonso VI of León and Castile, or Alfonso the Brave.[176]

1076

  • 4 June. Sancho Garcés IV is assassinated by his siblings and Sancho Ramírez becomes king of Aragon and Navarre.[177]
  • Shortly thereafter. The Kingdom of Najera is abolished.[112]

1079

  • (Date unknown). The Taifa of Seville defeats the Taifa of Granada at the Battle of Cabra. El Cid supported Seville in defeating Abdallah ibn Buluggin of Granada.[175]

1081

  • (Date unknown). El Cid banished from Castile by Alfonso VI.[178]
  • (Date unknown). Yusuf al-Mu'taman ibn Hud becomes ruler of Zaragoza.[154]

1082

  • Spring/Summer. The Taifa of Zaragoza under El Cid defeats the Taifa of Lleida and its Catalan allies at the Battle of Almenar. Berenguer Ramón II, count of Barcelona, is captured and released for ransom shortly thereafter.[179]

1083

  • (Date unknown). The Almoravid dynasty under Yusuf ibn Tashfin captures Ceuta.[180]

1084

  • 14 August. Aragon and Navarre under Sancho Ramírez are defeated by the forces of the Taifa of Zaragoza led by Yusuf al-Mu'tamin at the Battle of Morella. El Cid was a general for al-Mu'tamin at that time.[175]
  • 25 December. Sancho Ramírez is again defeated by Zaragoza at the Battle of Piedra Pisada, the unsuccessful culmination of Sancho's campaign into Zaragozan territory.[181]

1085

  • Autumn. Alfonso VI of León and Castile defeats Yahya al-Qadir at the second Siege of Toledo, taking the city held by the Moors since 932.[182]

1086

1087

  • Spring. A French military campaign led by Odo I of Burgundy and William the Carpenter, supported by Alfonso VI and Sancho Ramirez, is turned away by the Moors at the first Siege of Tudela.[185]

1089

  • (Date unknown). Urban II grants a Crusade bull to Berenguer Ramón II and Ermengol IV of Urgell at the time of the attempted Reconquest of Tarragona.[186][187]

1090

  • (Date unknown). The Castillians are successful in their Siege of Aledo.

1091

1094

1096

1097

1099

12th century

1100

  • (Date unknown). Peter I of Aragon recaptures the Aragonese city of Barbastro, making it a bishopric seat.[196]

1102

  • 5 May. Valencia taken by the Moors under Mazdali ibn Tilankan.[197]
  • 11 September. Responding to increased Moorish raids into his lands, Ramon Berenguer III attacks and is defeated at the Battle of Mollerussa. The Catalonian Ermengol V of Urgell is killed.[198]

1104

1106

  • (Date unknown). Ali ibn Yusuf becomes ruler of the Almoravid dynasty.[200]
  • (Date unknown). The city of Balaguer and its citadel are captured from the Almoravids, with forces led by Ermengol VI of Urgell and Pedro Ansúrez.[201]

1107

1108

1109

  • 1 July. With the death of her father Alfonso VI, Urraca of León and Castile becomes queen.[205]
  • Later. Coria falls to the Moors.[206]
  • (Date unknown). The Norwegians take control of the city from the Moors after the Siege of Lisbon.[207]
  • (Date unknown). Sigurd the Crusader attacks Formentera in the Balearic Islands.[208]

1110

1111

1114

  • June. Ramon Berenguer III leads the Balearic Islands Expedition, capturing the islands from the Taifa of Dénia in August 1115.[213]
  • August. William V of Montpellier, as part of this expedition, captures Majorca from the Moors.[213]

1116

  • (Date unknown). Ramon Berenguer III travels to Rome to petition Paschal II for a crusade to liberate Tarragona.[214][215]

1117

1118

  • Early. Pope Gelasius II grants a Crusade bull to Alfonso I of Aragon after he undertook to an operation reconquer Zaragoza.[219][187]
  • May–December. The Conquest of Zaragoza was led by Alfonso I and allowed him to take the city of Zaragoza from the Moors. The king was supported by Gaston IV of Béarn, Centule II of Bigorre and Rotrou III of Perche. It subsequently became the capital of Aragon under the lordship of Gaston IV.[220]
  • (Date estimated). Historia silense is written, providing a narrative history of the Iberia from the time of the Visigoths to the first years of the reign of Alfonso VI of León and Castile.[221]

