Pope Leo XIII (r. 1878–1903) created 147 cardinals in 27 consistories held at roughly annual intervals. With his appointments he approached[1] but did not exceed the limit on the size of the College of Cardinals set at 70 in 1586.[2] The size of the college was 64 at the beginning and end of Leo XIII's 25-year papacy.[3] With 147 additions to a body of fewer than 70, Leo had, as one observer phrased it, "renewed the Sacred College more than twice".[4]
The largest group of fourteen new cardinals, with two more kept secret, was announced on 16 January 1893. Nine of Leo's cardinals were created in pectore and only announced at a later consistory. Those announced at his first consistory included his brother Giuseppe Pecci. In 1893, he elevated to cardinal Giuseppe Sarto, who succeeded him as Pope Pius X in 1903. The cardinals he created included brothers Serafino and Vincenzo Vannutelli in 1887 and 1889 and cousins Luigi and Angelo Jacobini in 1879 and 1882. Another of Leo's cardinals, von Fürstenberg, had a cousin in the college appointed in 1842 by Pope Gregory XVI.[5]
Of the 147 cardinals Pope Leo created, 85 were Italian.[6] Only three were not Europeans: Gibbons (United States), Moran (Australia), and Taschereau (Canada). Pope Leo's appointments also included the first Australian,[7] Moran, the first Canadian,[8] Taschereau, the first Slovenian,[9] Missia, and the first Armenian,[10] Hassoun, who was also the first prelate of an Oriental rite made a cardinal since 1439.[11] Cardinals who died before visiting Rome to be assigned their titular churches included Guilbert, Lluch, and Rotelli.
Of the 147 cardinals Leo appointed, 63 survived him and 61 of them, along with one cardinal appointed earlier,[12][13] participated in the 1903 conclave that elected Pius X.[14]
12 May 1879
After waiting more than a year, on 12 May 1879, Pope Leo created cardinals for the first time, six of the order of cardinal priests and four of the order of cardinal deacons, including among the latter his brother, Giuseppe Pecci.[15] On 22 September he gave red galeri to three of them (Desprez, Haynald, and Pie), as well as to János Simor, whom Pope Pius IX had made a cardinal in 1873.[16] Von Fürstenberg joined his cousin Friedrich Prince zu Schwarzenberg, a cardinal since 1842.[5]
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Friedrich Egon von Fürstenberg (1813–1892) | Archbishop of Olomouc | Austria-Hungary |
| Julien-Florian-Félix Desprez (1807–1895) | Archbishop of Toulouse | France |
| Lajos Haynald (1816–1891) | Archbishop of Kalocsa | Austria-Hungary |
| Louis-Édouard-François-Desiré Pie (1815–1880) | Bishop of Poitiers | France |
| Americo Ferreira dos Santos Silva (1829–1899) | Bishop of Porto | Portugal |
| Gaetano Alimonda (1818–1891) | Bishop of Albenga | Italy |
| Giuseppe Pecci (1807–1890) | Vice-librarian of the Vatican Library | Italy |
| John Henry Newman (1801–1890) | Founder and Provost of the Birmingham Oratory | Great Britain |
| Joseph Hergenröther (1824–1890) | Domestic Prelate | Germany |
| Tommaso Maria Zigliara (1833–1893) | Rector Magnificus of College of Saint Thomas | France |
19 September 1879
Pope Leo created four cardinals on 19 September 1879.[17]
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Pier Francesco Meglia (1810–1883) | Apostolic Nuncio to France | Italy |
| Giacomo Cattani (1823–1887) | Secretary of the Sacred Congregation of the Council | Italy |
| Luigi Jacobini (1832–1887) | Apostolic Nuncio to Austria-Hungary | Italy |
| Domenico Sanguigni (1809–1882) | Apostolic Nuncio to Portugal | Italy |
13 December 1880
Pope Leo announced the creation of one cardinal on 13 December 1880, reserving the names of three others in pectore.[11] Hassoun was the first Armenian cardinal[10] and first Oriental-rite cardinal since 1439.[11] Ricci Paracciani's cousin Salvatore Nobili Vitelleschi was made a cardinal in 1875, just five months before he died.
