List of cardinal-nephews

Contents

A cardinal-nephew is a cardinal elevated by a pope who was his uncle, or more generally, his relative. The practice of creating cardinal-nephews originated in the Middle Ages, and reached its apex during the 16th and 17th centuries.[1] From the Avignon Papacy (1309–1377) until Pope Innocent XII's anti-nepotism bull, Romanum decet pontificem (1692), nearly every pope who appointed cardinals appointed at least one relative to the College of Cardinals,[2] including every Renaissance-era pope.[3]

Although nephews were the most common relation to be elevated to the College, other family members included sons and grandsons (whether legitimate, illegitimate, or adopted), brothers, grandnephews, cousins and even uncles.[1][3] At least 15, and possibly as many as 19 cardinal-nephews were later elected pope (Gregory IX, Alexander IV, Adrian V, Gregory XI, Boniface IX, Innocent VII, Eugene IV, Paul II, Alexander VI, Pius III, Julius II, Leo X, Clement VII, Benedict XIII, and Pius VII, perhaps also John XIX, Benedict IX, if they were really promoted cardinals, as well as Innocent III and Benedict XII, if in fact they were related to their elevators). One became antipope (John XXIII), and two or three were canonized (Charles Borromeo, Guarinus of Palestrina, and perhaps Anselm of Lucca, if in fact he was really elected cardinal).[4]

Similarly created cardinals include cardinal-nephews of antipopes and papal relatives made cardinals by other popes.

Notes on symbols

Because statements concerning the familial ties of popes and cardinals prior to the 14th century are often of much later origin, some sources regard their factual accuracy as dubious. Thus, individuals are marked with:

  • , when the existence of the familial relationship is disputed, or
  • , when their promotion to the cardinalate is disputed.

Occupants of the curial office of the Cardinal Nephew are denoted with †.

11th century

Elevating popeCardinal-nephewDate of elevationRelationshipNotes
Benedict VIII (1012–1024)Lotario (or Loctarius), seniorecirca 1015Cousin[5][6]
Giovanni, UnknownBrotherFuture Pope John XIX[5][7]
Teofilatto, UnknownNephew[8]Future Pope Benedict IX[5][9]
John XIX (1024–1032)Pietro1024[10]Cousin[5][11]
Benedict IX (1032–1044, 1045, 1047–1048)Giovannibefore April 1044Nephew[12]
Alexander II (1061–1073)St. Anselm of LuccaCirca 1062Brother or nephew[5][13]
Urban II (1088–1099)Odon de ChâtillonCirca 1095Nephew[5][14]

12th century

Elevating popeCardinal-nephewDate of elevationRelationshipNotes
Callixtus II (1119–1124)Etienne de Bar1120Nephew[15][16]
Innocent II (1130–1143)Gregorio Papareschi1134/1137Nephew[15][17]
Pietro Papareschi17 September 1143Brother[15][18]
Lucius II (1144–1145)Ubaldo19 May 1144Cousin or nephew[15][19]
St. Guarinus of Palestrina22 December 1144Relative[20][21]
Adrian IV (1154–1159)Boso Breakspeare21 December 1156Nephew[22][23]
Lucius III (1181–1185)Uberto AllucingoliCirca 1182Nephew[15][24]
Gerardo18 December 1182Nephew[25]
Clement III (1187–1191)Lotario de' Conti22 September 1190UnknownFuture Pope Innocent III[26][27]
Niccolò ScolariNephew[28][29]
Celestine III (1191–1198)Bobo20 February 1193Relative[30][31]
Giovanni di San PaoloNephew[30][32]
Innocent III (1198–1216)Ugolino dei Conti di Segni19 December 1198CousinFuture Pope Gregory IX[33]
Giovanni dei Conti di Segni3 June 1200[34]Cousin[33]
Ottaviano dei Conti di Segni27 May 1206[34]Cousin[33]
Stefano Conti5 March 1216[34]Unknown[35]

