Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert

Contents

The Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert (Spanish: Misiones jesuíticas en el desierto de Sonora) are a series of Jesuit Catholic religious outposts established by the Spanish Catholic Jesuits and other orders for religious conversions of the Pima and Tohono O'odham indigenous peoples residing in the Sonoran Desert. An added goal was giving Spain a colonial presence in their frontier territory of the Sonora y Sinaloa Province in the Viceroyalty of New Spain, and relocating by Indian Reductions (Reducciones de Indios) settlements and encomiendas for agricultural, ranching, and mining labor.

Geography and history

The missions are in an area of the Sonoran Desert, then called "Pimería Alta de Sonora y Sinaloa" (Upper Pima of Sonora and Sinaloa), now divided between the Mexican state of Sonora and the U.S. state of Arizona. Jesuits in missions in Northwestern Mexico wrote reports that throw light on the indigenous peoples they evangelized.[1] A 1601 report, Relación de la Provincia de Nuestra Señora de Sinaloa was published in 1945.[2] An important Jesuit report concerned the resistance in 1691 of the Tarahumara to evangelization, Historia de la tercera rebelión tarahumara.[3] Another important Jesuit account of evangelization in Sonora is Estado y descripción de Sonora, 1730, which has considerable information about the size of the indigenous population, culture, and languages.[4]

In the Spring of 1687, Jesuit missionary named Father Eusebio Francisco Kino lived and worked with the Native Americans (including the Sobaipuri) in the area called the "Pimería Alta," or "Upper Pima Country," which presently is located in northern Sonora and southern Arizona. During Father Eusebio Kino's stay in the Pimería Alta, he founded over twenty missions in eight mission districts.[5][6]

On February 3, 1768, King Carlos III ordered the expulsion of the Jesuits from Spain and its overseas empire. Despite the order, many Jesuits remained in and around the present day Tucson, Arizona, as late as the 1780s.

The Jesuit missionaries were subsequently replaced by Franciscans, who divided the existing missions between two institutes: the Colegio de Querétaro and the Province of Santiago de Xalisco.[7]

These missions were later put under the jurisdiction of the new Diocese of Sonora (with the see in Arizpe), erected on May 7, 1779. In 1888 the see was moved to Hermosillo. On September 1, 1959 the name was changed to "Diocese of Hermosillo"; it was elevated to Archdiocese on July 13, 1963.

Missions

Missions were organized hierarchically. Each province contained several missions (cabaceras), which might have dependent visitas. (A particularly successful visita might be promoted to a mission in its own right.) Each mission or visita in turn had subordinate pueblos.

The five provinces of Sonora and Sinaloa were:[8]

  • Tarahumara
  • Sinaloa
  • Ostimuri
  • Sonora
  • Pimería

As of the Jesuit expulsion in 1767, there were a total of 52 missions in the region: 41 in Sonora proper, and an additional 11 in Sinaloa.[8]

