The Reichenau Glossary is a collection of Latin glosses likely compiled in the 8th century in northern France to assist local clergy in understanding certain words or expressions found in the Vulgate Bible.[1] They constitute an important document in Romance linguistics, particularly Gallo-Romance.
Background
Over the centuries Jerome’s translation of the Bible (c. 382–405) became more difficult to read for novice clergy as a result of the various grammatical, lexical, and phonological changes that Latin was experiencing in the course of its evolution into Romance. To facilitate interpretation, scribes would put together glossaries or collected explanations of words or phrases found in the Vulgate.[2] The words used as glosses tended to be those that were destined to survive in Romance,[3] whilst the words that needed glossing generally were not.[4]
What is now known as the Reichenau Glossary was compiled circa the eighth century at the Abbey of Corbie in Picardy. From there it eventually found its way to the Abbey of Reichenau, in southern Germany, where it was found in 1863 by the philologist Adolf Hotzmann.[5]
Selected entries
| Term found in Vulgate | Meaning | Descendants | Gloss(es) | Origin | Descendants[6] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| abdito | hidden.DAT/ABL | — | absconso | Attested variant of CL abscondito 'hidden', a cognate of abdito.[7] | PR. */asˈkonsu/ OFr. escons OOcc. escos Cat. escòs OSp. escuso OPt. escuso Vnz. sconto[8] It. ascoso Ro. ascuns |
| abio[9] | go_away.1SG | — | uado | Vado meant 'hurry, rush' in CL. | PR. */ˈβao/ OFr. vois[10] Fr. vais Cat. vaig Occ. vau Sp. voy[11] Ast. vo Pt. vou Vnz. vago Vgl. vis It. vado Nap. vaco |
| abgetarii[12] | woodworkers | — | carpentarii | CL for 'wagon makers'. | PR. */karpenˈtarʲi/nom OFr. charpentier |
| PR. */karpenˈtarʲos/acc Fr. charpentiers Occ. carpentièrs Sp. carpinteros Pt. carpinteiros | |||||
| absintio[13] | wormwood.DAT/ABL | PR. */apˈsɪntʲo/ OFr. assenz OOcc. aussen Sp. ajenjo, asenjo Ast. axenxu Vgl. ascianz OIt. assenzo | aloxino | Greek ἀλόη όξίνης[14] 'bitter aloe'. | PR. */aˈlɔksɪna/ Fr. aluine OSp. alosna Pt. alosna |
| adolescentia | youth | — | iuuentus | CL synonym. | PR. */jʊˈβɛntu/ OFr. jovent Occ. jovent Cat. jovent |
| aculeus | stinger | — | aculeonis | Derivative based on CL aculeus + -o, -onis, originally a noun-forming suffix but serving here merely as an extender. Note the Gallo-Romance analogical nominative in place of the expected *aculeo. | PR. */akuˈlʲone/ Fr. aiguillon Occ. agulhon Sp. aguijón Ast. guiyón Glc. aguillón |
| aes | bronze | — | eramen[15] | Derivative based on aer- (obl. stem of aes) + -men, originally a noun-forming suffix but serving here merely as an extender. Attested in the fourth-century Codex Theodosianus. | PR. */aˈramen/ Fr. airain Occ. aram Cat. aram Ast. arame Pt. arame Rms. arom It. rame Ro. aramă Srd. ràmene |
| PR. */aˈramɪne/[16] Sp. alambre | |||||
| ager | field | PR. */ˈaɡru/ Occ. agre Pie. aire It. agro Ro. agru 'field, land' | campus | Already a near-synonym in CL. | PR. */ˈkampʊs/nom OFr. chans |
| PR. */ˈkampu/acc Fr. champ Occ. camp Cat. camp Sp. campo Ast. campu Pt. campo Rms. champ Vgl. cuomp It. campo Nap. campo Srd. campo Ro. câmp | |||||
| annuant | nod.3PL.SBJV | — | cinnant | Verb based on LL cinnus 'wink', a word of obscure origin. | PR. */ˈkɪnnant/ OFr. cenent OOcc. cenan Pt. acenam+pref It. accennano+pref |
| anxiaretur | worry.3SG..PASS.SBJV | OIt. ansia Sp. ansia Pt. ansia 'eagerly await' | angustiaretur | LL verb based on CL angustia 'tribulations, difficulties'. | PR. */anˈɡʊstʲat/ Fr. angoisse Occ. angoissa Cat. angoixa It. angoscia |
| aper | boar | PR. */ˈapru/ Srd. porcapru[17] | saluaticus porcus[18] | Periphrase, lit. 'wild pig'. | PR. */ˈpɔrkʊs salˈβatɪkʊs/nom OFr. pors salvadges |
| PR. */ˈpɔrku salˈβatɪku/acc Fr. porc sauvage Occ. pòrc salvatge Cat. porc salvatge Rms. portg selvadi Vgl. puarc salvutic It. porco salvatico Ro. porc sălbatic | |||||
| arbusta | orchards | — | arbricellus | Rendering of *arboriscellus, a postclassical compound based on CL arbor, arboris 'tree' + -cellus, a conflation of CL -culus and -ellus, both diminutive-forming suffixes. | PR. */arborɪsˈkɛllu/ Fr. arbrisseau Occ. arbrissèl 'shrubbery' It. arboscello 'sapling' |
| area | threshing-floor | PR. */ˈarʲa/ Fr. aire Occ. ièra Cat. era Sp. Ast. era Pt. eira It. aia Ro. arie | danea | Frankish *dannja. | Wal. dègne[19] |
| arena | sand | PR. */aˈrena/ OFr. areine Occ. arena Cat. arena Sp. arena Ast. areña Pt. areia It. rena Nap. rena Srd. rena ORo. arină ARo. arinã | sabulo | CL for 'gravel'. | PR. */saˈblone/ Fr. sablon Occ. sablon Cat. sauló Sp. sablón Rms. sablun Vgl. salbaun It. sabbione IRo. salbun |
| armilla | bracelet | PR. */arˈmɪlla/ Sp. armella | baucus | Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *baugaz. | OFr. bou |
| atram | black.F.ACC.SG | — | nigram | Nearly synonymous with atram in CL and replaced the latter in LL. | PR. */ˈnɪɡra/ Fr. noire Gsc. nera Occ. negra Cat. negra Sp. negra Pt. negra Pie. neira Rms. naire Vgl. niara It. nera Nap. neura Ro. neagră |
| axis | axle | PR. */ˈakse/ Fr. ais 'plank' Occ. ais Cat. eix Sp. eje Ast. exa Pt. eixo It. asse 'beam, axle' | ascialis | An attempt to render *axialis, a postclassical compound based on CL axis 'axle' + -alis, originally an adjective-forming suffix. | PR. */akˈsale/ OFr. aissel |
| PR. */akˈsile/ Fr. essieu | |||||
| benignitate | kindness.ABL | — | bonitate | Often had this sense in CL. | PR. */bonɪˈtate/ Fr. bonté Occ. bontat Cat. bontat Sp. bondad Pt. bondade OIt. bontade It. bontà Ro. bunătate |
| binas | in_pairs.F.PL.ADJ | — | duas et duas | Periphrase, literally 'two and two'. | Fr. deux à deux Sp. de dos en dos Pt. de dois em dois It. due a due |
| calamus | reed-pen | PR. */ˈkalamu/ Fr. chaume 'stubble, thatch' Fr. calame 'reed-pen' | penna | CL for 'feather', reflecting a change in the usual writing implement by late antiquity. | PR. */ˈpɪnna/ OFr. pene Pt. pena It. penna Sic. pinna Ro. peană |
| callidior | devious.COMP | — | uitiosior | Comparative form of CL uitiosus 'wicked, corrupt'. | PR. */βɪˈtʲosu/ OFr. voisos Occ. viciós Cat. viciós 'depraved' It. vezzoso 'charming' |
| calumpniam[20] | slander.ACC | PR. */kaˈlʊmnʲa/ OFr. chalonge OOcc. calonja OSp. caloña OPt. coima | contentio | CL for 'quarrel, dispute'. | PR. */tenˈtʲone/-pref OOcc. tensón |
| calx | heel | PR. */'kalke/ OPt. couce Glc. couce Pt. coice OSp. coçe Sp. coz 'kick' | calcaneum | Compound based on calx + -aneus, originally an adjective-forming suffix but now serving merely as an extender. | PR. */kalˈkanʲu/ OFr. calcain Gsc. caucanh Cat. calcani OSp. calanno Ast. calcañu Rms. chalchagn It. calcagno Srd. carcanzu ARo. cãlcãnju Ro. călcâi |
| caminum | furnace.ACC | PR. */kaˈminu/ Rms. chamin Vgl. camain It. camino | clibanum | A late borrowing of Greek κλίβανος. Did not survive in Romance. | — |
| cartallo | basket.DAT/ABL | — | panario | CL for 'breadbasket'. | PR. */paˈnarʲu/ Fr. panier Occ. panièr Sp. panero Pt. paneiro OIt. panaio Nap. panaro |
| caseum | cheese.ACC | PR. */ˈkasʲu/ Sp. queso Pt. queijo Vgl. chis Tsc. cascio Nap. caso Srd. casu Ro. caș | formaticum | Compound based on CL forma 'mould' + -aticus, a derivational suffix that became especially popular in Gallo-Romance. The original sense here appears to have been 'that which is made in a mould'. | Fr. fromage Occ. formatge Cat. formatge |