13th century

Elevating popeCardinal-nephewDate of elevationRelationshipNotes
Gregory IX (1227–1241)Rinaldo Conti18 September 1227UnknownFuture Pope Alexander IV[33][36][37]
Niccolò dei Conti di SegniDecember 1228Nephew[38][39]
Riccardo Annibaldeschi di Molaria1238Unknown[40]
Innocent IV (1243–1254)Guglielmo Fieschi28 May 1244Nephew[33][36]
Ottobono FieschiDecember 1251NephewFuture Pope Adrian V[33][36]
Urban IV (1261–1264)Anchero Pantaleone22 May 1262Nephew[33]
Gregory X (1271–1276)Vicedomino de Vicedominis3 June 1273UnknownIt is a widely disseminated misconception that he was elected but died before proclamation.[33][41]
Giovanni Visconti1275Unknown[42][43]
Nicholas III (1277–1280)Latino Malabranca Orsini12 March 1278Nephew[33]
Giordano OrsiniBrother[33][44]
Honorius IV (1285–1287)Giovanni Boccamazza22 December 1285Relative[33]
Nicholas IV (1288–1292)Pietro Colonna16 May 1288Relative[45][46]
Boniface VIII (1294–1303)Benedetto II Caetanibetween 23 January and 13 May 1295Nephew[33][47]
Giacomo Tomasi Caetani (Iacopo Tommasi)17 December 1295Unknown[33][47]
Francesco CaetaniUnknown[33][47]
Leonardo Patrasso2 March 1300Uncle[33]

14th century

Elevating popeCardinal-nephewDate of elevationRelationshipNotes
Clement V (1305–1314)Berengar Fredol the Elder15 December 1305Nephew, son of Guillaume de Frédol[48][49]
Arnaud Frangier de ChanteloupClose relative, possible nephew[48]
Arnaud de PellegrueRelative, possible nephew[48]
Raymond de GotNephew, son of Arnaud Garcie de Got[48]
Guillaume ArrufatRelative, possible nephew[48]
Raymond Guillaume des Forges19 December 1310Nephew, son of Marquise de Got[48]
Bernard Jarre (or Garve)Relative[48]
Arnaud d'Aux23 December 1312Relative[50]
Berengar Fredol the YoungerGrandnephew[48][51]
John XXII (1316–1334)Jacques de Via17 December (or 18), 1316Nephew, son of Marie Duese[48]
Gauscelin Jean d'EuseRelative[52][48]
Bertrand du PougetRelative, possible nephew[48][53]
Arnaud de Via20 June 1317Nephew, son of Marie Duese[48]
Raymond Le Roux19 December (or 20), 1320Close relative, possible nephew[48][54]
Jacques Fournier18 December 1327Unknown relativeFuture Pope Benedict XII)[55]
Imbert DupuisRelative, possible nephew[48][56]
Benedict XII (1334–1342)Guillaume Court18 December 1338Relative, mother's side[48][57]
Clement VI (1342–1352)
Aymeric de Chalus20 September 1342Cousin[58]
Hugues RogerBrother[48][59]
Adhémar RobertCousin or nephew[48]
Gérard Lagarde (or Domar)Cousin[48]
Bernard de la TourNephew[48]
Guillaume de la Jugié (Guillaume II Roger)Nephew, son of Guillaumette Rogier[48][59]
Nicolas de Besse19 May 1344Nephew, son of Dauphine Roger[60]
Pierre-Roger de Beaufort28 May (or 29), 1348NephewFuture Pope Gregory XI[48][59][61]
Raymond de Canillac17 December 1350Nephew[48]
Guillaume d'Aigrefeuille, senioreCousin[62]
Pierre du CrosNephew or cousin[48]
Innocent VI (1352–1362)Andouin Aubert15 February 1353Nephew, son of Guy Aubert[48]
Pierre de Salvete Monteruc23 December 1356Nephew of mother's side[48]
Etienne Aubert, iuniore17 September 1361Grandnephew[48]
Urban V (1362–1370)Angelic de Grimoard18 September 1366Brother[48]
Pierre d'Estaing7 June 1370Relative[63]
Gregory XI (1370–1378)Jean de Murat de Cros30 May 1371Nephew or cousin[48]
Jean de la TourBrother-in-law of niece[64]
Pierre de la Jugié (or Jugée)20 December 1375Cousin[48]
Gui de MaillesecNephew on mother's side[65]
Gérard du PuyCousin or nephew[48]
Urban VI (1378–1389)Francesco Moricotti Prignani18 September 1378Nephew[66]
Filippo Carafa della Serra18 September 1378Relative[67]
Francesco Renzio21 December 1381Distant relative[67][68]
Pietro TomacelliDistant relativeFuture Pope Boniface IX[67][68]
Tommaso Orsinica.1383Relative[67]
Rinaldo Brancaccio17 December 1384Relative[67]
Marino BulcaniDistant relative, nephew of cardinal Francesco Renzio[67][69]
Boniface IX (1389–1404)Enrico Minutoli18 December 1389Distant relative[70]
Cosimo MiglioratiDistant relativeFuture Pope Innocent VII (1404–1406)[70]
Baldassare Cossa27 February 1402RelativeFuture Antipope John XXIII[70][71]