NameMissionImageLocationDate foundedOrderNotesSource
Mission Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de ArizpeArizpeArizpe 30.33732, -110.165521648 (1648)Jesuits[9][10]: 6 [11][12]
Mission San Miguel BacoachiArizpeBacoachi1648 (1648)Jesuits[10]: 6 [11]
Mission San José de ChinapaArizpeChinapa1648 (1648)JesuitsBriefly an independent mission.[10]: 6
VesuachiChinapaJesuits[11]
Mission San Miguel de UresUresUres 29.42926, -110.390011644 (1644)Jesuits[10]: 6 [13][14]
Mission San Ignacio de SoniquipaUres1646 (1646)JesuitsInitially founded as a visita of Banámichi. Also spelled "Sinoquipe", and other variants.[10]: 6
Mission Nuestra Señora de los Remedios de BeramitziBanamichi30.00765, -110.217681639 (1639)JesuitsLater an independent mission. Also spelled Banámichi or Banamitzi.[10]: 6 [11][15][16]
Mission San Lorenzo de GüepacaHuépac1644 (1644)JesuitsLater a visita.[10]: 6
Mission San Pablo del PescaderoHuépacJesuits[10]: 6
Mission Nuestra Señora del Populo del SeriHermosillo1679 (1679)Jesuits[10]: 6 [17]
Mission Nuestra Señora del Rosario de NacameriRayón1638 (1638)JesuitsAt other times variously a visita of Ures, Pópulo, and Opodepe.[10]: 6
Mission Nuestra Señora de Los AngelesHermosilloJesuits[10]: 6
Mission San Pedro de la Conquista de los SerisHermosillo1742 (1742)Jesuits[17]
Mission Nuestra Señora de la Concepción de BaviácoraBaviácoraBaviácora1639 (1639)JesuitsLater a visita.[10]: 6
Mission San Pedro AconchiBaviácoraAconchi1639 (1639)JesuitsLater became an independent mission.[10]: 6 [11]
Mission San Francisco de Borja de TecoripaTecorípaTecorípaJesuits[10]: 6
Mission San Ignacio de SuaquiTecorípaSuaqui Grande1620 (1620)Jesuits[10]: 6
Mission San Francisco Xavier de CumuripaTecorípaJesuitsAlso spelled "Comusipa". Later became an independent mission.[10]: 6
Inchoada de HecatariTecorípaJesuits[10]: 6
Mission San Ignacio de Loyola de ÓnavasÓnavasÓnavas1622 (1622)Jesuits[10]: 6
Mission San Joseph de SoyopaÓnavasSoyopaJesuitsAlso known as San Francisco de Soyopa.[10]: 6
Mission San José de MátapeMátape1629 (1629)Jesuits[10]: 6
Mission Santa Cruz de NacoriMátape1629 (1629)JesuitsOften called "Nacori Grande".[10]: 6
Mission Assumpción de Nuestra Señora de los AlamosMátapeÁlamos1630Jesuits[10]: 6 [11][18]
Mission San Francisco Xavier de RebeicoMátape1673 (1673)JesuitsAlso spelled Robesco.[10]: 6 [19]
Mission San Javier de ArivechiArivechiArivechi1627 (1627)Jesuits[10]: 6
Mission San Ignacio BacanoraArivechiBacanora1627 (1627)JesuitsAt another time a visita of Sahuaripa.[10]: 6
PondiaArivechi1627 (1627)Jesuits[11]
Mission Santa Rosalia de OnapaOnapaJesuitsInitially a visita of Arivechi.[10]: 6
Mission Los Siete Angeles de TaraichiOnapaJesuits[10]: 6
Mission San Ildefonso de OstimuriOnapaJesuits[10]: 6
Valle de TacupetoOnapaJesuits[11]
Mission San Jose de TeopariTeopariJesuits[10]: 6
Mission Santa Maria de los DoloresTeopariJesuits[10]: 6
NátoriTeopariJesuits[11]
Mission Santa Ana de MobasMobas1622 (1622)Jesuits[10]: 6
Mission San Joaquín de NuriMobas1622 (1622)Jesuits[10]: 6
Mission Nuestra Señora de los Angeles de SahuaripaSahuaripa1641 (1641)Jesuits[10]: 6
Mission San Mateo MalzuraSahuaripa1677 (1677)Jesuits[10]: 6
Santo TomásSahuaripaJesuits[11]
Mission San Idelfonso de YécoraYécora1673 (1673)JesuitsInitially a visita of Onapa.[10]: 6
Santa AnaYécoraJesuits[10]: 6
Mission San Francisco Xavier de MaycobaYécora1676 (1676)Jesuits[11]
Mission San Francisco de HuásacaHuásabas1645 (1645)Jesuits[10]: 6
Mission San Ignacio de OputoHuásabas1644 (1644)Jesuits[10]: 6