| PR. */kaˈsʲɔlu/dim Rms. chaschöl | |||||
| crastro[21] | barracks.DAT/ABL | PR. */ˈkastru/ Sp. castro Pt. castro | heribergo | Frankish *heriberga. | OFr. herberge Occ. albèrgo |
| cementarii[22] | stonecutters | Fr. cimentiers | mationes | Frankish *makjo. Note the free interchange, before a following vowel, of ⟨ti⟩ and ⟨ci⟩, both representing [ts].[23] | Fr. maçons Occ. maçons |
| cementariis[24] | stonecutters.DAT/ABL | macionibus | |||
| cenacula | chambers | — | mansiunculas | LL diminutive of CL mansio 'lodging'. | PR. */maˈsʲones/-dim Fr. maisons Occ. maisons Sp. mesónes OPt. meijãoes Vgl. mošune 'barns' It. magioni 'houses' Srd. masones 'herds' |
| cesis[25] | beaten.DAT/ABL.PL | — | flagellatis | CL for 'whipped'. | PR. */flaɡelˈlatos/ OFr. flaelez Fr. flaggelés |
| cibaria | food | — | cibus uiuendi | A phrase reminiscent of Proto-Romance *uiuanda 'food', an alteration of CL uiuenda 'that which is necessary for life'.[26] | PR. */βiˈβanda/ Fr. viande 'meat' Occ. vianda Ast. vianda 'meal' It. vivanda 'food' |
| PR. */βiˈβɛnda/ Sp. vivienda Pt. vivenda 'residence, housing' | |||||
| clibanus | oven | — | furnus | The more usual CL word. | PR. */ˈfʊrnu/acc Fr. four Occ. forn Cat. forn Ara. furno Sp. horno Ast. fornu Pt. forno Rms. furn It. forno Nap. fuorno Srd. furru ARo. furnu |
| cliuium[27] | hill.ACC | — | montania | Rendering of *montanea, a postclassical compound based on CL mont- (obl. stem of mons 'mountain') + -anea, originally an adjective-forming suffix but now serving merely as an extender. | PR. */monˈtanʲa/ Fr. montagne Occ. montanha Cat. muntanya Sp. montaña Pt. montanha Rms. muntogna It. montagna Nap. muntagna |
| coccinus | scarlet | — | rubeus | CL for 'red'. | PR. */ˈrʊβʲʊs/nom OFr. roges |
| PR. */ˈrʊβʲu/acc Fr. rouge Gsc. arrui Occ. roge Cat. roig Ara. roio Sp. rubio Ast. roxu Pt. ruivo Pie. rubi It. robbio Srd. rubiu Ro. roib | |||||
| colliridam[28] | pastry.ACC | — | turtam | Already attested in the first-century Vindolanda tablets.[29] Presumably from torta 'twisted', in reference to the shape of the pastry. | PR. */ˈtʊrta/ Fr. tourte Occ. torta Sp. torta Rms. turta Vgl. turta It. torta Srd. turta Ro. turtă |
| commutatione | exchange.ABL | — | concambiis | Late borrowing of Gaulish *cambion. The glosser has added the prefix con- by analogy with commutatione. | PR. */ˈkambʲu/-pref Fr. change Occ. cambi Cat. canvi Sp. cambio Pt. cambio It. cambio Ro. schimb[30] |
| compellit | urge.3SG | — | anetset | Frankish *anhattian.[31] | OFr. anecet OIt. anizza OPt. anaça |
| concidit | cut.3SG.PRT | — | taliauit | Verb based on CL talea 'cutting from a plant'. | PR. */taˈlʲaut/ Fr. tailla Cat. tallà Sp. tajó Pt. talhou It. tagliò Ro. tăie |
| contumeliam | belittlement.ACC | — | uerecundiam | CL for 'shame, disgrace'. | PR. */βerˈɡʊnʲa/ Fr. vergogne Occ. vergonha Cat. vergonya OSp. verguenna Ast. vergoña Pt. vergonha It. vergogna Nap. vregogna |
| PR. */βerˈɡʊndʲa/ Occ. vergunja Sp. vergüenza OPt. vergonça Lmb. vargonja Srd. brigunza | |||||
| coturnices | quail.PL | PR. */kotʊrˈnikes/ Sp. codornizes Pt. codornizes OIt. cotornici | quacoles | Onomatopoeic. | PR. */ˈkʷakkolas/ Fr. cailles Occ. calhas Cat. guatles Rib. guallas Rms. quacras It. quaglie |
| PR. */kotʊrˈniklas/dim Ro. potârnichi[32] 'partridges' | |||||
| scabrones[33] | hornets | PR. */karaˈbrones/ Pt. cambrãos It. calabroni | uuapces | Frankish *wapsa. | Fr. guêpes |
| crebro[34] | sieve.ABL | — | criuolo | The same word after liquid dissimilation.[35] The extra ⟨o⟩ appears to be a hypercorrection. | PR. */ˈkriβru/ Fr. crible Ara. gribafem Sp. cribo Pt. crivo Pie. cribi Lmb. cribi Srd. chilibru Ro. ciur |
| PR. */kriˈβɛllu/dim Gsc. crièth Occ. crivèl Cat. garbell It. crivello | |||||
| crura | shins | — | tibia | Had this sense in CL as well. | PR. */ˈtiβʲa/ Fr. tige 'stem' |
| culmen | peak | PR. */ˈkʊlmen/ It. colmo Ast. cume, cuelmu Pt. cume Ro. culme | spicus | Attested Classical variant of spica 'point' or 'ear of grain'. | PR. */sˈpiku/acc Fr. épi Occ. espic Frl. spi Ro. spic |
| PR. */ˈkʊlmɪne/ Sp. cumbre | PR. */sˈpika/fem Occ. espiga Cat. espiga Sp. espiga Pt. espiga Vgl. spaica It. spiga Srd. ispica | ||||
| cuncti | all.PL | — | omnes | CL synonym. | PR. */ˈɔmnes/ OIt. onni |
| da | give.IMP.SG | PR. */ˈda/ Gsc. da Ara. da Sp. da Pt. dá Rms. dai Vgl. du It. dà Srd. da Ro. dă | dona | CL synonym and cognate that became more popular in Gallo-Romance. | PR. */ˈdona/ Fr. donne Occ. dona Cat. dona Ara. dona |
| denudare | lay_bare.INF | PR. */dɪsnuˈdare/ Fr. dénuer 'deprive' Sp. desnudar Ast. esnudar Pt. desnudar 'undress' | discooperire | Compound based on CL dis- (a negating prefix) + cooperire 'cover up'. | PR. */dɪskopeˈrire/ Fr. découvrir Occ. descobrir Cat. descobrir Sp. descubrir Pt. descobrir Pie. descörve It. discoprire Ro. descoperire |
| detestare | revile.INF | — | blasphemare | A late borrowing of Greek βλασφημέειν 'id.' | PR. */blasteˈmare/ Fr. blâmer Occ. blaimar Cat. blasmar Sp. lastimar Pt. lastimar Vgl. blasmur OIt. biastemmiare[36] Srd. brastimar Ro. blestemare |
| dilecta | love.F.PASS.PTCP | — | amata | CL synonym in this context. | PR. */aˈmata/ OFr. amede Fr. aimée[37] Occ. aimada Cat. amada Ara. amata Sp. amada Pt. amada Vnz. amà It. amata Srd. amada |
| ducta | lead.F.PASS.PTCP | PR. */ˈdʊkta/ OFr. duite OOcc. ducha Cat. duita OSp. ducha OIt. dotta (Ro. dusă) | menata[38] | Past participle of minare, a regularization of the CL deponent minari 'threaten', with the sense evolution apparently in reference to yelling at livestock to make them move along. | PR. */mɪˈnata/ OFr. menede Fr. menée Occ. menada Cat. menada Ara. menata It. menata Ro. mânată |
| emit | buy.3SG.PRT | — | comparauit | Meant 'obtain' in CL. | PR. */kompaˈraut/ OFr. comprat Gsc. crompá Cat. comprà Sp. compró Pt. comprou It. comprò Ro. cumpără 'bought' |
| ensis | sword | — | gladius | More usual CL synonym. | PR. */ˈɡlajʊs~ˈɡladʊs/nom OFr. glais 'sword-lily'[39] |
| PR. */ˈɡlaju~ˈɡladu/acc Fr. glai 'sword-lily' OOcc. glazi It. ghiado 'sword' | |||||
| escas | food.ACC.PL | PR. */ˈɛskas/ Fr. esches Occ. escas Cat. esques Sp. yescas Ast. esques, ezques Pt. escas 'bait' It. esche 'bait, tinder' Ro. iești 'tinder' | cibos | CL synonym. | PR. */ˈkɪβos/ Sp. cebos Pt. cevos 'bait' |
| exacerbauerunt | irritate.3PL.PRT | — | exasperauerunt | CL synonym. The unprefixed version apparently survived in Proto-Romance as asprire, with a change in conjugation. | PR. */asˈprirʊnt/-pref OFr. asprirent OIt. asprirono |
| exaurire | drain.INF | — | scauare | CL excauare 'hollow out, empty', from ex- + cauare, a verb based on cauus 'hollow, empty'. | PR. */skaˈβare/ OFr. eschaver Occ. escavar Sp. escavar Pt. escavar Rms. stgavar It. scavare |
| exterminabit | uproot.3SG.FUT | — | eradicabit | CL synonym. | PR. */eradiˈkare/ Fr. arracher Gsc. arrigar OOcc. arazigar[40] Ast. arriar Glc. arrigar Ro. ridicare |
| exuerunt | strip_away.3PL.PRT | — | expoliauerunt | CL synonym. | PR. */spoˈlʲarʊnt/ OFr. espoillierent It. spogliarono OSp. espojaron[41] Glc. esbollaron |