15th century

Elevating popeCardinal-nephewDate of elevationRelationshipNotes
Innocent VII (1404–1406)Giovanni Migliorati12 June 1405Nephew[72]
Gregory XII (1406–1415)Antonio Correr9 May 1408Nephew, son of Filippo Correr[72]
Gabriele CondulmerNephew, son of Beriola CorrerFuture Pope Eugene IV[73]
Angelo Barbarigo19 September 1408Nephew, son of Caterina Correr[73]
Martin V (1417–1431)Prospero Colonna24 May 1426 published 8 November 1430Nephew, son of Lorenzo Onofrio Colonna[72]
Eugene IV (1431–1447)Francesco Condulmer19 September 1431Nephew[73]
Pietro Barbo1 July 1440Nephew, son of Polissena CondulmerFuture Pope Paul II[73]
Nicholas V (1447–1455)Filippo Calandrini20 December 1448Half-brother[72]
Callixtus III (1455–1458)Luis Juan del Mila y Borja20 February 1456 published 17 September 1456Nephew[72]
Rodrigo BorjaNephewFuture Pope Alexander VI[72]
Pius II (1458–1464)Francesco Piccolomini5 March 1460NephewFuture Pope Pius III[72]
Niccolò FortiguerraRelative on mother's side[72]
Giacomo Ammannati-Piccolomini18 December 1461Adopted[72]
Paul II (1464–1471)Marco Barbo18 September 1467Unknown[72]
Giovanni Battista Zeno21 November 1468Unknown[72]
Giovanni MichielUnknown[72]
Sixtus IV (1471–1484)Pietro Riario16 December 1471Unknown[72]
Giuliano della RovereUnknownFuture Pope Julius II[72]
Girolamo Basso della Rovere10 December 1477Unknown[72]
Raffaele RiarioUnknown[72]
Cristoforo della RovereUnknown[72]
Domenico della Rovere10 February 1478Unknown[72]
Innocent VIII (1484–1492)Lorenzo Cybo de Mari9 March 1489Unknown[72]
Giovanni de' MediciRelativeFuture Pope Leo X[74]
Pantaleone Cybo9 March 1489 Never publishedNephew[75]
Niccolò CyboNephew[75]
Alexander VI (1492–1503)Juan de Borja Lanzol de Romaní, el mayor31 August 1492Son of cousin[72]
Cesare Borgia20 September 1493SonResigned 18 August 1498[76]
Giuliano Cesarini, iunioreBrother-in-law of daughter, Gerolama Borgia[77]
Juan de Borja Lanzol de Romaní, el menor19 February 1496Grandnephew[72]
Amanieu d'Albret20 March 1500Brother-in-law of Cesare Borgia[78]
Pedro Luis de Borja Lanzol de RomaníGrandnephew[72]
Francisco de Borja28 September 1500Disputed relationship[79]
Juan de VeraRelative[79]
Juan Castellar y de Borja31 May 1503Cousin of Juan de Borja Lanzol de Romaní, el mayor[80]
Francisco Lloris y de BorjaGrandnephew[80]