Mission San Luis Gonzága de BacadéhuachiNácori Chico29.8077, -109.140751645 (1645)JesuitsLater an independent mission.[10]: 6 [20]
Mission Nuestra Señora de Nácori ChicoNácori Chico1665 (1665)Jesuits[10]: 6
Mission Santo Tomás de ServaNácori Chico1645 (1645)Jesuits[11]
Mission San Ignacio de MochapaBacadéhuachiJesuits[10]: 6
SátachiBacadéhuachiJesuitsPossibly earlier a visita of Nacori Chico.[11]
Mission Santa María de BaceracBacerac1645 (1645)Jesuits[10]: 6
Mission San Miguel de BavispeBacerac1645 (1645)Jesuits[10]: 6
Mission Juan Evangelista de HuachineraBacerac1645 (1645)JesuitsAlso spelled Guachintra. Later an independent mission.[10]: 6
Mission Santa Gertrudis de TechicadéguachiHuachinera1688 (1688)Jesuits[11]
Mission San Miguel Arcángel de OposuraOposura1738 (1738)Jesuits[10]: 6
Mission Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de CumpasOposura1643 (1643)JesuitsLater a visita of Huásabas.[10]: 6
TérapaOposuraJesuits[11]
Mission (Nuestro Padre) San Ignacio de CuquiarachiCuquiarachi30.87454, -109.670321653 (1653)Jesuits[10]: 6 [21][22]
Mission San Francisco Xavier de CuchutaCuquiarachiJesuits[10]: 6
Mission Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de TeuricachiCuquiarachi1653 (1653)Jesuits[10]: 6
Mission Santa Rosa de TebadéguachiCuquiarachi1653 (1653)Jesuits[11]
Mission Santa Maria de TepupaBatuc1629 (1629)JesuitsFlooded by Lake Novillo in 1964.[23][10]: 6
Mission San Francisco Javier de BatucBatucJesuitsFlooded by Lake Novillo in 1964.[23][10]: 6
Mission San Joaquín y Santa Ana de TepachiBatucJesuitsLater a visita of Oposura.[11]
Mission San Pedro y San Pablo del TubutamaTubutama30.88497, -111.465441691 (1691)Jesuits[10]: 6 [24][25]
Mission Santa Teresa de AtilTubutamaThe mission at Atil through the ages with old and new side-by-side.30.84437, -111.583871687 (1687)JesuitsLater an independent mission.[10]: 6 [26][27]
Mission San Antonio (Paduano) de(l) OquitoaTubutama30.74371, -111.734941689 (1689)JesuitsLater a visita of Atil.[10]: 6 [28]
Mission La Purísima Concepción de Nuestra Señora de CaborcaCaborca30.69748, -112.147031693 (1693)Jesuits[29][30]
Mission Jesus Maria de BusaniCaborcaJesuits[10]: 6
Mission Los Cinco Señores del BusaniCaborcaJesuits[10]: 6
Mission San Valentin del BizaniCaborca1694 (1694)JesuitsEstablished as Visita de San Juan de Bisaning (Bisanig). Elevated to the status of mission on Valentine's Day in 1694. The church ruins date to 1706.[31][32]
Mission San José de ImurisSan Ignacio30.77742, -110.862571687 (1687)JesuitsLater an independent mission.[10]: 6 [33][34]
Mission Nuestro Padre de San Ignacio de CabóricaSan Ignacio30.69696, -110.924311687 (1687)JesuitsAlso known as San Ignacio de los Pimas.[35][36][10]: 6
Mission Los Santos Reyes de CucurpeCucurpe30.3318, -110.704391647 (1647)JesuitsFounded by Marcos del Río. In ruins.[11][37][38]
Mission San Juan Bautista de SaracachiCucurpeJesuits[10]: 6
Mission San Miguel TuapeCucurpe1647 (1647)Jesuits[10]: 6
Mission Nuestra Señora de la Ascención de OpodepeCucurpe1704 (1704)JesuitsLater an independent mission.[10]: 6
Mission Nuestra Señora de los Dolores (de Cósari)Dolores1687 (1687)JesuitsFirst mission founded in the Pimería Alta by Father Kino. It had a visita called San José at Aquimuri. Abandoned in 1744.[10]: 6 [39]
Mission Nuestra Señora de los Remedios de DoagibubigDolores1687 (1687)JesuitsAbandoned in 1740. Nonextant.[40][10]: 6
Mission Nuestra Señora del Pilar y Santiago de CocósperaDolores30.92866, -110.611481689 (1689)Jesuits[41][10]: 6
