Church of Saint John the Baptist, Ein Karem

Contents

The Church of Saint John the Baptist is a Catholic church in Ein Karem, Jerusalem, that belongs to the Franciscan order. It was built at the site where Saint John the Baptist is believed to have been born.[1]

In 1941–42, Franciscan archaeologists excavated the area west of the church and monastery.[2] Here they discovered habitation remains from the Early Roman period, the presumed lifetime of John and his parents, Zacharia and Elizabeth,[2][3][4] as well as two small Christian chapels and wine presses from the Byzantine period.[2] The community living here has been dated by the archaeological findings back to the Roman, Byzantine and Early Muslim periods.[2]

F. M. Abel assessed in 1938 that most of the current church structure probably dates back to the 11th century, with the lower courses possibly dating to the Byzantine period (4th-7th century).[2]

History

In 1941-42 the Franciscans excavated the area west of the church and monastery.[2] Here they found Late Roman rock-cut chambers and graves, along with two small Byzantine chapels and wine presses.[2] The community living here has been dated by the archaeological findings back to the Roman, Byzantine and Early Muslim periods.[2][3][4]

French archaeologist Abel (1878–1953) positioned that most of the current church probably dates back to the 11th century during the Early Muslim period, with the lower courses possibly dating to the Byzantine period (4th-7th century).[2][3]

Late Roman period

The digs west of the main buildings brought to light graves and rock-cut chambers.[2] The southern rock-cut chamber contained ceramic datable to a period stretching from approximately the first century BC to 70 AD, an interval that includes the presumed lifetime of Zechariah, Elizabeth and John.[2][3][4]

Byzantine period

The lower courses of the current church possibly date to the Byzantine period (4th-7th century).[2] In the area excavated to the west of the monastery and church, the two Christian chapels with mosaic tiling as well as the wine presses belong to this same period.[2]

Early Muslim period

According to Jack Finegan, a church at this site is mentioned in the Book of the Demonstration, attributed to Eutychius of Alexandria (940): "The church of Bayt Zakariya in the district of Aelia bears witness to the visit of Mary to her kinswoman Elizabeth."[2]

Abel assumed in 1938 that most of the current church probably dates back to the 11th century, these Abbasid-period walls possibly standing on a few courses surviving from the Byzantine period.[2][3]

Crusader period

A Russian pilgrim known as Abbot Daniel visited the village in 1106 and described here two churches.[2] In the one identified by him as "the house of Zechariah .... where the holy Virgin came to greet Elizabeth", he mentions, on the left side, a "small cavern, in which John the Forerunner was born."[2] The grotto seen in the current church at the front of the left aisle must be the same one mentioned by Daniel.[2]

In 1113 there ia a mention of the Church of St. John, or of the Magnificat, in Ein Karem.[5]

Mamluk period

In 1480, Felix Fabri reported it as tall, vaulted, and still painted, but turned into a stable for animals.[6]

Ottoman period

17th century

The 11th-12th-century church built above the traditional birth cave of St John, relatively well preserved at the beginning of the 17th but starting to collapse later during that century, was purchased by Franciscan custos, Father Thomas of Novara in 1621.[7][8] The Muslim inhabitants forced the Catholics to abandon the site a few times during the 17th century and used the grotto and buildings as stables, even after the sultan issued a firman confirming Franciscan property over it in 1672, obtained through the influence of the Marquis de Nointel, the French Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire.[9][10] Only in 1693 did the Franciscans return for good, rebuilt, and fortified the site.[11][10][7]

In 1697, Henry Maundrell noted that: "The Convent of St John has been within these four years rebuilt from the ground. It is at present a large square building, uniform and neat all over; but that which is most eminently beautiful in it is its Church. It consists of three Isles, and has in the middle a handsome Cupola, under which is a pavement of mosaic, equal to, if not exceeding the finest works of the Ancients in that kind. At the upper end of the North Isle, you go down seven Marble steps, to a very splendid Altar, erected over the very place where they say the holy Baptist was Born. Here are Artificers still employed, in adding farther beauty and ornament to this Convent."[12]

19th century

James Silk Buckingham visited in the early 1800s, and found the convent "appeared to be superior in comfort and arrangement to that of Jerusalem, and equal to that of Nazareth. The church is one of the most simply beautiful throughout the Holy Land. As the friars are all Spaniards, it partakes more of the style of that nation than any other, in its ornaments."[13]

In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) noted: "The Church of the Baptist, in the village itself, is of Crusading origin; but the interior has been covered with encaustic tiles, and none of the older work is recognizable. The dome rises from four heavy piers; the grotto north of the high altar (at the east end of the church), is reached by seven steps; it is said to be the birthplace of St. John. A bad copy of a Murillo is hung on the north side of the church, and much prized by the monks, who are chiefly Spaniards".[14]

British Mandate period

In 1941-42 the Franciscans excavated the area west of the church and monastery.[2]

Present church plan

Floor plan and legend:[15]

  • 1 (brown): Cave of John the Baptist's birth[16]
  • 2 (yellow): Crusader church (11th-12th century), representing the base of the current church
  • 3 (red): Byzantine-period chapel with tombs and mosaic inscription mentioning martyrs (5th century)
  • 4 (red): Byzantine-period chapel (7th century)
  • 5 (brown): Jewish ritual bath or mikveh (1st century)
  • 6 & 7 (green): Crusader halls (12th century)

References

  1. 1.Israel & the Palestinian Territories (Lonely Planet, 2012) ISBN 978-1741799361
  2. 2.[2.2][2.3][2.4][2.5][2.6][2.7][2.8][2.9][2.10][2.11][2.12][2.13][2.14][2.15][2.16][2.17][2.18][2.19]Finegan, Jack (2014) [1992]. "The Life of John the Baptist". The Archeology of the New Testament: The Life of Jesus and the Beginning of the Early Church (revised ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 4. ISBN 9781400863181. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
  3. 3.[3.2][3.3][3.4][3.5]Abel (1938), pp. 295f.
  4. 4.[4.2][4.3]Pringle (1993), pp. 30–38.
  5. 5.Conder and Kitchener (1883), SWP III, p. 20.
  6. 6.Fabri (1896), pp. 638-639; cited in Pringle (1993), p. 32
  7. 7.[7.2]Pringle (1993), p. 32.
  8. 8.Sharon (2004), p. 156. N.b.: Sharon's claim that the church had being destroyed are not backed up by sources, while Pringle's claims to the contrary are supported by multiple cited sources.
  9. 9.Sharon (2004), pp. 156-157.
  10. 10.[10.2]Conder and Kitchener (1883), SWP III, p. 61.
  11. 11.Sharon (2004), p. 157.
  12. 12.Maundrell (1703), p. 92.
  13. 13.Buckingham (1821), pp. 228-229.
  14. 14.Conder and Kitchener (1883), SWP III, pp. 60-61
  15. 15."Ain Karem: Saint John the Baptist". custodia.org. Custodia Terrae Sanctae. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2019 – via archive copy.
  16. 16.Pringle (1993), p. 34