16th century

Elevating popeCardinal-nephewDate of elevationCardinal's relationshipNotes
Julius II (1503–1513)Clemente Grosso della Rovere29 November 1503Unknown[81]
Galeotto Franciotti della RovereUnknown[81]
Marco Vigerio della Rovere1 December 1505Distant relative[81]
Leonardo Grosso della RovereCousin[81]
Sisto Gara della Rovere11 September 1507Unknown[81]
Leo X (1513–1521)Giulio de' Medici23 September 1513CousinFuture Pope Clement VII[76]
Innocenzo CyboSon of pope's sister Maddalena de' Medici[81]
Luigi de' Rossi1 July 1517Cousin[82]
Francesco Armellini Pantalassi de' MediciAdopted as son[82]
Franciotto OrsiniNephew of pope's mother, Clarice Orsini[82]
Giovanni SalviatiSon of pope's sister Lucrezia de' Medici[82]
Niccolò RidolfiSon of pope's sister Contessina de' Medici[82]
Clement VII (1523–1534)Niccolò Gaddi3 May 1527Related through Catherine de' Medici, daughter of pope's first cousin[83]
Ippolito de' Medici10 January 1529Illegitimate son of pope's brother Giuliano de' Medici[84]
Paul III (1534–1549)Alessandro Farnese18 December 1534Grandson[76][81]
Guido Ascanio Sforza di Santa FioraGrandson[81]
Niccolò Caetani22 December 1536 published 13 March 1538Son of cousin[81]
Tiberio Crispo19 December 1544Brother, on his mother's side, of pope's daughter Costanza Farnese, possibly natural son of Paul III[85]
Ranuccio Farnese16 December 1545Grandson[81]
Giulio Feltre della Rovere27 July 1547Relative[86]
Julius III (1550–1555)Innocenzo Ciocchi Del Monte30 May 1550Adopted[81]
Cristoforo Guidalotti Ciocchi del Monte20 November 1551Cousin[81]
Fulvio della CorgnaNephew on his mother's side[87]
Roberto de Nobili22 December 1553Grandnephew[81]
Girolamo SimoncelliGrandnephew[81]
Paul IV (1555–1559)Carlo Carafa7 June 1555Unknown[88]
Diomede Carafa20 December 1555Relative[81]
Alfonso Carafa15 March 1557Grandnephew[89]
Pius IV (1559–1565)St. Charles Borromeo31 January 1560Nephew[81][90]
Giovanni Antonio SerbelloniCousin of Charles Borromeo[91]
Mark Sittich von Hohenems (or Marco Sittico d'Altemps26 February 1561Nephew[81][92]
Alfonso GesualdoBrother-in-law of Charles Borromeo[93]
Gianfrancesco GàmbaraStepbrother of Charles Borromeo[93]
Francesco Alciati12 March 1565Relative[94]
Guido Luca FerreroCousin of Charles Borromeo[94]
Gianfrancesco CommendoneRelative[94]
Pius V (1566–1572)Michele Bonelli†6 March 1566Grandnephew[95]
Girolamo Rusticucci17 May 1570Relative[96]
Gregory XIII (1572–1585)Filippo Boncompagni†2 June 1572Unknown[97]
Filippo Guastavillani5 July 1574Unknown[81]
Francesco Sforza di Santa Fiora12 December 1583Relative through his sister Costanza, wife of pope's son[98]
Sixtus V (1585–1590)Alessandro Peretti di Montalto†13 May 1585Unknown[81][99]
Gregory XIV (1590–1591)Paolo Emilio Sfondrati†19 December 1590Unknown[100]
Flaminio Piatti6 March 1591Relative[101]
Innocent IX (1591)Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti de Nuce†18 December 1591Grandnephew[81]
Clement VIII (1592–1605)Pietro Aldobrandini†17 September 1593Nephew[102][103]
Cinzio Passeri Aldobrandini†Nephew[104]
Silvestro Aldobrandini17 September 1603Grandnephew[81]
Giovanni Battista Deti3 March 1599Relative[105]
Bonifazio Bevilacqua AldobrandiniAdopted while already a cardinal on 3 April 1601[105]

17th century

Elevating popeCardinal-nephewDate of elevationRelationshipNotes
Paul V (1605–1621)Scipione Borghese Caffarelli†18 July 1605Nephew[106]
Giambattista Leni24 November 1608Distant relative[107]
Tiberio Muti2 December 1615Unknown[108]
Gregory XV (1621–1623)Ludovico Ludovisi†15 February 1621Nephew[106]
Marcantonio Gozzadini21 July 1621Cousin[106]
Urban VIII (1623–1644)Francesco Barberini†2 October 1623Nephew[106]
Lorenzo Magalotti7 October 1624Brother-in-law of Brother[106]
Antonio Marcello BarberiniBrother[106]
Antonio Barberini30 August 1627Nephew[106]
Francesco Maria Macchiavelli6 December 1641Relative[109]
Innocent X (1644–1655)Camillo Francesco Maria Pamphili†14 November 1644Son of Innocent X's sister-in-law Olimpia MaidalchiniResigned 21 January 1647[106]
Francesco Maidalchini†7 October 1647Nephew of Olimpia Maidalchini[110]
Camillo Astalli†19 September 1650Cousin of Olimpia MaidalchiniDeprived of the title of nipote in February 1654[111]
Alexander VII (1655–1667)Flavio Chigi†9 April 1657Nephew[106]
Antonio BichiUnknown[112]
Clement IX (1667–1669)Giacomo Rospigliosi†12 December 1667Nephew[106]
Clement X (1670–1676)Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertoni†24 January 1664 (by Pope Alexander VII)Adopted while already a cardinal[113][114][115]
Vincenzo Maria Orsini22 February 1672RelativeFuture Pope Benedict XIII[116]
Innocent XI (1676–1689)Carlo Stefano Anastasio Ciceri2 September 1686Distant relative[117]
Alexander VIII (1689–1691)Pietro Ottoboni†7 November 1689Grandnephew[118]
Giovanni Battista Rubini13 February 1690Unknown[106]