1119

1120

1121

  • (Date unknown). Almohad Caliphate founded under Ibn Tumart.[226][227]

1122

1123

1124

  • Not earlier than. Historia Roderici, an early history of El Cid, is written.[230]

1125

1126

1127

1130

  • May. The Moors defeat Aragon at the Battle of Valencia. The viscount Gaston IV of Béarn is killed in the fighting.[236]
  • October. Alfonso I of Aragon launches the Siege of Bayonne against the Aquitainian city of Bayonne defended by William X of Aquitaine. The siege was lifted after a year without success.[237]

1131

1133

1134

1137

  • 13 November. Petronilla of Aragon becomes queen after the abdication of her father Ramiro II of Aragon. She was the last ruling member of the Jiménez Dynasty.[244]

1138

1139

1140

1142

1143

  • 1 March. Muño Alfonso and an army of knights from Ávila, Segovia, and Toledo defeats Moors at the Battle of Montiel.[255]
  • 5 October. The Treaty of Zamora officially recognizes the independence of Portugal from the Kingdom of León.[256]

1144

1145

1146

1147

  • 15 March. Afonso I of Portugal completes the Conquest of Santarém.[262]
  • Spring. Eugene III extends the Second Crusade to Iberia.[263]
  • April. Emir Ishaq ibn Ali, the last of the Almoravid rulers, dies, and the Almohads seize control of the Moorish principalities in Iberia. The Almohads then transferred the capital of Muslim Iberia from Córdoba to Seville.[226]
  • Later. Abd al-Mu'min becomes the first ruler of the Almohad Caliphate with the Almohad conquest of Marrakesh.[264]

1148

1149

  • Summer/Fall. Eugene III sends Englishman Nicholas Breakspear (the future pope Adrian IV) on a mission to Catalonia.[270]
  • 24 October. Lérida falls to forces from Barcelona under Ramon Berenguer IV.[271]
  • Later. The women of Tortosa were honored with the formation of the Order of the Hatchet.[272]

1150

  • 21 November. Sancho VI of Navarre (the Wise) becomes king.[273]

1153

1154

  • (Date unknown). The chronicle Crónica de Alaón renovada written.[274]

1157

1158

  • 31 August. Alfonso VIII of Castile becomes king.[277]
  • (Date unknown). Upon the death of Abd al-Mu'min, his son Abu Yaqub Yusuf becomes the second Almohad caliph.[278]
  • Later. Sworn enemies of the Almohads, Ibn Mardanīš (the Wolf King) and his stepfather Ibrahim ibn Hamusk allied with Alfonso VIII of Castile and laid siege on Córdoba by 1158–1160, ravaging the surroundings but failing to take the city.[279]

1164

1165

  • 15 October. The invading Almohads led by the brothers of caliph Abu Yaqub Yusuf defeat the Taifa of Murcia under Ibn Mardanīš at the Battle of Fahs al-Jullab.[282]

1166

1169

1170

  • (Date unknown). The Order of Santiago (Order of Saint James of Compostela) is founded to defend Christianity and expel the Moors from Iberia.[285]

1172

1174

1175

1177

1178

  • May–July. The Portuguese conduct the Triana raid against Extremadura and Alentejo.

1179

1184

  • June–July. Abu Yaqub Yusuf crosses the straits of Gibraltar and marched inland. He was stopped by Afonso I of Portugal and Ferdinand II of León at the Siege of Santarém. Abu Yaqub Yusuf was killed during the siege and was succeeded by his son Yaqub al-Mansur.[290]
  • (Date unknown). The first version of the Gesta comitum Barcinonensium is written.[291]

1185

  • 6 December. Sancho I of Portugal (the Populator) becomes king.[292]
  • Approximate. The chronicle of Portuguese history Chronicon Lusitanum is written.[293]

1187

1188

1189

1190

1191

  • 12 May. Berengaria of Navarre marries Richard the Lionheart in Cyprus. She was the eldest daughter of Sancho VI of Navarre and Sancha of Castile.[300]

1193

1194

  • 27 June. Sancho VII of Navarre (the Strong) becomes king, the last of the Jiménez dynasty.[302]
  • (Date unknown). The Chronica Naierensis is written.[303]

1195

1196

  • 25 April. Peter II of Aragon becomes king.[306]

1197

13th century

1209

1210

1211

  • 26 March. Afonso II of Portugal (the Fat) becomes king.[310]
  • (Date unknown). Muhammad al-Nasir crosses the strait of Gibraltar and seizes Salvatierra Castle.[307]