| faretra[42] | arrow-case | — | teca sagittarum | Periphrase, lit. 'container for arrows'. Theca was a Classical borrowing of Greek θήκη 'container', while sagitta was the native Latin term for 'arrow'. | PR. */ˈteka/ Fr. taie 'pillowcase' It. tega 'pod' Ro. teacă 'case, sheath' |
| PR. */saˈɡɪttas/ OFr. saietes Occ. sagetas Cat. sagetes Sp. saetas Pt. setas OIt. saette Srd. saittas Ro. săgeți | |||||
| cupra | Frankish loan, cf. German Köcher. | OFr. cuivre | |||
| fatigatus | tired | — | lassus | CL synonym. | PR. */ˈlassʊs/ Fr. las Occ. las |
| femur | thigh | — | coxa | CL for 'hip'. | PR. */ˈkɔksa/ Fr. cuisse Occ. cuèissa Cat. cuixa Sp. cuja Pt. cuxa Pie. cheussa Rms. cossa Vgl. copsa It. coscia Srd. cossa Ro. coapsă |
| cingolo[43] | Meant 'belt' in CL. | PR. */ˈkɪnɡla/ OFr. cengle Fr. sangle Occ. cengla Cat. cengle Pt. cilha Vnz. senghia It. cinghia | |||
| PR. */ˈklɪnɡa/ Nap. chienga Ro. chingă | |||||
| ferus | savage | PR. */ˈfɛrʊs/nom OFr. fiers 'proud' | durus | CL for 'harsh, severe'. | PR. */ˈdurʊs/nom OFr. durs Rms. dirs[44] |
| PR. */ˈfɛru/acc Fr. fier 'proud' Cat. fer 'ugly' It. fiero 'proud' Sp. fiero 'wild' | PR. */ˈduru/acc Fr. dur Occ. dur Cat. dur Sp. duro Pt. duro Lmb. dur Rms. dir Vgl. doir It. duro | ||||
| feruet | boil.3SG | PR. */ˈfɛrβet/ Sp. hierve Pt. ferve Ro. fierbe 'id.' It. ferve 'has a fever' | bullit | CL synonym. | PR. */ˈbʊllɪt/ OFr. bolt Fr. bout Occ. bolhe Cat. bulle Sp. bulle 'id.' Pt. bule 'fidgets' It. bole Nap. vodde Srd. buddit 'id.' |
| fex | dregs | — | lias | Gaulish *ligas. | Fr. lies |
| flare | blow.INF | — | suflare[45] | CL synonym. | PR. */sʊfˈflare/ Fr. souffler Occ. soflar Ara. soflar OSp. sollar Ast. asollar Pt. soprar Rms. suflar It. soffiare Ro. suflare |
| flasconem | flask.ACC | OFr. flascon Fr. flacon Occ. flascon Cat. flascó Sp. frasco Pt. frasco It. fiasco | buticulam | Diminutive of butis~buttis 'cask', a late borrowing of Greek βοῦττις. | PR. */bʊtˈtɪkla/ Fr. bouteille Occ. botelha |
| fletur | weep.3SG.PASS | — | planctur[46] | CL for 'there is mourning'. | PR. */ˈplanɡere/inf Fr. plaindre Occ. planher Cat. plànyer OSp. llanner OPt. changer Vnz. piànzar Vgl. plungro It. piangere Nap. chiagne Sic. chiànciri Srd. prangere Ro. plângere |
| forum | marketplace | PR. */ˈfɔru/ OFr. fuer Fr. fur 'extent' Sp. fuero 'law' | mercatum | CL synonym in this context. | PR. */merˈkatu/ OFr. marchiet Fr. marché Occ. mercat Cat. mercat Sp. mercado Pt. mercado Rms. marchà Vnz. marcà It. mercato Srd. mercadu |
| framea | type of sword | — | gladius bisacutus | Lit. 'double-edged sword'. Bisacutus is a compound based on CL bis 'twice' + acutus 'sharpened'. For descendants of gladius 'sword', see entry for ensis. | PR. */bɪsaˈkuta/ Fr. besaiguë 'carpenter's tool with two sides' It. bisacuta 'double-edged' |
| furent[47] | steal.3PL.SBJV | PR. */ˈfurent/ It. furino Ro. fure | involent | CL for 'sweep down, carry off'. | PR. */ˈɪmβolent/ OFr. emblent OOcc. emblen[48] OCat. emblen |
| PR. */ɪmˈβolent/ It. involino | |||||
| furuus | brown | — | brunus | Frankish *brūn. | Fr. brun Occ. brun Cat. bru Sp. bruno Pt. bruno Rms. brun Vgl. broin It. bruno |
| fusiles | melt.PASS.PCP.PL | — | fundutas | Postclassical past participle[49] of fundere 'melt'. | PR. */fʊnˈdutas/ Fr. fondues Occ. fondudas OIt. fondute 'melted' |
| galea | helmet | — | helmus | Frankish *helm. | OFr. helmeacc Fr. heaume Sp. yelmo Pt. elmo It. elmo |
| genuit | give_birth.3SG.PRT | — | generauit | CL synonym. | PR. */ɡeneˈraut/ OFr. gendrat Fr. engendra+pref Gsc. engendrá+pref Cat. engendrà+pref Sp. engendró+pref Pt. gerou |
| gratia | thanks | — | merces | CL for 'goods, wages'. | PR. */merˈkede/ OFr. mercit Fr. merci Occ. mercé 'mercy, thanks' Sp. merced Pt. mercê 'mercy' OIt. mercé 'thanks' It. mercede 'mercy' |
| abenas[50] | reins.ACC | — | retinacula iumentorum | Periphrase, lit. 'reins for pack animals'. CL retinacula 'reins' is reminiscent of Proto-Romance *retina 'id.', a deverbal of retinere 'hold back'. | PR. */ˈrɛtɪnas/ OFr. rednes~resnes Fr. rênes Occ. retnas Cat. regnes Sp. riendas Pt. rédeas It. redine[51] |
| PR. */juˈmɛntu/ Fr. jument 'mare' OSp. iumiento Sp. jumento Ast. xumentu Pt. jumento It. giumento Nap. jummèntafem 'pack animal' | |||||
| arundine[52] | reed.ABL | — | ros | Frankish *rausa. | OFr. ros Occ. raus |
| OFr. roseldim Fr. roseau | |||||
| ebitatum[53] | weaken.ACC.PASS.PTCP | — | bulcatum | Past participle of *bullicare, a compound based on CL bullire 'boil' + -icare, a verb-forming suffix. | PR. */bʊllɪˈkatu/ OFr. bolgiet Fr. bougé Occ. bolegat Cat. bellugat Ara. esbolligato+pref 'stirred, agitated' It. bulicato 'boiled' |
| iacinctinas[54] | hyacinth.F.PL.ACC.ADJ | PR. */jaˈkintu/ Fr. jacinthefem Occ. jacint Cat. jacint | persas | Ultimately from Persia, perhaps because garments imported from there had this color. | Fr. perse 'blue-green' |
| hiems | winter | — | ibernus | Nominalization of CL hibernus 'wintry', an adjective derived from hiems. | PR. */imˈβɛrnʊs/nom OFr. ivers OOcc. iverns |
| PR. */imˈβɛrnu/acc OFr. ivern Fr. iver Occ. ivèrn Cat. hivern Sp. invierno Ast. iviernu Pt. invernu Rms. inviern Vgl. inviarno It. inverno Srd. iberru Ro. iarnăfem | |||||
| horreis | granaries.DAT/ABL | PR. */ˈorrʲu/ Cat. orri Ast. horru Srd. orriu | spicariis | Compound based on CL spica 'ear of grain' + -arium 'place for keeping'. | PR. */spiˈkarʲu/ OWal. spir[55] 'room for provisions' Grm. Speicher 'granary' |
| iacere | throw.INF | — | iactare | CL frequentative of iacere. | PR. */jekˈtare/ Fr. jeter Occ. getar Cat. gitar Ara. chitar Sp. echar It. gettare Nap. jettà Srd. ghettare ORo. (a)iepta |
| ictus | strike | PR. */ˈɪktu/acc Pt. eito 'row' | colpus | CL borrowing of Greek κόλαφος. | PR. */ˈkɔlpʊs/nom OFr. cols |
| PR. */ˈkɔlpu/acc OFr. colp Fr. coup Occ. còp Cat. cop It. colpo | |||||
| id | it.NEUT | — | hoc | CL for 'this'. | PR. */ˈɔk/ OFr. uec Occ. o Cat. ho 'this' Occ. òc OCat. oc 'yes' |
| iecore | liver.ABL | PR. */jeˈkʷarʲa/[56] Pt. iguaria[57] 'delicacies' | ficato | CL ficatum 'foie gras', lit. 'fig-fattened liver', calqued from Greek συκωτόν. | PR. */ˈfɪkatu/ Fr. foie Ast. fégadu It. fegato |
| PR. */fiˈkatu/ Frl. fiât Ro. ficat | |||||
| PR. */ˈfikatu/ Sp. higado Pt. figato Rms. fio Nap. ficato Srd. ficadu | |||||
| PR. */ˈfɪtaku/[58] Occ. fetge Cat. fetge Pie. fidic Lmb. fideg | |||||
| indutus | dress.PASS.PTCP | — | uestitus | CL synonym. | PR. */βesˈtitu/acc OFr. vestit Occ. vestit Cat. vestit Ara. vestito Sp. vestido Pt. vestido Vgl. vestiat It. vestito Srd. bestiu |
| PR. */βesˈtutu/acc OFr. vestut Fr. vêtu OIt. vestuto | |||||
| institis | bandages.ABL | — | fasciolis | CL synonym. | PR. */fasˈkʲɔlas/ OIt. fasciuole Ro. fâșioare |
| nasculis | Frankish *nastila. | OFr. nasles Wal. nâles It. nastrimasc | |||
| insultaret | offend.3SG..SBJV | — | inganaret | Based on CL gannire 'snarl' with a prefix and a change in conjugation. | PR. */ɪnɡanˈnare/ OFr. enjaner Occ. enganar Cat. enganyar Sp. engañar It. ingannare Ro. îngânare |
| isset | go.3SG..SBJV | PR. */ˈisset/ Ara. isse Lad. jissa OIt. gisse Nap. jesse Ro. ise | ambulasset | CL for 'walk'. | PR. */amˈblasset/ OFr. alast Fr. alât Sp. amblase It. ambiasse Ro. umblase |
| ita | yes | — | sic | Already used in the sense of 'yes' in Old Latin. | PR. */ˈsik/ Fr. si Occ. si 'actually, yes' Cat. sí Sp. sí Pt. sim[59] Rms. schi It. sì 'yes' Ro. și 'and' |