Mission Santa María SuamcaCocóspera1693 (1693)JesuitsFounded as Santa María del Pilar. The location changed and it became known as Santa María Suamca (spellings vary) or Santa María Bugota. Sometimes an independent mission, sometimes a visita of Cocóspera. It had visitas at San Lázaro and San Luis Bacoancos.[42]
Mission San LázaroSuamca1691 (1691)JesuitsAbandoned after an Apache raid.[43]
Mission Santa Gertrudis del SáricSáric1690 (1690)Jesuits[11]
Mission San Ambrosio del Búsanic y TucubaviaSáric1690 (1690)Jesuits[11]
Mission San Bernardo de AquimuriSáric1700 (1700)Jesuits[11]
Mission Los Santos Ángeles de GuevaviGuevavi31.41007, -110.901981691 (1691)JesuitsFirst church built in what is now southern Arizona. Abandoned in 1775. The church ruins date to 1751.
Mission San Luis BacoancosGuevavi1691 (1691)JesuitsAbandoned after an Apache raid.[44][11]
Mission San Ignacio de SonoitacGuevavi1692 (1692)JesuitsAlso named Los Reyes de Sonoita and Los Reyes del Sonoydag. A ranchería near Patagonia.[45]
Mission San Cayetano del TumacácoriGuevavi1691 (1691)JesuitsThe mission abandoned during the 1751 O'odham Uprising and rebuilt as Mission San José de Tumacácori to the west of the Santa Cruz River.
Mission San José de TumacácoriGuevavi31.56861, -111.05091757 (1757)JesuitsLocated west of the site of Mission San Cayetano del Tumacácori. Abandoned in 1828. The farming land around the mission was sold at auction in 1834. Nonextant.
Mission San Cayetano de CalabazasGuevavi31.45252, -110.959451755 (1755)JesuitsAbandoned in 1786.
Mission Santa Rosa de BácumBácum1617 (1617)Jesuits[11]
Mission Espíritu Santu CócoritBácum1617 (1617)Jesuits[11]
Mission Nuestra Señora de BelemHuiribisJesuitsLater an independent mission.[11]
Mission Santa Bárbara de HuiribisHuiribisJesuitsLater a visita.[11]
Natividad NavojoaNavojoa1614 (1614)Jesuits[11]
Mission San Ignacio CohurimboNavojoa1614 (1614)JesuitsAlso spelled Curimpo.[11]
Mission Santa Catarina de CamoaNavojoa1614 (1614)JesuitsLater an independent mission.[11]
Mission San Fernando de las Amarillas del Carrizal1773 (1773)Jesuits[11]
Mission San Andrés ConicariConicari1614 (1614)Jesuits[11]
Mission Espíritu Santo Etchojoa1614 (1614)Jesuits[11]
Mission San José de Laguna de Guaymas1701 (1701)Jesuits[11]
Mission Santa Cruz del Río MayoMayo1614 (1614)Jesuits[11]
Mission San Estanislao del Ootcam1699 (1699)JesuitsOriginally called Gubo Verde. Location now lost.[11][46]: 92
Trinidad PótamRahum1617 (1617)Jesuits[11]
Mission Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de RahumRahum1617 (1617)Jesuits[11]
TexasJesuits[11]
Mission San Ignacio de TorinTórim1617 (1617)Jesuits[11]
Trinidad VícamTórimJesuits[11]
Mission San Xavier del Bac32.10722, -111.007971692 (1692)Jesuits1692–1770, 1783–1837, 1859–present. The extant mission church was completed in 1797.[47]
Mission Nuestra Señora de Loreto y San Marcelo de Sonoyta1693 (1693)Jesuits
Mission San Cosme y Damián de Tucsón32.21346, -110.987031768 (1768)FranciscansAbandoned in 1828. Nonextant.
Mission Puerto de Purísima Concepción32.73052, -114.615571780 (1780)FranciscansLocated in California but administered as part of the Pimería Alta missions. Destroyed during a Quechan raid from July 17–19, 1781. Nonextant. A reconstruction of the mission was completed in 1923, which currently serves as a parish church.
Mission San Pedro y San Pablo de Bicuñer32.81636, -114.515111781 (1781)FranciscansLocated in California but administered as part of the Pimería Alta missions. Destroyed during a Quechan raid from July 17–19, 1781. Nonextant.
Mission Santa María Magdalena de BuquivabaMission Nuestro Padre de San Ignacio de Cabórica1699 (1699)Jesuits[17]