1212

1213

  • 12 September. Peter II of Aragon dies fighting in the Battle of Muret and his son James I of Aragon (the Conqueror) becomes king.[312]

1214

  • 5 October. Henry I of Castile becomes king under the regency of his sister Berengaria.[313]

1215

  • 11 November. The Fourth Lateran Council downgrades Iberian activities in favor of the Fifth Crusade.[307]
  • (Date unknown). Marinid Sultanate begins in Morocco under Berber Abd al-Haqq I.[314]

1217

1218

  • November–December. Siege of Cáceres, organized by Alfonso IX of León, fails to capture the city of Cáceres from the Almohad Caliphate. The siege is abandoned due to heavy rains and flooding.[319]

1219

1223

1225

  • Late. The Portuguese Raid of Seville inflicts a bruising defeat on the Almohads forces and proceeds to pillage the outskirts of Seville and massacre its population.
  • (Date unknown). At the first Siege of Jaén, the forces of the Taifa of Jayyān led Christian knight Álvaro Pérez de Castro defeat the forces of Ferdinand III of Castile and the Taifa of Baeza.[322]

1228

  • (Date unknown). Ibn Hud seizes power over much of al-Andalus.[323]

1229

  • 13 February. Gregory IX issues a papal bull calling for a new crusade in Spain.[324]
  • 5 September. James I of Aragon begins the Conquest of Majorca resulting in the creation of the Kingdom of Majorca. James was supported by William II of Béarn, Berenguer de Palou II, Nuño Sánchez and Peter I of Urgell. The wali of Majorca, Abu Yahya, was defeated and was the last to serve in that role.[325]
  • 12 September. The Aragonese win the first engagement at Majorca at the Battle of Portopí.[325]
  • (Date unknown). Valencia falls to Zayyan ibn Mardanish, an opponent of the Almohades.[326]

1230

1231

1232

  • 13 July. The Nasrid dynasty begins ruling the Emirate of Granada under Muhammad I of Granada, the first sultan of Granada.[333]
  • (Date unknown). James I of Aragon begins his campaign against the Moors occupying Valencia.[329]

1233

1234

1236

  • 29 June. Ferdinand III of Castile captures Córdoba from Ibn Hud after the Siege of Córdoba, regaining the city held by the Moors since 711.[337]

1237

1238

1239

1243

1244

  • 22 May. The Moors surrender Xativa Castle to James I of Aragon following a five-month siege. The terms of surrender of the Moors were laid out in the subsequent Treaty of Xàtiva.[341]
  • (Date unknown). Arjona, the home of Muhammad I of Granada, is taken by Ferdinand III of Castile.[342]

1246

1247

  • July. Castile begins the Siege of Seville.[346]

1248

1249

1252

  • 1 June. Alfonso X of Castile becomes king.[349]

1253

  • 8 July. Theobald II of Navarre becomes king.[350]

1260

  • 10–23 September. After the Battle of Salé, a Castilian fleet sent by Alfonso X of Castile temporarily occupies Salé in Morocco.[351]
  • 24 October. Baybars becomes Mamluk sultan of Egypt.[352] He later signs commercial treaties with James I of Aragon and Alfonso X of Castile (dates unknown).[353]

1261

  • 25 November. After the 11-month Siege of Jerez, the Moorish enclave of Jerez de la Frontera is incorporated into the Crown of Castile. The head of the House of Lara, Castilian nobleman Nuño González de Lara is appointed castillian of the Alcázar of Jerez de la Frontera.[354]

1264

  • (Date unknown). The Mudéjar revolt of the Muslim population of Castile begins, and is not put down until 1266.[355]

1265

1266

  • 31 January. Murcia surrenders to James I of Aragon.[356]

1267

  • 16 February. The Treaty of Badajoz is signed between Alfonso X of Castile and Afonso III of Portugal, agreeing to establish lines of mutual assistance and friendship. Based on the terms of the accord, Alfonso X surrendered all rights to the Kingdom of the Algarve.[357]

1269

1270

  • 4 December. Henry I of Navarre becomes king.[359]

1271

  • (Date unknown). The Gran conquista de Ultramar, a late 13th-century Castilian chronicle of the crusades for the period 1095–1271, is written.[360]

1272

  • (Not earlier than). The Spanish history Estoria de España is written.[361]