| iuger | acre | — | iornalis | Rendering of *diurnalis, a postclassical compound based on CL diurnus 'daily' + -alis, an adjective-forming suffix. In France this term developed the sense of 'land that can be worked by oxen in a day'. | PR. */jʊrˈnale/ OFr. jornal 'journal, measure of land' Fr. journal[60] Occ. jornal It. giornale 'journal' |
| iugulate | kill.IMP.PL | PR. */jʊˈɡlatɪs/ Ro. junghiați | occidite | CL synonym | See necetur. |
| ius | law | PR. */ˈjure/ OSp. jur OPt. jur It. giure | legem | CL near-synonym. | PR. */ˈleɡe/ OFr. lei Fr. loi Occ. lei Cat. llei Sp. ley Pt. lei Pie. lege Vgl. lig It. legge OSrd. leghe Ro. lege |
| potestatem | CL for 'power, authority'. | PR. */potesˈtate/ OFr. podestet OOcc. pozestat OIt. podestade It. podestà | |||
| labium[61] | tub | — | conca[62] | Could designate a sort of vessel in CL, but the main sense was 'shell'. Borrowed from Greek κόγχη. | PR. */ˈkɔnka/ Fr. conche Occ. conca Cat. conca Sp. cuenca Ast. conca It. conca 'basin, watershed' Srd. conca 'head' |
| lamento | wail.1SG | — | ploro | CL for 'weep'. | PR. */ˈploro/ OFr. plour Fr. pleure Occ. plori Cat. ploro Rib. plloro Ara. ploro Sp. lloro Ast. lloro Pt. choro Pie. piur OIt. pioro |
| laterum | bricks.GEN.PL | — | teularum[63] | CL for 'roof-tiles'. | PR. */ˈteɡʊlas/ OFr. tiules~teilles Fr. tuiles Occ. teulas Cat. teules Sp. tejas Ast. teya Pt. telhas Vgl. tacle It. tegole Srd. téulas 'tiles' Tsc. tegghie It. teglie 'baking-trays' |
| lebes | boiler | — | chaldaria[64] | LL compound based on CL calid- (obl. stem of calidus 'hot') + -aria, a noun-forming suffix. | PR. */kalˈdarʲa/ OFr. chaldiere Fr. chaudière Gsc. caudera Cat. caldera Sp. caldera Pt. caldeira Vgl. caldira It. caldaia Ro. căldare |
| leua[65] | left.F.SG.ADJ | — | sinistra | CL synonym. | PR. */sɪˈnɛstra/[66] Fr. senestre Occ. senèstra OSp. siniestra OPt. sẽestra Rms. saniestra OIt. sinestra |
| liberos | children.ACC | — | infantes | CL for 'babies'. | PR. */ɪnˈfantes/ Fr. enfants Occ. enfants Cat. infants 'id.' OSp. ifantes OPt. ifantes 'heirs-apparent' Rms. uffants 'id.' It. fanti 'infantry' |
| litus | shore | PR. */ˈlitu/ It. lido | ripa | CL synonym. | PR. */ˈripa/ Fr. rive Occ. riba Cat. riba Sp. riba Pt. riba Rms. riva Vgl. raipa It. riva Ro. râpă |
| ludebant | play.3PL. | — | iocabant | Regularization of the CL deponent verb iocari 'jest, joke'. | PR. */joˈkaβant/ OFr. joevent Fr. jouaient Occ. jogavan Cat. jugaven Ara. chugaban Sp. jugaban Pt. jogavam Rms. giogavan Vgl. jocua It. giocavano Ro. jucau |
| luto | mud.DAT/ABL | PR. */ˈlʊtu/ It. loto Sp. lodo Pt. lodo Ro. lut Srd. lutu | fecis[67] | CL for 'dregs, sediment'. | PR. */ˈfɛkes/ It. feci Sp. heces Ast. fieces Pt. fezes |
| mala punica | pomegranates | — | mala granata | Periphrase, lit. 'seeded apples'. | PR. */mɪlaɡraˈnata/ Occ. milgrana Cat. magrana Ara. mengrana OSp. milgrana Sp. granada Pt. granada It. melagrana |
| malus | mast | — | mastus | Frankish *mast. | Fr. mât Occ. mast |
| manipulos | bundles.ACC | PR. */maˈnʊkli/nom OFr. manoil OIt. manocchi Ro. mănuchi | garbas | Frankish *garba. | Fr. gerbes Occ. garbas Cat. garbes Ara. garbas Lig. garbe |
| PR. */maˈnʊklos/acc OFr. manoilz Cat. manolls Sp. manojos Ast. manoyos Pt. molhos | |||||
| mares | male animals | — | masculi | CL diminutive of mas, the singular of mares. | PR. */ˈmaskʊli/nom OFr. masle Vnz. mas-ci Frl. mascli It. maschi Ro. mascuri 'male pigs' |
| PR. */ˈmaskʊlos/acc OFr. masles Fr. mâles Occ. mascles Cat. mascles Rib. mascllos Ara. masclos Sp. machos Pt. machos Rms. mascels Srd. mascros | |||||
| mergulum | diver_bird.ACC | — | coruum marinum | Lit. 'sea-crow'. | PR. */ˈkɔrβu maˈrinu/ Fr. cormoran Occ. corb marin Cat. corb marí Sp. cuervo marino Pt. corvo marinho |
| milites | soldiers | — | seruientes | CL for 'servants'. | PR. */serˈβʲɛntes/ Fr. sergeants 'sergeants' Occ. sirvents Cat. servents Sp. sirvientes 'servants' |
| minas | threats.ACC | — | manaces | Feminine noun based on CL minacia 'menacing'. | PR. */mɪˈnakʲas/ Fr. menaces Gsc. miaças Occ. menaças OSp. menaças OPt. mẽaças It. minacce |
| mutuo acceperam | borrow.1SG. | — | impruntatum habeo | *Impruntare is a rendering of *impromutuare, a postclassical compound based on mutuare (a regularization of the CL deponent verb mutuari 'borrow') with the prefixes in- and pro-. The overall expression impruntatum habeo (lit. 'I have [it] borrowed) reflects the characteristic Romance periphrastic preterite. | PR. */ˈajo ɪmprumʊˈtatu/ OFr. ai empruntet Occ. ai empruntat Ro. am imprumutat |
| mutuum dare | lend.INF | — | prestare[68] | CL for 'provide, furnish'. | PR. */presˈtare/ Fr. prêter Occ. prestar Cat. prestar Sp. prestar Ast. prestar 'to like' / emprestar 'to lend' Pt. prestar It. prestare |
| necetur | kill.3SG.PASS.SBJV | PR. */neˈkare/ OFr. neier Fr. noyer Occ. negar Sp. anegar+pref It. annegare+pref Ro. (î)necare ARo. necare | occidetur | CL synonym. In all of Romance the sense of necare specialized to 'kill by drowning', so this gloss serves to clarify the intended meaning 'kill'. | PR. */okˈkidere~au̯kˈkidere/ OFr. ocidre Occ. aucir It. uccidere Ro. ucidere Srd. occhidere |
| nemini | nobody.DAT | PR. */ˈnemɪni/ Ro. nimeni | nulli | CL synonym. | PR. */ˈnullu/acc Fr. nul Occ. nul Cat. nul Vgl. nul It. nullo Srd. nuddu Sic. nuḍḍu 'none, futile' |
| nent | weave.3PL | — | filant | Verb based on CL filum 'thread'. | PR. */ˈfilant/ Fr. filent Gsc. hilan Occ. filan Cat. filen It. filano Sp. hilan Pt. filam |
| nonnulli | several | — | multi | CL synonym. | PR. */ˈmʊlti/nom OFr. molt OOcc. much It. molti Ro. mulți |
| PR. */ˈmʊltos/acc OFr. molz Cat. mols Sp. muchos Ast. munchos Pt. muitos[69] | |||||
| non pepercit | not spare.3SG.PRT | — | non sparniauit | Frankish *sparanjan. | OFr. nen esparnat It. non sparagnò |
| nouacula | razor | PR. */noˈβakla/ Cat. navalla Sp. navaja Ast. navaya Pt. navalha | rasorium | CL rad-, stem of radere 'shave'), + -sorium, a postclassical suffix denoting an instrument.[70] | PR. */raˈsorʲu/ Fr. rasoir Occ. rasor Cat. raor Sp. rasero It. rasoio |
| nouerca | stepmother | PR. */noˈβɛrka/ ARo. nuearcã | matrastra | Compound based on CL matr- (oblique stem of mater 'mother') + -astra 'wannabe' (feminine variant of -aster). | PR. */maˈtrastra/ Fr. marâtre Occ. mairastra Cat. madrastra Sp. madrastra Pt. madrasta Pie. marastra Lmb. madrastra |
| nosse | know.INF | — | scire | CL near-synonym. | PR. */sˈkire/ Ro. știre Srd. ischire |
| nutare | wobble.INF | — | cancellare | CL for 'criss-cross'. The Romance sense developed from the notion of crossing one's legs while walking. | PR. */kankelˈlare/ Fr. chanceler |
| ocreas | greaves.ACC | — | husas | Frankish *hosa. | OFr. hueses OSp. uesas OPt. osas OIt. uose |
| offendas | drive_away.2SG.SBJV | — | abattas | Prefixed alteration of CL battuas. | PR. */abˈbattas/ Fr. abattes Occ. abatas Cat. abatis Sp. abatas Pt. abatas It. abbatta |
| onager | wild donkey | — | asinus saluaticus | Asinus is CL for 'donkey'. For saluaticus, see entry for aper. | PR. */ˈasɪnʊs/nom OFr. asnes |
| PR. */ˈasɪnu/acc OFr. asne Fr. âne Gsc. aso Occ. asne Cat. ase Sp. asno Pt. asno Lig. âze Pie. aso Lmb. asen Rms. asen Vnz. axeno It. asino Ro. asen Srd. áinu | |||||
