Kinwamakwad (Long) Lake

Contents

Kinwamakwad Lake, also known as Long Lake, is a seepage at the University of Notre Dame Environmental Research Center in Gogebic County, Michigan. The lake has been studied since the mid-1900s and used as an experimental lake for ecological studies.

Description

Kinwamakwad Lake is an hourglass-shaped lake with two deep basins to the East and West and a shallower portion in the middle of the lake. The name "Kinwamakwad" possibly comes from the Ojibwe word ginwaakwad, meaning "it is long, is tall".[1][2]

Ecological studies

Kinwamakwad Lake has been studied for several decades and is a part of the Global Lake Ecological Observatory Network.[3] The lake has been used in several whole-lake experiments examining the effects of nutrients and food web structure on lake productivity[4][5] as well as the effects of dissolved organic carbon on lake productivity.[6][7][8]

Records

A pair of the unofficial world's largest secchi disks reside in Kinwamakwad Lake, with both disks measuring 2.44 meters in diameter.[9]

References

  1. 1.Bright, William (2004). Native American Placenames of the United States. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3598-4.
  2. 2."The Ojibwe People's Dictionary". ojibwe.lib.umn.edu. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
  3. 3."West Long Lake (Kinwamakwad Lake) | GLEON". gleon.org. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
  4. 4.Christensen, David L.; Carpenter, Stephen R.; Cottingham, Kathryn L.; Knight, Susan E.; LeBouton, Joseph P.; Schindler, Daniel E.; Voichick, Nicholas; Cole, Jonathan J.; Pace, Michael L. (1996). "Pelagic responses to changes in dissolved organic carbon following division of a seepage lake". Limnology and Oceanography. 41 (3): 553–559. Bibcode:1996LimOc..41..553C. doi:10.4319/lo.1996.41.3.0553. ISSN 1939-5590.
  5. 5.Carpenter, Stephen R.; Christensen, David L.; Cole, Jonathan J.; Cottingham, Kathryn L.; He, Xi.; Hodgson, James R.; Kitchell, James F.; Knight, Susan E.; Pace, Michael L. (1995-03-01). "Biological Control of Eutrophication in Lakes". Environmental Science & Technology. 29 (3): 784–786. Bibcode:1995EnST...29..784C. doi:10.1021/es00003a028. ISSN 0013-936X.
  6. 6.Zwart, Jacob A.; Craig, Nicola; Kelly, Patrick T.; Sebestyen, Stephen D.; Solomon, Christopher T.; Weidel, Brian C.; Jones, Stuart E. (2016). "Metabolic and physiochemical responses to a whole-lake experimental increase in dissolved organic carbon in a north-temperate lake". Limnology and Oceanography. 61 (2): 723–734. Bibcode:2016LimOc..61..723Z. doi:10.1002/lno.10248. ISSN 1939-5590.
  7. 7.Kelly, Patrick T.; Craig, Nicola; Solomon, Christopher T.; Weidel, Brian C.; Zwart, Jacob A.; Jones, Stuart E. (2016). "Experimental whole-lake increase of dissolved organic carbon concentration produces unexpected increase in crustacean zooplankton density". Global Change Biology. 22 (8): 2766–2775. Bibcode:2016GCBio..22.2766K. doi:10.1111/gcb.13260. ISSN 1365-2486. PMID 26919470.
  8. 8.Koizumi, Shuntaro; Craig, Nicola; Zwart, Jacob A.; Kelly, Patrick T.; Ziegler, Jacob P.; Weidel, Brian C.; Jones, Stuart E.; Solomon, Christopher T. (2018). "Canadian Science Publishing". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 75 (11): 1859–1867. doi:10.1139/cjfas-2017-0283. hdl:1807/89189.
  9. 9.Jones, Stuart E. (2017). "The University of Notre Dame Environmental Research Center (UNDERC): Sixty-Five Years of Whole-Ecosystem Manipulations and Counting". Limnology and Oceanography Bulletin. 26 (2): 38–40. doi:10.1002/lob.10178. ISSN 1539-6088.