18th century

Elevating popeCardinal-nephewDate of elevationRelationshipNotes
Clement XI (1700–1721)Annibale Albani23 December 1711Unknown[119]
Fabio Olivieri6 May 1715Cousin[120]
Innocent XIII (1721–1724)Bernardo Maria Conti16 June 1721Brother[121]
Clement XII (1730–1740)Neri Maria Corsini14 August 1730Nephew[122]
Giovanni Antonio Guadagni24 September 1731Nephew on mother's side, son of Maddalena Corsini[123]
Clement XIII (1758–1769)Carlo Rezzonico11 September 1758Nephew[124][125]
Pius VI (1775–1799)Giovanni Carlo Bandi29 May 1775Uncle[122]
Barnaba Chiaramonti14 February 1785Relative on his mother's sideFuture Pope Pius VII[126]
Romualdo Braschi-Onesti18 December 1786Nephew[127]

19th century

Elevating popeCardinal-nephewDate of elevationRelationshipNotes
Leo XIII (1878–1903)Giuseppe Pecci12 May 1879Brother[128]

References

  1. 1.[1.2]Bunson, Matthew. 1995. "Cardinal Nephew." The Pope Encyclopedia. Crown Trade Paperbacks. ISBN 0-517-88256-6.
  2. 2.Until Pope Innocent XII, the only exceptions were popes who did not appoint the cardinals at all (Pope Pius III, Pope Marcellus II, Pope Urban VII, Pope Leo XI) and Pope Adrian VI (who appointed only one cardinal).
  3. 3.[3.2]Vidmar, John. 2005. The Catholic Church Through The Ages: A History. Paulist Press. ISBN 0-8091-4234-1.
  4. 4.Miranda, citing older authors such as Alphonsus Ciacconius, says that Pope Anastasius IV (Corrado della Suburra) was probably a nephew of his elevator Honorius II; however, modern scholars are in agreement that Corrado was created by Paschalis II, and deny or do not mention his relationship with Honorius II.
  5. 5.[5.2][5.3][5.4][5.5][5.6]Miranda, S. 1998. "11th Century (999–1099)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  6. 6.Authors which affirm his cardinalate do not mention any documentary proof to attest his existence and promotion (cf. The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: consistory of 1015; retrieved 15 September 2009; and Cardella, vol. I pt 1, p. 93). His name does not appear in the papal registers of that time (cf. Regesta Imperii Online. Abhandlung II. Band 5 (Papstregesten 911–1024) and Abhandlung II. Band 5 (Papstregesten 1024–1058) Archived 17 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine; retrieved 15 September 2009; Ph. Jaffè: Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII, vol. I, Leipzig 1885, p. 506-529; P. F. Kehr: Italia Pontificia, vol. I, Berlin 1906; J. P. Migne: Patrologia Latina, vol. 139 col. 1577–1638, vol. 141 col. 1115–1156 and 1343–1370) and is not mentioned in the genealogies of the family of Pope Benedict VIII; Brook, Lindsay Leonard (January 2003). "Popes and pornocrats: Rome in the early middle ages" (PDF). Foundations. 1 (1). Hereford, UK: Foundation for Medieval Genealogy: 5–21, at pp. 5-17. ISSN 1479-5078.; F. Gregorovius, History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages, Vol. 4 pt. 1, London 1905, p. 6 and 19. Therefore, the existence of this cardinal remains uncertain.
  7. 7.According to his biography in Udo Tavares (1992). "Johannes XIX., Papst". In Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 3. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 220–224. ISBN 3-88309-035-2.; and Kirsch, J. P. (1913). "Pope John XIX (XX)". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. he was a layman at the time of his election to the papacy
  8. 8.Nephew to both Benedict VIII and John XIX
  9. 9.According to Genealogie-Mittelalter Archived 24 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine; retrieved 1 September 2009; he was a layman when elected pope. Biographical entries by Mann, Horace (1913). "Pope Benedict IX". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. and Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz (1975). "Benedikt IX., Papst". In Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 1. Hamm: Bautz. cols. 484–485. ISBN 3-88309-013-1.; do not mention his cardinalate
  10. 10.For the date of promotion see Regesta Imperii Online. Abhandlung III. Band 5 (Papstregesten 1024–1058) nr 71 Archived 17 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine; retrieved 15 September 2009
  11. 11.Genealogie-Mittelalter: Petrus von Silva Candida; retrieved 15 September 2009
  12. 12.Hüls, p. 138 no. 1
  13. 13.Several modern sources do not mention his cardinalate.
  14. 14.The source for the statement that Odon was nephew of Urban II is Ferdinando Ughelli (1594–1670), considered reliable by Klewitz because he was able to verify Ughelli's other statements concerning that cardinal. Date of his promotion is given according to Hüls, who does not mention this relationship.
  15. 15.[15.2][15.3][15.4][15.5]Miranda, S. 1998. "12th Century (1099–1198)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  16. 16.Etienne de Bar, who was nephew of Callixtus II and bishop of Metz 1120–1163, is commonly identified with cardinal Stephanus of S. Maria Cosmedin, who appears in the papal bulls between 1120–1128, but Ganzer considers it erroneous that de Bar was a cardinal. Hüls also reject this identification and adds that cardinal Stephanus of S. Maria in Cosmedin was probably brother of cardinal Giovanni of Crema.