| onustus | burden.PASS.PTCP | — | carcatus | Past participle of *carricare, a verb based on CL carr- (obl. stem of carrus 'wagon') + icare, a verb-forming suffix. | PR. */karrɪˈkatʊs/nom OFr. chargiez OOcc. cargats |
| PR. */karrɪˈkatu/acc OFr. chargiet Fr. chargé Occ. cargat Cat. carregat Sp. cargado Pt. carregado It. caricato Ro. încărcat+pref | |||||
| oppidis | towns.DAT/ABL | — | ciuitatibus | LL for 'cities', a semantic alteration of CL ciuitas 'citizenry'. | PR. */kiβˈtates/ Fr. cités Occ. ciutats Cat. ciutats Sp. ciudades Ast. ciudaes Pt. cidades Rms. citads Vnz. sità OIt. cittadi It. città 'cities' Ro. cetăți 'fortresses' |
| castellis | CL for 'fortresses'. | PR. */kasˈtɛlli/nom OFr. chastel OOcc. castel Vnz. castełi OIt. castegli It. castelli Sic. casteḍḍi | |||
| PR. */kasˈtɛllos/acc OFr. chastels Fr. châteaux Gsc. castèths Occ. castèls Cat. castells Sp. castillos Ast. castiellos Pt. castelos Rms. chastès Srd. casteddos | |||||
| opilio | shepherd | — | berbicarius | Compound based on CL ueruex 'ram' + -arius, a suffix denoting occupation. | PR. */berbɪˈkarʲʊs/nom OFr. bergiers |
| PR. */berbɪˈkarʲu/acc OFr. bergier Fr. berger Lim. bargier Ro. berbecar | |||||
| PR. */berbeˈkarʲu/ Srd. berbecarju | |||||
| oportet | be_fitting.3SG | — | conuenit | Had this sense in CL as well. | PR. */komˈβɛnɪt/ Fr. convient Occ. conven Cat. convé Sp. conviene Ast. convién Pt. convém It. conviene Ro. cuvine |
| optimos | best.ACC.PL | — | meliores | CL for 'better'. In Romance it also came to mean 'best'. | PR. */meˈlʲores/ Fr. meilleurs Occ. melhors Cat. millors Sp. mejores Ast. meyores Pt. melhores Rms. megliers It. migliori |
| optimum | best.ACC.SG | — | ualde bonum | Periphrase, lit. 'very good'. Valde survived as the first element of OFr. vaudoux and vaupute.[71] | PR. */ˈbɔnu/ OFr. buen, bon Fr. bon Occ. bon Cat. bo Sp. bueno Ast. bon, bonu Pt. bom Rms. bun Vgl. bun It. buono Ro. bun |
| ore | mouth | — | bucca | CL for 'cheek'. | PR. */ˈbʊkka/ Fr. bouche Occ. boca Cat. boca Sp. boca Ast. boca Pt. boca Rms. boca Vgl. buca It. bocca 'mouth' Ro. bucă 'cheek' |
| ostendit | show.3SG.PRT | — | monstrauit | CL synonym. | PR. */mosˈtraut/ OFr. mostrat Fr. montra[72] Gsc. mostrà Cat. mostrà Sp. mostró Ast. amostró, amosó Pt. mostrou It. mostrò Ro. mustră |
| oues | sheep.PL | PR. */ˈɔβes/ Ro. oi | berbices | CL ueruex 'castrated ram'. | PR. */berˈbikes/ Fr. brebis OOcc. berbitz[73] OIt. berbici |
| PR. */oˈβɪklas/dim Fr. ouailles Occ. oelhas Lim. auvelhas Cat. ovelles Ara. uellas Sp. ovejas Ast. oveyes, ovees Pt. ovelhas | PR. */berˈbekes/ Srd. berbeches Ro. berbeci | ||||
| paliurus | Christ's thorn | — | cardonis | A compound based on CL cardus 'thistle' + -o, -onis, originally a noun-forming suffix but serving here merely as an extender. Note the Gallo-Romance analogical nominative in place of the expected *cardo | PR. */karˈdone/acc Fr. chardon Occ. cardon It. cardone Sic. carduni |
| PR. */ˈkardo/nom Sp. cardo Pt. cardo It. cardo Sic. cardo | |||||
| pallium | cloak | — | drappum | Frankish *drāpi. | Fr. drap Occ. drap Cat. drap Sp. trapo Pt. trapo Vgl. drap It. drappo Srd. drappu |
| papilionis | tent.GEN.SG | PR. */papɪˈlʲone/ OFr. paveilun 'butterfly, pavilion' Fr. pavillon Occ. pabalhon Ct. pavelló Sp. pabellón It. padiglione 'pavilion' Fr. papillon[74] Occ. parpalhon Cat. papallona OIt. parpaglione 'butterfly' | trauis | Gallo-Romance analogical nominative in place of CL trabs 'beam' or 'structure built around a beam' (obl. stem trab-). | OFr. tresnom |
| PR. */ˈtraβe/acc OFr. tref 'tent, beam' OOcc. trau[75] Ast. trabe 'beam' Pt. trave It. trave | |||||
| pabula[76] | blister | — | uisica[77] | Could have this meaning in CL as well, but its main sense was 'bladder'. | PR. */βekˈsika/ Fr. vessie Occ. vessiga Cat. veixiga Sp. vejiga Ast. vexiga Pt. bexiga It. vescica Srd. bussica Ro. bășică 'blister, bladder' |
| paria | alike.NEUT.PL.ADJ | PR. */ˈparʲa/ Fr. paire Pie. paira It. paia 'pair(s)' | similia | CL synonym in this context. | PR. */ˈsɪmɪles/ OFr. sembles OOcc. sembles |
| pera | bag | — | sportellam | CL for 'little basket'. | PR. */sporˈtɛlla/ OOcc. esportèla[78] Sp. esportilla OIt. sportella Srd. isportedda |
| peribet[79] | bear.3SG | — | perportat | The context is Ioannes testimonium perhibet (John 1:15), 'John bears witness'. | Fr. il porte témoignage It. porta testimonianza |
| pes | foot | — | pedis | Gallo-Romance analogical nominative in place of CL pes (obl. stem ped-). | OFr. pieznom OOcc. pes |
| PR. */ˈpɛde/acc OFr. piet Fr. pied Occ. pè Cat. peu Ara. piet Sp. pie Ast. pie, pía Pt. pe Rms. pe Vgl. pi It. piede Srd. pede ORo. piez | |||||
| pignus | pledge | PR. */ˈpɪɡnʊs/ OSp. pennos Sp. peño | uuadius | Frankish *waddi. | Fr. gage Occ. gatge 'will, testament' |
| PR. */ˈpɪɡnu/ Rms. pegn It. pegno | |||||
| PR. */ˈpɪɡnora/ Sp. prenda OIt. pegnora | |||||
| PR. */pɪɡˈnore/ Pt. penhor | |||||
| pingues | fat.PL.ADJ | — | grassi | An alteration of CL crassi. | PR. */ˈɡrassi/nom OFr. gras Vgl. gres It. grassi Ro. grași |
| PR. */ˈɡrassos/acc Fr. gras Cat. grassos Sp. grasos Pt. grassos Rms. gras Srd. grassos | |||||
| plaustra | carts | — | carra | Alteration of CL carrus 'wagon' to the neuter gender. | PR. */ˈkarras/ Ro. care |
| PR. */ˈkarri/ OFr. char It. carri | |||||
| PR. */ˈkarros/ Fr. chars Occ. carris Cat. carros Sp. carros Pt. carros | |||||
| pulempta[80] | barley | PR. */poˈlɛnta/ Vgl. polianta It. polenta Srd. pulenta | farina | CL for 'flour'. | PR. */faˈrina/ Fr. farine Gsc. haria Occ. farina Cat. farina Sp. harina Ast. fariña Pt. farinha Pie. farin-a Rms. farina Vgl. faraina It. farina Srd. farina Ro. făină |
| pupillam | pupil.ACC | — | nigrum in oculo | Periphrase, lit. 'the black (part) in an eye'. | Fr. le noir de l'œil |
| ponatur | put.3SG.PASS.SBJV | PR. */ˈponere/ Fr. pondre Gsc. póner Occ. pondre Cat. pondre Rib. ponre 'lay an egg' Sp. poner OPt. põer Pt. pôr It. porre Srd. ponnere Ro. punere 'put, place' | mittatur | CL mittere 'send' came to mean 'put' in LL. | PR. */ˈmɪttere/ Fr. mettre Gsc. méter Occ. metre Cat. metre Rib. metre Sp. meter Pt. meter It. mettere Srd. mintere |
| ponderatus | burdened | — | grauiatus | Past participle of *grauiare, postclassical verb based on CL grauis 'heavy, burdened'. | PR. */ɡraˈβʲatʊs/ OFr. gregiez |
| poplite | hock.ABL | — | iuncture ianiculorum[81] | Periphrase, lit. 'junctions of the knees'. | PR. */junkˈturas/ Fr. jointures Occ. jonchuras Cat. juntures Sp. junturas Pt. junturas It. giunture |
| PR. */ɡeˈnʊkli/nom OFr. genoil Vgl. zenacle It. ginocchi Ro. genunchi | |||||
| PR. */ɡeˈnʊklos/acc OFr. genoilz Fr. genoux Occ. genolhs Cat. genolls Ara. chenollos Sp. hinojos Ast. xenoyos Pt. joelhos Rms. schanugls Srd. brenucos | |||||
| pruina | frost | PR. */pruˈina/ Fr. bruine 'drizzle' OOcc. bruina 'frost' Vnz. puìna 'ricotta cheese' It. brina 'frost' Ast. pruína 'hoarfrost' | gelata | Compound based on CL gel- (obl. stem of gelus 'frost') + -ata, a Romance noun-forming suffix. | PR. */ɡeˈlata/ OFr. gelede Fr. gelée Occ. gelada Cat. gelada Sp. helada Pt. geada Pie. gelada It. gelata Srd. ghelada |
| pugione | dagger.ABL | — | lancea | CL for 'spear'. | PR. */ˈlankʲa/ Fr. lance Occ. lança Cat. llança Sp. lanza Ast. llancia Pt. lança It. lancia Srd. lantza |