1273

  • 22 January. Muhammad II of Granada becomes sultan of the Emirate of Granada.[362]

1274

  • 22 July. Joan I of Navarre becomes queen upon the death of her father Henry I of Navarre.[363]
  • November. Fernando de la Cerda becomes regent of the Crown of Castile during the absence of his father Alfonso X of Castile.[364]

1275

  • 13 May. Marinid forces led by Abu Yusuf Yaqub begin their first Invasion of Spain.[365]
  • 25 June. Fernando de la Cerda, regent of Castile, dies, leaving the kingdom open to the invading Marinid forces.[364]
  • 8 September. The Moors defeat Castile at the Battle of Écija. The Castilian commander Nuño González de Lara is killed in action.[364]
  • 21 October. The Moors defeat the army of Castile led by Sancho II de Aragon at the Battle of Martos. Sancho II was killed and Alfonso X of Castile was forced to accept a peace treaty.[366]

1276

  • 19 January. Abu Yusuf Yaqub ends his invasion of Spain, and, with Muhammad II of Granada, agrees to a truce with Alfonso X of Castile for two years.[365]
  • Later. The Llibre dels fets, a chronicle of the reign of James I of Aragon, is written.[367]
  • 27 July. James I of Aragon dies and is succeeded by his son Peter III of Aragon.[312][368]

1277

  • August. Abu Yusuf Yaqub begins his second Invasion of Spain, ravaging the districts of Jerez de la Frontera, Seville and Córdoba.[369]
  • Approximate. The Estoire d'Eracles, a history of the Crusades, is written.[370]

1278

  • 25 July. Castile defeated by the Marinids at the naval Battle off Algeciras.[371]
  • 5 August. Alfonso X of Castile launches the unsuccessful first Siege of Algeciras. Castilian forces were commanded by Peter of Castile and Alfonso Fernández el Niño.[371]

1279

1280

1282

  • 30 August. Peter III of Aragon lands in Sicily, claims crown four days later and is excommunicated by Pope Martin IV.[374]
  • (Date unknown). Roger of Lauria named commander of the Aragonese fleet.[375]

1283

1284

  • 4 April. Alfonso X of Castile dies and is succeeded by his son Sancho IV of Castile.[378]
  • 5 June. Roger of Lauria defeats the Neapolitan fleet at the Battle of the Gulf of Naples, capturing the commander Charles II of Naples.[379]
  • 16 August. Joan I of Navarre marries Philip IV of France, and thus Navarre forms a personal union with the Kingdom of France.[380][381]

1285

  • 26 June. Philip III of France invades Aragon in response to the call for the Aragonese Crusade of 1283.[382]
  • 4 September. Argonese fleet commanded by Roger of Lauria defeats a French and Genoese at the Battle of Les Formigues.[383]
  • 1 October. Aragonese defeat the French at the Battle of the Col de Panissars.[384]
  • 5 October. Joan I of Navarre becomes queen consort of France by virtue of her marriage to Philip IV of France. Navarre goes under French rule.[82]
  • 2 November. Alfonso III of Aragon (the Liberal) becomes king.[385]

1286

  • March. Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr becomes Marinid sultan of Morocco upon the death of his father.[386]

1287

  • 23 June. Aragon defeats Naples at the naval Battle of the Counts.[387]

1288

  • 28 October. Edward I of England enters into the Treaty of Canfranc with Alfonso III of Aragon to secure the release of Charles II of Naples, captured four years before.[379]

1291

  • 18 June. Alfonso III of Aragon dies and is succeeded by his brother James II of Aragon.[388]
  • 6 August. Genoese-Sevillian fleet led by Benedetto Zaccaria wins a victory over Marinid fleet at Alcácer Seguir.[389]
  • Approximate. The annals of the Crusades Annales de Terre Sainte is written.[370]

1292

1295

1299

  • May. The Kingdom of Tlemcen suffered the eight-year Siege of Tlemcen by Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr. Tlemcen was defended by Abu Said Uthman I and Abu Zayyan I and the siege was lifted upon the assassination of Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr.[394]
  • 4 July. Aragonese-Angevin fleet led by Roger of Lauria defeats a Sicilian fleet at the Battle of Cape Orlando.[375]

14th century

1300

  • February. Boniface VIII announces first Jubilee Year in Rome, promotes a crusade.[395]