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Andon Bedros Hassoun (1809–1884) | Patriarch of Cilicia of the Armenians | Ottoman Empire |
Cardinal in pectore
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country | Revealed as Cardinal |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carlo Laurenzi (1821–1893)[18] | Auxiliary Bishop of Perugia | Italy | 10 November 1884 |
| Francesco Ricci Paracciani (1830–1894)[19] | Prefect of the Prefecture of the Holy Apostolic Palaces | Italy | 27 March 1882 |
| Pietro Lasagni (1814–1885)[19] | Secretary of the Sacred College of Cardinals | Italy | 27 March 1882 |
27 March 1882
On 27 March 1882, Pope Leo announced the names of two cardinals he had created in pectore in December 1880 and created another five, revealing the names of all but one (Lavigerie).[19] Angelo Jacobini joined his cousin Luigi, then Secretary of State, who was made a cardinal in 1879.[20]
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Domenico Agostini (1825–1891) | Patriarch of Venice | Italy |
| Joaquín Lluch y Garriga (1816–1882) | Archbishop of Sevilla | Spain |
| Edward MacCabe (1816–1885) | Archbishop of Dublin | Great Britain |
| Angelo Jacobini (1825–1886) | Secretary Emeritus of the Sacred Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs | Italy |
Cardinal in pectore
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country | Revealed as Cardinal |
|---|---|---|---|
| Charles Lavigerie (1825–1892) | Archbishop of Algiers | Algeria | 3 July 1882[21] |
25 September 1882
Pope Leo announced the creation of two cardinals on 25 September 1882.[22]
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Angelo Bianchi (1817–1897) | Secretary Emeritus of the Sacred Congregation of Bishops and Regulars | Italy |
| Włodzimierz Czacki (1834–1888) | Apostolic Nuncio to France | Russian Empire |
24 March 1884
Pope Leo created two cardinals on 24 March 1884.[23]
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| José Sebastião de Almeida Neto (1841–1920) | Patriarch of Lisbon | Portugal |
| Guglielmo Sanfelice d'Acquavella (1834–1897) | Archbishop of Naples | Italy |
10 November 1884
On 10 November 1884, Pope Leo announced the creation of eight cardinals and announced the name of one, Carlo Laurenzi, made a cardinal in pectore in December 1880.[18]
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Michelangelo Celesia (1814–1904) | Archbishop of Palermo | Italy |
| Antolín Monescillo y Viso (1811–1897) | Archbishop of Valencia | Spain |
| Guglielmo Massaia (1809–1889) | Vicar Apostolic Emeritus of the Galla | Italy |
| Cölestin Josef Ganglbauer (1817–1889) | Archbishop of Vienna | Austria-Hungary |
| Zeferino González y Díaz Tuñón (1831–1894) | Archbishop of Sevilla | Spain |
| Carmine Gori-Merosi (1810–1886) | Secretary of the Sacred Consistorial Congregation | Italy |
| Ignazio Masotti (1817–1888) | Secretary of the Sacred Congregation of Bishops and Regulars | Italy |
| Isidoro Verga (1832–1899) | Secretary of the Sacred Congregation of the Council | Italy |
27 July 1885
On 27 July 1885, Pope Leo created five cardinals of the order of cardinal priests and one cardinal deacon (Cristofori).[24]
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Paul Melchers (1813–1895) | Archbishop of Cologne | Germany |
| Alfonso Capecelatro (1824–1912) | Archbishop of Capua | Italy |
| Francesco Battaglini (1823–1892) | Archbishop of Bologna | Italy |
| Patrick Francis Moran (1830–1911) | Archbishop of Sydney | Australia |
| Placido Maria Schiaffino (1829–1889) | Secretary of the Sacred Congregation of Bishops and Regulars | Italy |
| Carlo Cristofori (1813–1891) | Auditor General of the Reverend Apostolic Camera | Italy |
7 June 1886
Pope Leo created seven cardinals on 7 June 1886.[25] The two cardinal deacons Pope Leo created on 7 June 1886, Theodoli and Mazzella, were assigned their deaconries on 10 June;[26] the other five cardinal priests were given their titular churches on 17 March 1887.[27][28]
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Victor-Félix Bernadou (1816–1891) | Archbishop of Sens | France |
| Elzéar-Alexandre Taschereau (1820–1898) | Archbishop of Québec | Canada |
| Benoit-Marie Langénieux (1824–1905) | Archbishop of Reims | France |
| James Gibbons (1834–1921) | Archbishop of Baltimore | United States |
| Charles-Philippe Place (1814–1893) | Archbishop of Rennes | France |
| Augusto Theodoli (1819–1892) | Prefect of the Prefecture of the Holy Apostolic Palaces | Italy |
| Camillo Mazzella (1833–1900) | Prefect at Pontifical Gregorian University | Italy |
14 March 1887
Pope Leo created five cardinals, all cardinal priests, on 14 March 1887.[29]
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Serafino Vannutelli (1834–1915) | Apostolic Nuncio to Austria-Hungary | Italy |
| Gaetano Aloisi Masella (1826–1902) | Apostolic Nuncio Emeritus to Portugal | Italy |
| Luigi Giordani (1822–1893) | Archbishop of Ferrara | Italy |
| Camillo Siciliano di Rende (1847–1897) | Archbishop of Benevento | Italy |
| Mariano Rampolla (1843–1913) | Apostolic Nuncio to Spain | Italy |
23 May 1887
Pope Leo created two cardinal deacons on 23 May 1887.[30] Bausa was not yet a bishop and was only consecrated in March 1889. Pallotti was never consecrated a bishop.