| pulchra | beautiful.F.SG | — | bella | CL synonym. | PR. */ˈbɛlla/ Fr. belle Occ. bèla Cat. bella Ara. bella Rms. bella Vgl. biala It. bella Sic. beḍḍa |
| pusillum | small.ACC | — | paruum | CL synonym. | PR. */ˈparβu/ OFr. parf 'small' Ast. parva 'small breakfast' Pt. parvo 'small, dumb' |
| PR. */ˈparβʊlu/dim OIt. parvolo It. pargolo 'boy' | |||||
| pustula | blister | — | malis clauis[82] | Clauus had this sense in CL as well, although its main meaning was 'nail'. | PR. */ˈklaβu/ Fr. clou 'nail, pustule' OOcc. clau[83] Cat. clau Rib. cllau Ara. clau Sp. clavo Pt. cravo Pie. ciòv OIt. chiavo[84] Srd. cravu 'nail' |
| regit | rule.3SG | PR. */ˈrɛɡɪt/ It. regge Srd. reghet | gubernat | CL synonym borrowed from Greek κῠβερνᾰ́ειν. | PR. */ɡʊˈβɛrnat/ OFr. governet Fr. gouverne Occ. governa Cat. governa Sp. gobierna Pt. governa It. governa Srd. cuberrat |
| remetieur | remeasure.3SG.FUT | PR. */meˈtire/ Sp. medir Ast. midir Pt. medir Srd. metire | remensurabit | Verb based on CL mensura 'measure'. | PR. */mesuˈrare/ Fr. mesurer Occ. mesurar Cat. mesurar Sp. mesurar Pt. mesurar Rms. mesirar It. misurare Ro. măsurare |
| repente | suddenly | Sp. de repente | subito | CL synonym. | PR. */ˈsʊβɪto/ OFr. sode[85] Occ. sopte Cat. sopte[86] |
| reppererunt | find.3PL.PRET | — | inuenerunt | CL synonym. | OFr. *envindrent[87] OSrd. *imbennerun |
| res | thing | PR. */ˈres/nom Gsc. arrés Occ. res Cat. res 'nothing' Sp. res Srd. rese 'head of cattle' | causa | CL for 'subject matter'. | PR. */ˈkau̯sa/ Fr. chose Occ. causa Cat. cosa Sp. cosa OPt. cousa Pt. coisa Rms. chossa Vgl. causa It. cosa OSrd. casa |
| PR. */ˈrɛne/acc OFr. rien 'thing' Fr. rien Lim. ren Gsc. arrén OPt. ren Glc. ren 'nothing' | |||||
| respectant | look_back.3PL | PR. */resˈpɛktant/ Pt. respeitam It. rispettano | reuuardant | Compound based on Frankish *wardōn 'watch + re-. | Fr. regardent Occ. gardan-pref Cat. guarden-pref Sp. guardan-pref Pt. guardam-pref Lmb. vàrden Rms. vurdan-pref It. riguardano Nap. guardano-pref |
| restant | stay.3PL | — | remanent | CL synonym. | PR. */reˈmanent/ OFr. remainent Cat. romanen It. rimangano OSp. remane Ro. rămân |
| reus | guilty | PR. */ˈrɛu/ Vgl. ri It. rio Ro. rău 'bad, evil' | culpabilis | LL synonym. | PR. */kʊlˈpaβɪle/ Fr. coupable Occ. colpable It. colpevole 'guilty' |
| reueretur | fear.3SG | — | uerecundatur | CL for 'feel shame'. | PR. */βerˈɡʊndat/ OFr. vergondet |
| rostrum | beak | PR. */ˈrostru/ Sp. rostro Pt. rosto 'face' Ro. rost 'mouth' | beccus | A borrowing of Gaulish *bekkos. | PR. */ˈbɛkkʊs/ OFr. bes |
| PR. */ˈbɛkku/ Fr. bec Occ. bèc Cat. bec Sp. pico Pt. bico It. becco | |||||
| rufa | reddish.3SG | — | sora | Frankish *saur. | Fr. saur 'smoked, yellow' Occ. saura 'yellow' Cat. saura 'dark yellow' |
| ruga | wrinkle | PR. */ˈruɡa/ It. ruga 'wrinkle' ARo. arugã 'sheep-gate' | fruncetura | Compound based on Frankish *hrunkja 'wrinkle' + -tura, a noun-forming suffix. | Fr. fronçure |
| rupem | rock.ACC | PR. */ˈrupe/ It. rupe 'cliff' | petram | CL borrowing of Greek πέτρα. | PR. */ˈpɛtra/ OFr. piedre Fr. pierre Occ. pèira Cat. pedra Sp. piedra Pt. pedra Vgl. pitra It. pietra Ro. piatră |
| saga | cloak | PR. */ˈsaja/ Fr. saie OSp. saya Pt. saia 'skirt' | cortina | LL for 'curtain', from an earlier CL term for a type of cauldron. The sense evolution is unclear. | PR. */korˈtina/ Fr. courtine Occ. cortina Cat. cortina Sp. cortina OPt. cortinha It. cortina |
| sagma | packsaddle | — | soma | The same word after a number of sound changes. | PR. */ˈsau̯ma/ Fr. somme 'packsaddle' Occ. sauma 'female donkey' Cat. salma 'ton' It. soma[88] 'load, burden' It. salma 'corpse' |
| sella | CL synonym | PR. */ˈsɛlla/ Fr. selle Occ. sèla Cat. sella OSp. siella Sp. silla Pt. sela Vgl. siala It. sella Sic. seḍḍa Srd. sedda Ro. șa 'saddle' | |||
| saniore | healthy.COMP.ABL | — | plus sano | Periphrase, lit. 'more healthy'. Synthetic comparative characteristic of Romance. | PR. */plus ˈsanu/ Fr. plus sain Occ. pus san OCat. pus san OPt. chus são Lig. chu san Pie. pi san It. più sano Srd. prus sanu |
| sarcina | package | PR. */ˈsarkɪna/ Ro. sarcină ARo. sartsinã | bisatia | Reinterpretation of CL bisaccia 'double-sacks' as a feminine singular noun. | PR. */bɪˈsakʲa/ Fr. besace Gsc. besaça Occ. biaço It. bisaccia |
| sartago | pan | PR. */sarˈtaɡɪne/ Occ. sartan Nap. sartayine Sp. sartén Glc. sartaña Pt. sertã Srd. sartaghine | patella | CL synonym | PR. */paˈtɛlla/ OFr. padela Fr. poêle Occ. padèla Cat. paella Sp. padilla Rms. padella It. padella Sic. pareḍḍa |
| scinifes | gnats | — | cincellas | Likely of onomatopoeic origin. | PR. */tʲinˈtʲalas/ OFr. cinceles Vnz. sginsałe It. zanzare Ro. țânțarimasc |
| segetes | crops | — | messes | CL synonym. | PR. */ˈmɛsses/ Ct. messes It. messi Sp. mieses Pt. messes |
| PR. */mesˈsjones/ OFr. meissons Fr. moissons Occ. meissons | |||||
| semel | once | — | una uice | Romance periphrase, lit. 'one time'. In CL uice meant 'turn, instance'. | PR. */una ˈβɪke/ OFr. une feis[89] Fr. une fois Occ. una vets Sp. una vez Pt. uma vez |
| sepulta | interr.F.SG.PASS.PTCP | PR. */seˈpʊlta/ Vgl. sepualta It. sepoltalit | sepelita | Rare CL variant. | PR. */sepeˈlita/ OFr. sevelide Fr. ensevelie+pref Occ. sebelida Cat. sebollida It. seppellita |
| sindone | cloth | PR. */sɪnˈdone/ It. sindone | linciolo[90] | CL synonym. | PR. */lɪnˈtʲɔlu/ Fr. linceul Occ. lençòl Cat. llençol Sp. lenzuelo Pt. lençol Rms. lenziel Vgl. linẑòl It. lenzuolo |
| singulariter | individually | — | solamente | Compound based on CL sola ('alone') + mente, a Romance adverb-forming suffix derived from CL mente (abl. of mens 'mind'), often found in ablative absolutes such as sollicita mente 'assiduously', lit. 'with an assiduous mind'. | PR. */sola ˈmɛnte/ OFr. solement Fr. seulement Occ. solament Cat. solament OSp. solamiente Pt. somente It. solamente |
| si uis | if want.2SG | — | si uoles | Regularization of uis, cf. CL conjugations such as uolunt.[91] | PR. */si ˈβɔles/ OFr. se vuels Fr. *si veux Occ. se vòls Cat. si vols Rms. sche vuls Vgl. se vule It. se vuoi Srd. si boles |
| solutis | free.PASS.PTCP.DAT/ABL.PL | PR. */soˈlutos/acc OFr. soluz 'resolved, paid' | disligatis | Past participle of disligare, a compound based on CL dis-, a negating prefix, + ligare 'tie'. | PR. */dɪslɪˈɡatos/ OFr. desliez Fr. déliés OSp. deslegados OPt. deslegados |
| PR. */dɪslɪˈɡati/ It. sligati Ro. dezlegați | |||||
| sortileus[92] | fortune-teller | — | sorcerus | Rendering of *sortiarius, a postclassical compound based on CL sors, sortis 'fortune' + -arius, a suffix denoting occupation. | PR. */sorˈtʲarʲu/acc Fr. sorcier |
| spatula | palm-frond | Pr. */sˈpatʊla/ OFr. espalle Fr. épaule Oc. espatla Ct. espattla Sp. espalda Pt. espalda Vnz. spała It. spalla Sic. spaḍḍa 'shoulder' | rama palmarum | Periphrase, lit. 'palm-tree branch'. Rama reflects a collective form[93] based on CL ramus 'branch'. | PR. */ˈrama/ OFr. raime Fr. rame[94] Occ. rama Cat. rama Sp. rama 'branch' |
| PR. */ˈpalmas/ OFr. palmes Fr. paumes Occ. palmas Cat. palmes Sp. palmas Pt. palmas It. palme Srd. parmas Ro. palme | |||||
| stercora | excrement | PR. */sˈtɛrku/ OSp. estierco Pt. esterco It. sterco Ro. șterc | femus[95] | CL synonym. | PR. */ˈfɛmʊs/ OFr. fiens Occ. fens Cat. fem Ara. fiemo |
| PR. */sˈtɛrkore/ Sp. estiércol | |||||