1302

  • 8 April. Muhammad III of Granada becomes ruler of the Emirate of Granada after the death of his father Muhammad II.[362]
  • 31 August. The Peace of Caltabelotta recognizes Aragon's suzerinity over Sicily.[396]

1304

1305

  • 19 May. The Treaty of Elche is signed, revising the borders set by the Treaty of Torrellas.[397]
  • (Date unknown). Majorcan Christian apologist Ramon Lull proposes Oriental languages be taught in the West, presents Liber de Fine to James II of Aragon proposing new crusades against the Muslims.[398][399]

1307

  • 13 May. Marinid sultan of Morocco Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr is assassinated and succeeded by Abu Thabit 'Amir.[400]

1308

  • 19 December. Castile and Aragon sign the Treaty of Alcalá de Henares, pledging to help each other to achieve a total conquest of Granada and split its territories between them.[401]

1309

  • 14 March. Nasr of Granada becomes sultan.[402]
  • Spring. Pope Clement V authorizes a Castilian and Aragonese crusade against the Moors in Spain.[403]
  • 29 April. Clement V issues the papal bull Prioribus decanis allowing Ferdinand IV of Castile to finance the war against Granada.[404]
  • 21 July. Aragon defeats Granada at the first Battle of Ceuta.[405]
  • 27 July. The second Siege of Algeciras launched by Ferdinand IV against Nasr of Granada. Castile is defeated in January 1310.[404]
  • 11 August. The Siege of Almeria launched by James II of Aragon against Granada fails after a Granadan relief column under Uthman ibn Abi al-Ula arrived in September.[406]
  • 15 August. The first Siege of Gibraltar is launched, resulting in a Castilian victory. Castilian forces were led by Juan Núñez II de Lara, Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, Fernando Gutiérrez Tello, Garci López de Padilla and John of Castile.[407]

1310

  • 23 November. Abu Sa'id Uthman II becomes sultan of Morocco upon the death of his nephew Abu al-Rabi Sulayman.[408]

1312

  • 7 September. Alfonso XI of Castile becomes king.[409]
  • (Date unknown). Ibn Idhāri writes the Al-Bayan al-Mughrib (Book of the Amazing Story of the History of the Kings of al-Andalus and Maghreb).[410]

1314

  • February. Nasr of Granada is forced to abdicate and Ismail I of Granada becomes sultan. Nasr declares himself ruler of Guadix and begins his rebellion.[411]
  • Approximate. The history of the Crusades known as the Gestes des Chiprois is written.[370]

1315

  • (Date unknown).The Great famine of 1315–1317 devastates Europe.[412]

1316

  • 22 February. Ferdinand of Majorca, claimant to the Principality of Achaea, defeats forces of Matilda of Hainaut at the Battle of Picotin.[413]
  • (Date unknown). Ismail I of Granada is unsuccessful in the second Siege of Gibraltar, leaving the city in the hand of Castile.[414]

1317

1319

1320

1321

  • 21 June. Leper's plot, a conspiracy theory that lepers and Muslims were conspiring to poison water in France, results in lepers and Jews being burned at the stake.[419]

1322

  • 13 November. Nasr of Granada dies, ending his rebellion.[402]

1325

  • 7 January. Afonso IV of Portugal becomes king upon the death of his father Denis I.[420]
  • 8 July. Ismail I of Granada is murdered and is succeeded by his son Muhammad IV of Granada.[421]

1327

  • 2 November. Alfonso IV of Aragon becomes king.[422]

1328

1330

1333

  • February–June. Muhammed IV successfully captures Gibraltar from the Castilians after the third Siege of Gibraltar.[425]
  • 26 June – 24 August. The fourth Siege of Gibraltar, a counterattack by Castile, is repelled by the Granadans under Abu Malik Abd al-Wahid.[426]
  • 25 August. Yusuf I of Granada becomes sultan after the assassination of his brother Muhammed IV.[427]

1335

  • (Date unknown). The Siege of Tlemcen leads to the annexation of the Zayyanid Kingdom to the Marinids in 1337. The siege was led by sultan Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman and the city was defended by Abu Tashufin I who died in battle along with three of his sons.[428]

1336

  • 24 January. Peter IV of Aragon becomes king.[429]

1339

  • 6 September. A fleet of Alfonso XI of Castile defeats that of the Marinids and Geneose at the second Battle of Ceuta.[430]
  • 28 October. Forces of Alfonso XI of Castile defeat those of Marinid sultan Abu al-Hasan 'Ali at the Battle of Vega de Pagana. The conflict is extended to 1340 at Río Salado near Tarifa.[431]