  17. 17.Brixius and Zenker say nothing of his origins, including any relationship to Innocent II
  18. 18.His relationship with Innocent II is not attested in the contemporary sources and nothing is known about his life except his first name (Petrus) and cardinalatial title (bishop of Albano).
  19. 19.Others deny his relationship with Lucius II.
  20. 20.Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of December 1144". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  21. 21.There is a consensus that he was related to Lucius II, with the exception of Maleczek, who says that this is not attested in the contemporary sources.
  22. 22.Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Boso (Breakspear)". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  23. 23.Zenker, pp. 149–150; Robinson, pp. 254–255; cf. Brixius, pp. 113–114
  24. 24.Several sources doubt his promotion to the cardinalate indicating that he is confused with Cardinal Uberto Crivelli, future Pope Urban III, since they both are listed as cardinals of the title of S. Lorenzo in Damaso at the same time (1182–1185). Cardella affirms his cardinalate, but raises the possibility of confusion with Uberto Crivelli.
  25. 25.Both Maleczek and Miranda say that although many sources consider him a kinsman of Lucius III, this relationship is not proven.
  26. 26.Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pope Innocent III". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  27. 27.The tradition of identifying Innocent III as nephew of Clement III may result from an onomastic confusion. Maleczek does not mention a relationship.
  28. 28.Kartusch, pp. 284–28; Maleczek, pp. 97–98.
  29. 29.In older historiography, he is listed as Niccolò Boboni, nephew of Celestine III, created by this pope in 1191, but Kartusch and Maleczek cite two contemporary documents in which pope Celestine III explicitly calls him nephew of his predecessor Clement III.
  30. 30.[30.2]Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 1193". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  31. 31.Maleczek, p. 111
  32. 32.Maleczek says that the theory that Giovanni di San Paolo was nephew of Celestine III is based on the very uncertain identification of the future cardinal with a papal subdeacon who served as legate in France ca. 1191 and is attested as nephew of Celestine III; therefore, the status of Giovanni di San Paolo as cardinal-nephew remains uncertain.
  33. 33.[33.2][33.3][33.4][33.5][33.6][33.7][33.8][33.9][33.10][33.11][33.12][33.13][33.14][33.15]Miranda, S. 1998. "13th Century (1198–1303)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  34. 34.[34.2][34.3]Maleczek, pp. 289–290
  35. 35.Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 1216 (X)". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  36. 36.[36.2][36.3]Williams, George L. 2004. Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes. McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-7864-2071-5. p. 32.
  37. 37.More recent genealogical research has cast the doubts on the tradition identifying him as nephew of Gregory IX. Maleczek indicates that he was "probably" a relative of Gregory IX.
  38. 38.Eubel, Vol. I, pp. 6 and 43; Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of December 1228". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  39. 39.Miranda adds that his promotion to the cardinalate is disputed. Paravicini Bagliani says that he was never promoted to the cardinalate.
  40. 40.Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 1237". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  41. 41.Levillain, 2002, p. 657.
  42. 42.Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 1275". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  43. 43.Miranda adds that his promotion is dubious. Eubel explicitly denies that he was ever a cardinal.
  44. 44.Williams, 2004, p. 37.
  45. 45.DeCormenin, Louis Marie, and de Lahaye, vicomte de Louis-Marie. 1857. A Complete History of the Popes of Rome (PDF link).
  46. 46.Gihon and Miranda do not mention this relationship.
  47. 47.[47.2][47.3]Williams, 2004, p. 38.
  48. 48.[48.2][48.3][48.4][48.5][48.6][48.7][48.8][48.9][48.10][48.11][48.12][48.13][48.14][48.15][48.16][48.17][48.18][48.19][48.20][48.21][48.22][48.23][48.24][48.25][48.26][48.27][48.28][48.29][48.30]Miranda, S. 1998. "14th Century (1303–1404)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  49. 49.Contemporary accounts edited by G. Mollat: Vitae paparum avenionensium, I, Paris 1914, pp. 25 and 55, say that out of ten new cardinals created on the first consistory of Clement V only four were papal relatives and do not mention Berengar among them. Sophia Menache: Clement V, Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp. 41–42 and 50, does not consider him a relative of Clement V.
  50. 50.Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 23 December 1312 (III)". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  51. 51.He was nephew of Berenger Fredol, whose relationship with Clement V is disputed.