| submersi | drown.PASS.PTCP.PL | PR. */sʊmˈmɛrsi/ It. sommersi | necati | CL for 'murdered'. | See necetur. |
| subtilissima | very.thin.F | PR. */sʊpˈtile/ OFr. sotil OOcc. sotil OCat. sotil It. sottile Srd. suttile Ro. subțire | perpittita | Compound based on CL per-, an intensifying prefix, + pittita 'small', a postclassical word of obscure origin. | PR. */pɪtˈtita/ Fr. petite Cat. petita Occ. petita |
| succendunt | ignite.3PL | — | sprendunt | Rendering of *exprendunt, a postclassical compound based on CL ex- + prehendere 'seize'. | PR. */sˈprɛndʊnt/ Fr. éprennent |
| sudario | priest's_gown.DAT/ABL | PR. */sudaˈrʲɔlu/dim Vgl. sedarul 'handkerchief' | fanonem | Compound based on Frankish *fano 'cloth' + -o, -onis, originally a noun-forming suffix but now serving merely as an extender. | Fr. fanon 'papal gown' |
| sulcis | ridges.DAT/ABL | PR. */ˈsʊlki/nom It. solchi Nap. surchi | rige | Gaulish *rica. | OFr. reies Fr. raies Occ. regas |
| PR. */ˈsʊlkos/acc Cat. solcs Sp. surcos Pt. sucos Srd. surcos | |||||
| sus | pig | PR. */ˈsue/ Srd. sue | porcus | CL synonym. | See entry for aper. |
| talpas | moles.ACC | PR. */ˈtalpas/ Fr. taupes Occ. talpas Cat. talpsmasc Sp. toposmasc Glc. toupas It. talpe Srd. tarpas | muli | Borrowing of Frankish *mul. | Fr. mulotdim 'field mouse' |
| tectum | roof | PR. */ˈtektu/ OFr. teit Fr. toit Gsc. teit Occ. tech Sp. techo Glc. teito Pt. teto Pie. tèit Lmb. tecc Rms. tetg Vgl. tiat It. tetto | solarium | CL for 'roof-terrace'. | PR. */solˈarʲu/ Fr. solier Gsc. solèr 'loft' |
| tedet[96] | annoy.3SG | — | anoget | Rendering of *inodiat, a postclassical verb based on CL odium 'hate'. Note that the intervocalic ⟨g⟩ represents /j/.[97] | PR. */ɪˈnɔjat/ Fr. ennuie Occ. enoja Cat. enutja Sp. enoja Ast. anoxa Pt. enoja It. uggia-pref |
| tedio | monotony.DAT/ABL | — | tepiditas | Compound based on CL tepid- (obl. stem of tepidus 'lukewarm') + -itas, a suffix denoting quality. | PR. */ˈtɛpɪdu/ OFr. tieve Fr. tiède Lim. tedde Occ. tèbe Cat. tebi Sp. tibio Ast. tebiu Pt. tíbio It. tiepido Srd. tépiu 'lukewarm' |
| tereo[98] | thresh.1SG | — | tribulo | Verb based on CL tribulum 'threshing-board', ultimately a derivative of tero. | PR. */ˈtriblo/ OFr. trible, triule Cat. trillo Sp. trillo Ast. triyu, tríu Pt. trilho It. tribbio Srd. triulo Ro. treier |
| teristrum[99] | garment | — | cufia | Frankish *kuffja. | OFr. cofie Fr. coiffe Gsc. còho Occ. còfa Ast. cofia Pt. coifa |
| uitta | CL for 'headband'. | PR. */ˈβɪtta/ OFr. vete Cat. veta Sp. beta Pt. fita It. vetta Ro. bată | |||
| torax[100] | cuirass | — | brunia | Frankish *brunnia. | OFr. bronie Fr. broigne OOcc. bronha |
| trabem | beam.ACC | See entry for mastus. | trastrum[101] | CL for 'crossbeam'. OFr. tref < trabem could mean 'tent' as well, so this gloss serves to clarify the intended meaning. | PR. */ˈtrastu/ OFr. traste 'crossbeam' Sp. trasto Pt. traste 'junk' |
| transferent | carry_across.3PL.FUT | — | transportent | CL synonym. | PR. */trasˈpɔrtant/ OFr. tresportent OIt. traportano |
| transgredere | pass_by.IMP.SG | — | ultra alare | Ultra is CL for 'beyond'. Alare is a Latinized spelling of OFr. aler 'go'.[102] | OFr. oltre aler |
| transmeare | swim_across.INF | — | transnotare | Notare is an alteration of CL natare 'swim' via vowel dissimilation. | PR. */trasnoˈtare/ OFr. *tresnoder OIt. tranotare |
| PR. */noˈtare/-pref OFr. noder Rms. nodar Vgl. notur OIt. notare[103] Rm înotare+pref | |||||
| tugurium | hut | — | cauana | Of obscure origin. | PR. */kaˈpanna/ OFr. chavane Occ. cabana Cat. cabanya Ara. capanna Sp. cabaña Pt. cabana It. capanna |
| turibulum[104] | incense burner | — | incensarium | LL incens- (obl. stem of incensum 'incense') + -arium 'place for keeping'. | PR. */ɪnkenˈsarʲu/ OFr. encensier 'incense burner' Fr. encensier 'rosemary' |
| thurmas[105] | crowds.ACC | PR. */ˈtʊrmas/ It. torme Frl. torme Ro. turme Srd. trumas | fulcos | A borrowing of Frankish *folc 'people'. | OFr. fols Fr. foulesfem OOcc. folcs Gsc. hurasfem Occ. fulasfem Glc. foulasfem |
| tutamenta | defenses | — | defendementa | Compound based on CL defendere 'protect' + -mentum, a noun-forming suffix. | OFr. defendemenz |
| uecors | senseless | — | esdarnatus | Past participle of *esdarnare, a verb based on es- (later form of CL ex-)+ Frankish *darn 'bewildered'.[106] | Fr. dial. darne 'stumbling, impulsive' |
| ueru | roasting-spit | PR. */βerˈrʊklu/dim[107] OFr. veroil Fr. verrou[108] Prv. ferrolh Occ. varrolh Cat. forrolh Sp. cerrojo Pt. ferrolho[109] It. verrocchio | spidus | Frankish *spit. | OFr. espeiznom |
| OFr. espeitacc Fr. époi Sp. espeto Ast. espetu Pt. espeto | |||||
| uespertiliones | bats | PR. */βesperˈtɛllu/dim Ast. esperteyu OIt. vipistrello It. pipistrello | calues sorices[110] | An expression based on CL caluas 'bald' + sorices 'shrewmice'. | PR. */ˈkalβas soˈrikes/ Fr. chauves-souris |
| uestis | garment | PR. */βestɪˈmɛntu/ Fr. vêtement Rms. büschmaint Vgl. vestemiant Ro. veșmânt | rauba | Frankish *rauba 'spoils of war, garments' | Fr. robe Occ. rauba Cat. roba Sp. ropa Pt. roupa It. roba |
| uim | power.ACC | — | fortiam | Reinterpretation of CL fortia 'strong' as a feminine noun. | PR. */ˈfɔrtʲa/ Fr. force Occ. força Cat. força Sp. fuerza Ast. fuercia, forcia Pt. força Rms. forza It. forza |
| uiscera | guts | — | intralia | Analogous to CL interanea, both ultimately compounds based on Archaic Latin *inter- 'inside' + -anea or -alia, both adjective-forming suffixes. | PR. */ɪnˈtralʲas/ Fr. entrailles Occ. entralhas |
| PR. */ɪnˈtranʲas/ OFr. entragnes Cat. entranyes Sp. entrañas Pt. entranhas | |||||
| ungues | fingernails | — | ungulas | CL diminutive of ungues. | PR. */ˈʊnɡlas/ Fr. ongles Occ. onglas Cat. ungles Sp. uñas Ast. uñes Pt. unhas Rms. unglas Vgl. jongle It. unghie Ro. unghii Srd. ungras |
| uorax | devouring | — | manducans | CL for 'chewing'. Manducare went on to become the standard word for 'eat' in many Romance languages. | PR. */mandʊˈkando/ger Fr. mangeant Occ. manjant Cat. menjant Rms. mangiond OIt. manicando Ro. mâncând Srd. mandicande |
| urguet | urge_forward.3SG | — | adastat | Frankish *haist 'haste'. | OOcc. adasta[111] |
| usuris | loan_interest.DAT/ABL.PL | — | lucris | CL for 'profits, wealth'. | PR. */ˈlʊkri/nom ARo. lucri 'objects' Ro. (lucruri) 'things' |
| PR. */ˈlʊkros/acc OFr. loirs 'revenues, assets' Sp. logros Pt. logros 'achievements' | |||||
| utere | use.IMP.SG | — | usitare | CL freq. of utere. | PR. */ˈusa/ Fr. use Occ. usa Cat. usa Sp. usa Pt. usa It. usa |
| utres | wineskins | PR. */ˈʊtres/ Sp. odres Pt. odres It. otri ARo. utri | folli | CL folles 'leather bags, bellows'. | PR. */ˈfɔlles/ OFr. fols Fr. fous Occ. fòls Cat. folls 'madmen, fools' Sp. fuelles Pt. foles OIt. folli Ro. foale Srd. foddes 'bellows' |
| uuas | grapes.ACC | PR. */ˈuβas/ Sp. uvas Pt. uvas Rms. ieuvas It. uve Vgl. joive ARo. & ORo. aue | racemos | CL for 'clusters, bunches' often in reference to grapes. | PR. */raˈkimos/ Fr. raisins Occ. rasim Cat. raïms 'grapes' Sp. racimos Pt. racimos 'clusters' |
| PR. */raˈkimʊli/dim It. racimoli 'clusters' |
References
- 1.Engels 1968
- 2.Elcock 1960: 311–312
- 3.Alkire & Rosen 2010: 319
- 4.Nevertheless, the latter sometimes do survive in other branches of Romance- or even in French itself but with altered meanings.