1340

  • 30 October. Afonso IV of Portugal and Alfonso XI of Castile defeat Abu al-Hasan 'Ali and Yusuf I of Granada at the Battle of Río Salado. They were supported by Juan Manuel of Villena and Garci Lasso de la Vega II.[432] The essentially ending the ability of the Marinids to conduct operations in Iberia.[433]

1342

  • 8 April. The Kingdom of Castile and the Kingdom of Portugal defeat the Marinid Sultanate at the naval Battle of Guadalmesí.
  • 3 August. Alfonso XI of Castile begins the third Siege of Algeciras to capture the capital and the main port of the European territory of the Marinid Empire.[434]
  • (Date unknown). Aragon routs the Marinid fleet at the Battle of Estepona.[435]

1344

  • 25 March. Algeciras surrenders to Alfonso XI, with Gibraltar remaining in Muslim hands.[434]
  • (Date unknown). Peter IV of Aragon annexes Majorca, deposing James III of Majorca.[429]

1349

  • 24 August. Alfonso XI of Castile attempts to take Gibraltar with the fifth Siege of Gibraltar.[436]

1350

  • 26 March. Alfonso XI of Castile dies of bubonic plague and the Siege of Gibraltar is abandoned shortly thereafter. Peter the Cruel of becomes king.[437]

1351

  • (Date unknown). The Castilian Civil War begins, a succession crisis between Peter the Cruel and his half-brother Henry of Trastámara (Henry II of Castile). Peter is supported by Edward the Black Prince and Henry by Bertrand du Guesclin. Part of the Hundred Years' War, it was not resolved until 1366.[438]

1354

  • 19 October. Muhammad V of Granada becomes sultan, beginning the Golden Age of Nasrid rule.[402]

1356

  • (Date unknown). The War of the Two Pedros begins, a struggle between two claimants to the throne of Castile, Peter of Castile and Peter IV of Aragon.[439]

1357

  • 28 May. Peter I of Portugal becomes king after the death of his father Afonso IV.[440]

1359

  • 23 August. Ismail II of Granada overthrows his uncle Muhammed V to become sultan of Granada.[441]
  • (Date unknown). The Chronicle of San Juan de la Peña written at the behest of Peter IV of Aragon.[442]

1360

  • June/July. Muhammad VI of Granada becomes sultan.[443]
  • (Date unknown). The anonymous Castilian cantar de gesta, Mocedades de Rodrigo, is composed, relating the origins and exploits of the youth of El Cid.[444]

1361

1362

  • January. Castilians are routed by the forces of Muhammed VI of Granada at the Battle of Guadix.[446]
  • 13 April. Muhammad VI flees Granada, is murdered by the orders of Peter of Castile two weeks later.[362]
  • Later. Muhammad V of Granada begins his second reign.[402]

1366

1367

  • 18 January. Ferdinand I of Portugal becomes king.[448]
  • 3 April. Peter of Castile is victorious at Battle of Nájera[449] over Henry of Trastámara and Edward the Black Prince.[450]

1369

  • 14 March. Henry of Trastámara defeats his half-brother Peter of Castile at the Battle of Montiel, ending the Castilian Civil War.[451]
  • Shortly thereafter. Ferdinand I of Portugal begins the first of the Fernadine Wars against Castile.[448]
  • 28 July. Granada launches the fourth Siege of Algeciras, retaking the city on 30 July.[452]

1375

  • (Date unknown). Majorcan cartographer Abraham Cresques creates the Catalan Atlas.[453]

1377

1379

1381

  • (Date unknown). The Third Ferandine War begins, pitting Portugal and England against Castile. The Portuguese forces were led by João Afonso Telo and supported by John of Gaunt, and they faced Fernando Sánchez de Tovar representing Castile.[459]

1382

  • 10 August. The Treaty of Elvas is signed, ending the Third Ferandine War.[459]

1383

1384

1385

1386

  • 29 July. John of Gaunt leads a crusade against Henry of Trastámara to claim the throne of Castile by right of his wife Constance of Castile.[464]

1387

  • 6 January. John I of Aragon becomes king.[465]

1390

1391

  • 15 January. Yusuf II of Granada becomes sultan.[468]
  • 6 June. The Pogroms of 1391 against Jews in Spain begin.[469]

1392

  • 3 October. Muhammad VII of Granada succeeds Yusuf II as Nasrid sultan of Granada.[470]
  • December. Nasrids conduct a Raid on Murcia, threatening the truce with Castile.[471][472]

1394

1396

  • 19 May. Martin of Aragon becomes king.[473]

1398

15th century

1406

1407

  • 5–25 October. The Castillians fail in their Siege of Setenil.