  52. 52.According to Guillaume Mollat: Vitae paparum avenionensium, vol. II, Paris 1928, p. 720 note 2, there was no blood relationship between Cardinal Gauscelin de Jean and John XXII but cardinal's uncle was married with pope's sister. See also Genealogies of John XXII and of the family de Jean Archived 14 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine (pp. 4 and 14).
  53. 53.G. Mollat: Vitae paparum avenionensium, vol. II, Paris 1928, p. 725, says that the statement about his relationship with John XXII resulted from an error.
  54. 54.G. Mollat: Vitae paparum avenionensium, vol. II, Paris 1928, p. 751 note 1, says that his relationship with John XXII is not proven.
  55. 55.G. Moroni Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica da S. Pietro sino ai nostri giorni vol V, p. 5, says that he was son of Guillaume and of the sister of John XXII, and therefore, his nephew on his mother side, but this is certainly erroneous, see Genealogy of John XXII Archived 14 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine (p. 4). Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 18 December 1327 (IV)." Florida International University; retrieved 25 June 2009; says that he was relative of John XXII but gives this information with a question mark.
  56. 56.G. Mollat: Vitae paparum avenionensium, vol. II, Paris 1928, p. 768 note 2, says that his relationship with John XXII is not proven and that documents from the register of John XXII attest only that he was born at Montpellier.
  57. 57.According to G. Mollat (ed.), Vitae paparum avenionensium, vol. II, Paris 1928, p. 816-817, his relationship with Benedict XII is not proven and is unlikely because pope Benedict XII legislated against nepotism and forbade his family to live at Avignon. Karsten Plöger: England and the Avignon popes: the practice of diplomacy in late medieval Europe, MHRA, 2005, p. 27, also say that Benedict XII opposed nepotism and did not promote any of his relatives to the cardinalate.
  58. 58.Miranda, S. "Consistory of 20 September 1342". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  59. 59.[59.2][59.3]Williams, 2004, p. 42.
  60. 60.Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 19 May 1344". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  61. 61.Biraben, Jean-Noël. Ed. Levillain, Philippe. 2002. "Plague." The Papacy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92228-3. p. 1222.
  62. 62.Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 17 December 1350". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  63. 63.Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 7 June 1370". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  64. 64.Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 30 May 1371". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  65. 65.Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 20 December 1375". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  66. 66.Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 18 September 1378". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  67. 67.[67.2][67.3][67.4][67.5][67.6]Martin Souchon: Die Papstwahlen in der Zeit des grossen Schismas, vol. 1, Braunschweig 1898, p. 22
  68. 68.[68.2]Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 21 December 1381". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  69. 69.Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 17 December 1384". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  70. 70.[70.2][70.3]Martin Souchon: Die Papstwahlen in der Zeit des grossen Schismas, vol. 1, Braunschweig 1898, p. 51
  71. 71.Michael Hanst (1992). "Johannes XXIII. (Baldassare Cossa), Gegenpapst". In Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 3. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 233–237. ISBN 3-88309-035-2.
  72. 72.[72.2][72.3][72.4][72.5][72.6][72.7][72.8][72.9][72.10][72.11][72.12][72.13][72.14][72.15][72.16][72.17][72.18][72.19][72.20][72.21][72.22]Miranda, S. 1998. "15th Century (1404–1503)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  73. 73.[73.2][73.3][73.4]Williams, 2004, p. 47.
  74. 74.Williams, 2004, p. 71.
  75. 75.[75.2]Thomson, 1980, pp. 62–64.
  76. 76.[76.2][76.3]Hsia, Ronnie Po-chia. 2005. The World of Catholic Renewal, 1540–1770. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84154-2. p. 102.
  77. 77.Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 20 September 1493 (II)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  78. 78.Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 20 March 1500 (VIII)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  79. 79.[79.2]Miranda, S. 1998 "Consistory of 28 September 1500 (IX)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  80. 80.[80.2]Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 31 May 1503 (IX)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  81. 81.[81.2][81.3][81.4][81.5][81.6][81.7][81.8][81.9][81.10][81.11][81.12][81.13][81.14][81.15][81.16][81.17][81.18][81.19][81.20][81.21]Miranda, S. 1998. "16th Century (1503–1605)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  82. 82.[82.2][82.3][82.4][82.5]Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 1 July 1517 (V)". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  83. 83.Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 3 May 1527 (I)". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  84. 84.Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 10 January 1529 (VI)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  85. 85.Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 19 December 1544". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  86. 86.Trollope, 1876, p. 51.