References

  1. 1.J. Benedict Warren, "An Introductory Survey of Secular Writings in the European Tradition on Colonial Middle America, 1503-1818, entry 107. "Jesuit Missions in Northwestern Mexico" in Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. 13, Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources. Howard F. Cline, volume editor. Austin: University of Texas Press 1973, p. 95.
  2. 2.Relación de la Provincia de Nuestra Señora de Sinaloa, Edmundo O'Gorman, ed. Archivo General de la Nación, Boletín, 16:173-94.
  3. 3.Tomás de Guadalajara (?), Historian de a tercera rebelión tarahumara. Roberto Ramos, ed. Chihuahua 1950.
  4. 4.Estado y descripción de Sonora, 1730. Prólogo y notas de Francisco González Cossio. Archivo General de la Nación, Boletin, 16:587-636. map.
  5. 5.E.J. Burrus, 1965, Kino and the Cartography of Northwestern New Spain. Tucson, AZ: Arizona Pioneers' Historical Society.
  6. 6.E.J. Burrus, 1971, Kino and Manje: Explorers of Sonora and Arizona. In Sources and Studies for the History of the Americas, Vol. 10. Rome and St. Louis: Jesuit Historical Institute.
  7. 7.Curiel, Jose De la Torre (9 January 2013). Twilight of the Mission Frontier: Shifting Interethnic Alliances and Social Organization in Sonora, 1768-1855. Stanford University Press. p. xxix. ISBN 978-0-8047-8732-1. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
  8. 8.[8.2]Stagg, Albert L. (1 June 1976). The First Bishop of Sonora: Antonio de los Reyes, O.F.M (0 ed.). University of Arizona Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-8165-0549-4.
  9. 9."Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Arizpe - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  10. 10.[10.2][10.3][10.4][10.5][10.6][10.7][10.8][10.9][10.10][10.11][10.12][10.13][10.14][10.15][10.16][10.17][10.18][10.19][10.20][10.21][10.22][10.23][10.24][10.25][10.26][10.27][10.28][10.29][10.30][10.31][10.32][10.33][10.34][10.35][10.36][10.37][10.38][10.39][10.40][10.41][10.42][10.43][10.44][10.45][10.46][10.47][10.48][10.49][10.50][10.51][10.52][10.53][10.54][10.55][10.56][10.57][10.58][10.59][10.60][10.61][10.62][10.63][10.64]Ives, Ronald L. (1948). "The Sonoran Census of 1730". Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia. 59 (4): 319–339. ISSN 0002-7790. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  11. 11.[11.2][11.3][11.4][11.5][11.6][11.7][11.8][11.9][11.10][11.11][11.12][11.13][11.14][11.15][11.16][11.17][11.18][11.19][11.20][11.21][11.22][11.23][11.24][11.25][11.26][11.27][11.28][11.29][11.30][11.31][11.32][11.33][11.34][11.35][11.36][11.37][11.38][11.39][11.40]Eckhart, George B. (1960). "A Guide to the History of the Missions of Sonora, 1614-1826". Arizona and the West. 2 (2): 165–183. ISSN 0004-1408. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
  12. 12."Google Maps". Google Maps. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  13. 13."Ures". Explore Sonora. 2018-02-03. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  14. 14."San Miguel Arcángel · Av. Lafontaine 1, Centro, 84900 Heroica Cdad. de Ures, Son., Mexico". San Miguel Arcángel · Av. Lafontaine 1, Centro, 84900 Heroica Cdad. de Ures, Son., Mexico. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  15. 15.Tumacacori, Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067; Us, AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact. "Missions - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  16. 16."Mission of Our Lady of the Remedies of Banámichi · C. Mártires de 1906 32, 84880 Banámichi, Son., Mexico". Mission of Our Lady of the Remedies of Banámichi · C. Mártires de 1906 32, 84880 Banámichi, Son., Mexico. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  17. 17.[17.2][17.3]Eckhart, George B. (1960). "The Seri Indian Missions". Kiva. 25 (3): 37–43. ISSN 0023-1940. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  18. 18.Polzer, Charles W. (1991). The Jesuit Missions of Northern Mexico. Taylor & Francis. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-8240-2096-5.
  19. 19.Hodge, Frederick Webb (1912). Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico: N-Z. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 393. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  20. 20."Iglesia De Nuestra Señora De Loreto · Independencia, 84484 Bacadéhuachi, Son., Mexico". Iglesia De Nuestra Señora De Loreto · Independencia, 84484 Bacadéhuachi, Son., Mexico. Retrieved 2024-09-25.