1408

  • 13 May. Yusuf III of Granada become sultan.[362]

1409

1410

1411

  • (Date unknown). The sixth Siege of Gibraltar leaves the territory under Granadan control.[480]

1412

1415

  • 21 August. John I of Portugal completes the Conquest of Ceuta, beginning the series of Moroccan–Portuguese conflicts.[482]

1416

1417

  • (Date unknown). Muhammad VIII of Granada becomes sultan (first reign).[485]

1418

1419

  • 13 August. Marinid sultan Abu Said Uthman III launches the unsuccessful Siege of Ceuta to recapture the city from the Portuguese who were led by Pedro de Menezes.[487]
  • (Date unknown). Muhammad IX of Granada begins his first reign as sultan.[485]

1420

1427

  • (Date unknown). Muhammad VIII of Granada becomes sultan (second reign).[485]

1429

  • (Date unknown).The Hafsids under Kaid Ridavan mount the Siege of Malta, then withdraw.[488]
  • (Date unknown). Muhammad IX of Granada begins his second reign as sultan.[485]

1430

1431

1432

  • 1 January. Yusuf IV of Granada briefly becomes sultan.[491]
  • Later. Muhammad IX of Granada begins his third reign as sultan.[470]

1433

  • 14 August. Edward of Portugal becomes king after the death of his father John of Aviz.[492]

1434

1435

1436

  • 31 October. Castillian Enrique Pérez de Guzmán fails to capture the stronghold after the seventh Siege of Gibraltar, drowning during the siege.[495]

1437

1438

  • 28 July. The Grandans defeat the Castillians at the Battle of Castril.
  • 13 September. Alfonso the African becomes king of Portugal after the death of his father Edward of Portugal.[498]

1443

1445

1448

  • 17 March. The Granadans defeat the Castillians at the Battle of Río Verde.
  • (Date unknown). Muhammad IX of Granada begins his last reign as sultan.[470]
  • Later. The Granadans defeat the Castillians at the Battle of Hellín.

1449

  • 20 May. Afonso V of Portugal and Afonso of Braganza suppress the rebellion of Peter of Coimbra at the Battle of Alfarrobeira. Peter died in this battle.[501]

1450

  • (Date unknown). Nuno Gonçalves is appointed court painter of Afonso V of Portugal and later paints the Saint Vincent Panels.[502]

1452

1454

1455

1458

1462

  • (Date unknown). Castilians capture the city after the eighth Siege of Gibraltar. Castilian forces were led by Juan Alonso de Guzmán, Alonso de Arcos and Rodrigo de Arcos.[507]

1465

  • 14 August. Marinid sultan Abd al-Haqq II is murdered in the Moroccan revolution, leaving much of the country under the rule of the Wattasid dynasty.[508]

1466

  • (Date unknown). Juan Alonso de Guzmán takes the city from Castile in the ninth Siege of Gibraltar.[509]

1467

1468

  • (Date unknown). Portuguese fleet commanded by Fernando of Viseu razes a region of Morocco in the Anfa Expedition.[511]

1469

1471

1472

  • (Date unknown). Wattasid dynasty under Abu Abd Allah al-Sheikh Muhammad is founded in Fez following the chaos left by the Moroccan revolution.[515]

1474

1475

  • (Date unknown). War of the Castilian Succession begins with the Siege of Burgos.[518]

1476

1478

  • Spring or Summer. A Portuguese fleet defeats a Castilian fleet at the Battle of Guinea. This was part of the War of the Castilian Succession.
  • 1 November. The Spanish Inquisition begins.[520]

1479

  • 20 January. Ferdinand II of Aragon becomes king and rules together with his wife Isabella I of Castile over Iberia.[521]
  • 4 September. War of the Castilian Succession ends with the signing of the Treaty of Alcáçovas.[522]

1481

1482

1483

1484

1487

  • Early. Muhammad XI of Granada, the last Nasrid ruler of the Emirate of Granada, is released in exchange for placing Granada as a tributary to the Catholic monarchy.[527]
  • 7 May – 18 August. Spain conquers the city after the 103-day Siege of Málaga following earlier attacks on Ronda and Vélez-Málaga.[529]
  • August. Portugal pillages the Anfa region (Casablanca) of Morocco in the Chaouia Expedition.[530][531]