  87. 87.Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 20 November 1551 (III)". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  88. 88.Williams, 2004, p. 83.
  89. 89.Williams, 2004, p. 86.
  90. 90.Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pope Pius IV". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  91. 91.Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 31 January 1560". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  92. 92.Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Frascati". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  93. 93.[93.2]Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 26 February 1561 (II)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  94. 94.[94.2][94.3]Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 12 March 1565". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  95. 95.Lemaitre, Nicole. Ed. Levillain, Philippe. 2002. "Pius V." The Papacy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92228-3. p. 1178.
  96. 96.Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 17 May 1570 (III)". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  97. 97.Signorotto, Gianvittorio, and Visceglia, Maria Antonietta, 2002, p. 142.
  98. 98.Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 12 December 1583 (VII)". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  99. 99.Signorotto, Gianvittorio, and Visceglia, Maria Antonietta, 2002, p. 92.
  100. 100.Tizon-Germe, Anne-Cécile. Ed. Levillain, Philippe. 2002. "Gregory XIV." The Papacy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92228-3. p. 666.
  101. 101.Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 6 March 1591 (II)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  102. 102.Levillain, 1981, p. 1129.
  103. 103.Trollope, 1876, p. 52.
  104. 104.Signorotto, Gianvittorio, and Visceglia, Maria Antonietta, 2002, p. 81.
  105. 105.[105.2]Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 3 March 1599". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  106. 106.[106.2][106.3][106.4][106.5][106.6][106.7][106.8][106.9][106.10][106.11]Miranda, S. 1998. "17th Century (1605–1700)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  107. 107.Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 24 November 1608". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  108. 108.Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 2 December 1615". Florida International University. Retrieved 6 July 2009.
  109. 109.Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 16 December 1641 (VII)". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  110. 110.Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 7 October 1647 (IV)". Florida International University. Retrieved 6 July 2009.
  111. 111.Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 19 September 1650". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  112. 112.Levillain, 2002, p. 467.
  113. 113.Signorotto, Gianvittorio, and Visceglia, Maria Antonietta, 2002, p. 153.
  114. 114.Williams, 2004, p. 119.
  115. 115.Levillain, 2002, p. 468.
  116. 116.Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 22 February 1672 (III)". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  117. 117.Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 2 September 1686". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  118. 118.Standen, Edith A. 1981. "Tapestries for a Cardinal-Nephew: A Roman Set Illustrating Tasso's 'Gerusalemme Liberata'." Metropolitan Museum Journal. 16: 147–164.
  119. 119.Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 23 December 1711 (VI)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  120. 120.Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 6 May 1715". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  121. 121.Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 16 June 1721 (I)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  122. 122.[122.2]Miranda, S. 1998. "18th Century (1700–1799)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  123. 123.Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 24 September 1731". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  124. 124.Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of September 11, 1758 (I)". Florida International University. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  125. 125.Levillain, 1981, p. 1179.
  126. 126.Kazimierz Dopierała, Księga papieży, Pallotinum, Poznań 1996, pp. 373–374; Damian Hungs: Papst Pius VII Archived 11 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  127. 127.Levillain, 1981, p. 1184.
  128. 128.Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 12 May 1879". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.