  21. 21.Tumacacori, Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067; Us, AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact. "Nuestro Padre San Ignacio de Cuquiárachi - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  22. 22."Iglesia San Ignacio · 84325 Fronteras, Sonora, Mexico". Iglesia San Ignacio · 84325 Fronteras, Sonora, Mexico. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  23. 23.[23.2]Woodhouse, Murphy (10 April 2019). "Untold Arizona: 50 Years Later, The Memory Of 3 Flooded Sonoran Pueblos Lives On". Fronteras. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  24. 24.Tumacacori, Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067; Us, AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact. "San Pedro y San Pablo de Tubutama - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  25. 25."Saints Peter and Paul Apostles Catholic Church · Centro, 83800 Tubutama, Sonora, Mexico". Saints Peter and Paul Apostles Catholic Church · Centro, 83800 Tubutama, Sonora, Mexico. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  26. 26.Tumacacori, Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067; Us, AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact. "Nuestro Padre San Francisco de Átil - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  27. 27."Missión of Santa Teresa de Átil · Centro, 83820 Atil Municipality, Sonora, Mexico". Missión of Santa Teresa de Átil · Centro, 83820 Atil Municipality, Sonora, Mexico. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  28. 28.Tumacacori, Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067; Us, AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact. "San Antonio Paduano del Oquitoa - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  29. 29."La Purísima Concepción de Caborca - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  30. 30."Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de Caborca · 6 de Abril, Av. B 328, Pueblo Viejo, 83680 Heroica Caborca, Son., Mexico". Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de Caborca · 6 de Abril, Av. B 328, Pueblo Viejo, 83680 Heroica Caborca, Son., Mexico. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  31. 31."Ruins of the San Valentin del Bizani Kino Mission". Explore Sonora. 2018-07-23. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  32. 32."NPS Bisanig".
  33. 33."Saint Joseph Church · Álvaro Obregón 7, Ímuris Centro, 84120 Imuris, Son., Mexico". Saint Joseph Church · Álvaro Obregón 7, Ímuris Centro, 84120 Imuris, Son., Mexico. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  34. 34.Tumacacori, Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067; Us, AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact. "San José de Ímuris - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  35. 35."NPS San Ignacio". Archived from the original on December 10, 2006.
  36. 36."San Ignacio Historic Mission · 84170 San Ignacio, Sonora, Mexico". San Ignacio Historic Mission · 84170 San Ignacio, Sonora, Mexico. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  37. 37.Tumacacori, Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067; Us, AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact. "Los Santos Reyes de Cucurpe - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  38. 38."Las Ruinas de La Misión de los Santos Reyes de Cucurpe · Molino 59, 84660 Cucurpe, Son., Mexico". Las Ruinas de La Misión de los Santos Reyes de Cucurpe · Molino 59, 84660 Cucurpe, Son., Mexico. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  39. 39.Tumacacori, Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067; Us, AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact. "Nuestra Señora de los Dolores de Cósari - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  40. 40."Nuestra Señora de los Remedios de Doagibubig".
  41. 41."Cocospera".
  42. 42.Tumacacori, Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067; Us, AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact. "Santa María Suamca - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  43. 43."NPS Lázaro".
  44. 44."NPS Bacoancos". Archived from the original on October 11, 2006.
  45. 45."NPS Sonoitac". Archived from the original on February 9, 2007.
  46. 46.Roca, Paul M. (1967). Paths of the Padres Through Sonora: An Illustrated History & Guide to Its Spanish Churches. Arizona Pioneers' Historical Society. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
  47. 47."San Xavier Mission Organization site". Archived from the original on 2017-09-12. Retrieved 2022-05-16.