- 5.Quiros 1986: 43
- 6.Clearly borrowed words are not counted as descendants. This excludes, for instance, the Italian words formaggio 'cheese' and pallio 'cloak', which were taken from Old French and Latin respectively. List of abbreviations: PR. — Proto-Romance Pic. — Picard Wal. — Walloon Fr. — French (central) Lim. — Limousin Prv. — Provençal Gsc. — Gascon OOcc. — Old Occitan Occ. — Occitan (central) OCAat. — Old Catalan Cat. — Catalan (central) Rib. — Ribagorçan Ara. — Aragonese (northern) OSp. — Old Spanish Sp. — Spanish (central) Ast. — Asturian Glc. — Galician OPt. — Old Portuguese Pt. — Portuguese (central) Lig. — Ligurian Pie. — Piedmontese Lmb. — Lombard (Milanese) Rms. — Romansh Lad. — Ladin Vnz. — Venetian Frl. — Friulan Vgl. — Vegliote Tsc. — Tuscan OIt. — Old Italian It. — Italian Nap. — Neapolitan Sic. — Sicilian Srd. — Sardinian (Nuorese) Ro. — Romanian ARo. — Aromanian IRo. — Istro-Romanian
- 7.With the additional prefix con-. Note that abs- is simply a variant of ab-.
- 8.Conceivably a direct descendant of the original CL participle absconditus.
- 9.Read: abeo.
- 10.The [i̯s] ending is of uncertain origin. It may have been taken from *trasjo < Classical Latin transeo 'I cross' (Pope 1934: 362). The resulting *vau̯sjo would then yield vois by regular developments.
- 11.Old Spanish had the expected form [βo]. The origin of the later [i̯] is debated. It may either reflect OSp. y 'there' or be the result of contamination from the following pronoun in the phrase vo-yo 'I go' (Lloyd 1987: 355–358).
- 12.Read: abietarii.
- 13.Read: absinthio.
- 14.Adams 2008: 333
- 15.Read: aeramen.
- 16.Pei 1941: 150.
- 17.Compounded with /ˈpɔɾku/ 'pig'.
- 18.Read: siluaticus porcus.
- 19.Marchot 1901: 75
- 20.Read: calumniam.
- 21.Read: castro.
- 22.Read: caementarii.
- 23.Alkire & Rosen: 62–63
- 24.Read: caementariis.
- 25.Read: caesis.
- 26.TLFi: "viande"
- 27.Read: cliuum.
- 28.Read: collyridam.
- 29.Adams 2007: 611
- 30./s/ is a remnant of the Latin prefix ex- (Dexonline: "schimb").
- 31.Rossi 2004: 144
- 32.Initial consonant probably taken from Latin perdix, 'partridge' (Dexonline: "potârniche").
- 33.Read: crabrones.
- 34.Read: cribro.
- 35.A prominent phenomenon in spoken Latin, as pointed out by Grandgent (1907: §292). Cf. the form criblare.
- 36.A verb based on the noun biastemmia, from Latin blasphemia. The modern form of the verb, bestemmiare, was possibly influenced by bestia 'animal' (Treccani: "bestemmiare").
- 37.Towards the thirteen century, the initial vowel of this verb could be either [a] or [ɛ] depending on stress. Consider the following examples: Pr. /ˈamat/ 'he loves' > OFr. /ˈai̯məθ/ > /ˈɛmə/Pr. /aˈmata/ 'beloved' > OFr. /aˈme:ðə/ > /aˈmeə/Subsequently /ɛ/ spread to all conjugations, resulting in modern French /ɛme/ 'beloved' instead of */ame/ (Akire & Rosen 2010: 115).
- 38.Read: minata.
- 39.It did, however, mean 'sword' in Old Franco-Provençal (TLFi: "glaive").
- 40.Levy 1923: 26
- 41.Modern despojaron via substitution of the prefix.
- 42.Read: pharetra.
- 43.Read: cingulum.
- 44.In the Sursilvan dialect, masculine singular -s survives as a predicative ending in adjectives. E.g. il paun ei cars 'the bread is expensive' (Loporcaro 2018: 76–77).
- 45.Read: sufflare.
- 46.Read: plangitur.
- 47.Read: furentur.
- 48.Levy 1923: 137
- 49.Alkire & Rosen: 176–177
- 50.Read: habenas.
- 51.In Modern Italian redine has been reinterpreted as a singular noun (albeit still feminine) with a new analogical plural redini (Treccani: "redine").
- 52.Read: harundine.
- 53.Read: hebetatum.
- 54.Read: hyacinthinas.
- 55.Adams 2007: 315
- 56.A compound based on iecor + -aria, originally an adjective-forming suffix but here serving merely as an extender.
- 57.With an early change in suffix from -ia to -ía (Malkiel 1944: 108).
- 58.Posner 1996: 14
- 59.Nasalization possibly by contamination with não (=Lat. non), meaning 'no' (Williams 1962: 108).
- 60.Still refers to a measure of land in some dialects (TLFi: "journal").
- 61.Read: labrum.
- 62.Read: concha.
- 63.Read: tegularum.
- 64.Read: caldaria.
- 65.Read: laeua.
- 66.Alteration of the Latin [sɪnɪstra] by analogy with [dɛkstra] 'right' (Lausberg 1970: §139).
- 67.Read: faecis.
- 68.Read: praestare.
- 69.Word-initial /m/ often nasalizes a following vowel in modern Portuguese (Williams 1962: 62).
- 70.Grandgent 1907: 21–22
- 71.Elcock 1960: 71
- 72.Nasalization came from an /n/ that was added in Middle French under the influence of CL monstrare (TLFi: "montrer").
- 73.Levy 1923: 45
- 74.The substitution of /p/ for intervocalic /v/ may be a phonoaesthetic change inspired by onomatopoeia for the flapping of a butterfly's wings (TLFi: "papillon").
- 75.Levy 1923: 370
- 76.Read: papula.
- 77.Read: uesica.
- 78.Levy 1923: 173
- 79.Read: perhibet.
- 80.Read: polenta.
- 81.Read: iuncturae geniculorum.
- 82.Read: malus clauus.
- 83.Was a homophone for 'key' (=Lat. clavem) in Old Occitan (Levy 1923: 78), a problem that was eventually solved by substituting the diminutive [klaβɛ́l] as the term for 'nail'.
- 84.Modern chiodo appears to have been influenced by words like chiudere 'shut'.
- 85.Feminine form of the adjective, found spelled as sode. The masculine form *sot is unattested.
- 86.Today found only in the expression de sobte.
- 87.There is a single attestation of the participle envengud in Old French. The word is otherwise nowhere to be found.
- 88.There is a single attestation of the participle envengud in Old French. The word is otherwise nowhere to be found.
- 89.The reason for the initial consonant devoicing to /f/ is unclear.
- 90.Read: linteolo.
- 91.Andersen & Rochet 1979: 267
- 92.Read: sortilegus.
- 93.Jensen 1986: 3
- 94.The expected outcome would have been /ʁɛm/. The modern form appears to have taken its initial vowel from the original diminutive rameau, where the /a/ was unstressed and hence did not change to /ɛ/ (TLFi: "rame").
- 95.Read: fimus.
- 96.Read: taedet.
- 97.Alkire & Rosen 2010: 320
- 98.Read: tero.
- 99.Read: theristrum.
- 100.Read: thorax.
- 101.Read: transtrum.
- 102.Alkire & Rosen 2010: 320
- 103.Modern Italian nuotare, with the extension of the /wɔ/ diphthong from rhizotonic conjugations such as nuoto to all other forms of the verb.
- 104.Read: thuribulum.
- 105.Read: turmas.
- 106.TLFi: "darne"
- 107.Diminutive of ueru. Geminate r taken from ferru(m) 'iron' (Malkiel 1983: 474).
- 108.Back-formation from OFr. plural /veˈrus/ < earlier /veˈruʎts/ (TLFi: "verrou"). The expected outcome of the singular /veˈroʎ/ would have been */vɛʁuj/, cf. fenouil < *fenúclu.
- 109.Old Portuguese had the expected form /veˈroʎo/, which later acquired an initial /f/ by analogy with ferro 'iron'. (This happened to the Provençal and Catalan cognates as well.) Similarly, Old Spanish had /βeˈroʒo/, which later acquired the initial consonant of cerrar, meaning 'shut' (Malkiel 1983: 474).
- 110.Read: caluas sorices.
- 111.Levy 1923: 6