1489

  • (Date unknown). Al-Zadal (Muhammad XII of Granada) surrenders the city to Spain after the six-month Siege of Baza and is captured.[532]

1490

  • (Date unknown). Portugal ravages Moroccan pirate havens in the Sack of Targa and Comice.[533]

1491

1492

  • 2 January. Muhammad XI, the last emir of Granada, surrenders his city to the army of the Catholic Monarchs after a lengthy siege, ending the ten-year Granada War and the centuries-long Reconquista, and bringing an end to 780 years of Muslim control in Al-Andalus.[536]
  • 6 January. Ferdinand and Isabella enter Granada.[537]
  • 31 March. Ferdinand and Isabella sign the Alhambra Decree, expelling all Jews from Spain unless they convert to Christianity.[538]
  • 2 August. Ottoman sultan Bayezid II dispatches the Ottoman Navy to bring expelled Spanish Jews safely to Ottoman lands.[539]

Aftermath

The Fall of Granada ended the Reconquista, but some residual events continued.

  • 12 October 1492. Christopher Columbus makes landfall in the Caribbean, believing he has reached the East Indies.[540]
  • 4 May 1493. Pope Alexander VI issues the bull Inter caetera granting newly discovered lands to Spain. Dudum siquidem clarifies this on 26 September.[541]
  • 17 September 1497. The Conquest of Melilla was done by a fleet sent by the Juan Alonso Pérez de Guzmán which attacked the North African city of Melilla.[542]
  • 18 December 1499. Spanish Muslims begin the first Rebellion of the Alpujarras.[543]
  • 11 April 1501. Rebellion of the Alpujarras is squashed.[543]
  • 17 September 1502. Forced conversion of Muslims begins in the Crown of Castile by edict of Isabella I.[544]
  • 24 December 1568. The second Rebellion of the Alpujarras is resolved after three years.[543]

References

  1. 1.Various Authors (2010). Iberia. Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology.
  2. 2.Venning & Frankopan 2015, pp. 413–537, The Crusades after the loss of the Holy Land, 1292–1456.
  3. 3.Riley-Smith 2001, pp. 392–400, Chronology.
  4. 4.Lock 2006, pp. 1–136, A Chronological Outline of the Crusades.
  5. 5.Lock 2006, pp. 137–224, A Narrative Outline of the Crusades.
  6. 6.Phillips, Jonathan. "The Crusades: Names and Numbers. Chronology". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia.
  7. 7.Hazard, H. W. (1975). A History of the Crusades, Volume III. "The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries". Important Dates and Events.
  8. 8.Slack 2013, pp. xxv–xxxii, Chronology.
  9. 9.Timeline: Crusades, 1095–1303. Oxford Reference (2012).
  10. 10.Timeline: Spain. Oxford Reference (2012).
  11. 11.Rebate Jacobi (2012). “al-Walīd”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, et al.
  12. 12.Évariste Lévi-Provençal (2012). “Mūsā b. Nuṣayr”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, et al.
  13. 13.L. Molina (2012). “Ṭāriḳ b. Ziyād”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, et al.
  14. 14.Collins 2008, p. 134, Roderic.
  15. 15.The original name Mons Calpe was renamed Jabal Ṭāriq, "the Mount of Tariq", later corrupted into Gibraltar.
  16. 16.Collins 1989, p. 147, Invasion of Spain.
  17. 17.O'Callaghan 1983, pp. 52–53, The Campaigns of Tariq and Musa.
  18. 18.Thomas Hodgkin (1887). “Visigothic Spain.” The English Historical Review, Vol. 2, No. 6, pgs. 209–234.
  19. 19.Collins 1989, pp. 42–43, The Fall of Córdoba.
  20. 20.[20.2][20.3][20.4]O'Callaghan 1983, pp. 92–93, The Campaigns of Tariq and Musa.
  21. 21.R. Dykes Shaw (1906). “The Fall of the Visigothic Power in Spain.” The English Historical Review, Vol. 21, No. 82, pgs. 209–228.
  22. 22.Collins 1989, pp. 39–41, Theodemir.
  23. 23.Évariste Lévi-Provençal (2012). “ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Mūsā b. Nuṣayr”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, et al.
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