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Luigi Pallotti (1829–1890) | Auditor General of the Reverend Apostolic Camera | Italy |
| Agostino Bausa (1821–1899) | Master of the Sacred Palace of the Prefecture of the Holy Apostolic Palaces | Italy |
11 February 1889
Pope Leo announced the creation of three cardinals on 11 February 1889.[31]
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Giuseppe Benedetto Dusmet (1818–1894) | Archbishop of Catania | Italy |
| Giuseppe d'Annibale (1815–1892) | Titular Bishop of Carystus[32] | Italy |
| Luigi Macchi (1832–1907) | Prefect of the Prefecture of the Holy Apostolic Palaces | Italy |
24 May 1889
Pope Leo created seven cardinals on 24 May 1889.[33] Guilbert died less than three months later without having visited Rome to be assigned his titular church.[34]
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| François-Marie-Benjamin Richard (1819–1908) | Archbishop of Paris | France |
| Joseph-Alfred Foulon (1823–1893) | Archbishop of Lyon | France |
| Aimé-Victor-François Guilbert (1812–1889) | Archbishop of Bordeaux | France |
| Pierre-Lambert Goossens (1827–1906) | Archbishop of Mechelen | Belgium |
| Franziskus von Paula Graf von Schönborn (1844–1899) | Archbishop of Prague | Austria-Hungary |
| Achille Apolloni (1823–1893) | Vice-Camerlengo of the Reverend Apostolic Camera | Italy |
| Gaetano de Ruggiero (1816–1896) | Secretary of the Fabric of Saint Peter | Italy |
30 December 1889
On 30 December 1889, Pope Leo created a single cardinal without making it known.[35] His brother Serafino was already a cardinal.
Cardinal in pectore
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country | Revealed as Cardinal |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vincenzo Vannutelli (1836–1930)[35] | Apostolic Nuncio to Portugal | Italy | 23 June 1890 |
23 June 1890
Pope Leo created three cardinals of the order of cardinal priests on 23 June 1890 and announced he had created Vincenzo Vannutelli a cardinal in pectore the previous December.[35]
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Sebastiano Galeati (1822–1901) | Archbishop of Ravenna | Italy |
| Gaspard Mermillod (1824–1892) | Bishop of Lausanne and Geneva | Switzerland |
| Albin Dunajewski (1817–1894) | Bishop of Krakow | Austria-Hungary |
1 June 1891
Pope Leo created two cardinals on 1 June 1891.[36] Rotelli received his red hat from French President Sadi Carnot,[37] but died before being invested by the pope with the other symbols of his new rank.[38]
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Luigi Rotelli (1833–1891) | Apostolic Nuncio to France | Italy |
| Anton Josef Gruscha (1820–1911) | Archbishop of Vienna | Austria-Hungary |
14 December 1891
Pope Leo created two cardinals of the order of cardinal priests on 14 December 1891.[39]
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Fulco Luigi Ruffo-Scilla (1840–1895) | Prefect of the Prefecture of the Holy Apostolic Palaces | Italy |
| Luigi Sepiacci (1835–1893) | Secretary of the Sacred Congregation of Bishops and Regulars | Italy |
16 January 1893
Pope Leo created fourteen cardinals publicly on 16 January 1893[40] and two others in pectore.
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Giuseppe Guarino (1827–1897) | Archbishop of Messina | Italy |
| Mario Mocenni (1823–1904) | Substitute for General Affairs of the Apostolic Secretariat | Italy |
| Amilcare Malagola (1840–1895) | Archbishop of Fermo | Italy |
| Angelo Di Pietro (1828–1914) | Apostolic Nuncio Emeritus to Bavaria | Italy |
| Benito Sanz y Forés (1828–1895) | Archbishop of Sevilla | Spain |
| Guillaume-René Meignan (1817–1896) | Archbishop of Tours | France |
| Léon-Benoît-Charles Thomas (1826–1894) | Archbishop of Rouen | France |
| Philipp Krementz (1819–1899) | Archbishop of Cologne | Germany |
| Ignatius Persico (1823–1896) | Secretary of the Sacred Congregation of the Propagation of the Faith | Italy |
| Luigi Galimberti (1835–1896) | Apostolic Nuncio to Austria-Hungary | Italy |
| Michael Logue (1840–1924) | Archbishop of Armagh | Great Britain |
| Kolos Ferenc Vaszary (1832–1915) | Archbishop of Esztergom | Austria-Hungary |
| Herbert Vaughan (1832–1903) | Archbishop of Westminster | Great Britain |
| Georg von Kopp (1837–1914) | Bishop of Wrocław | Austria-Hungary |
Cardinal in pectore
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country | Revealed as Cardinal |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adolphe Perraud (1828–1906)[41] | Bishop of Autun and Superior General of Oratory of France | France | 29 November 1895 |
| Andreas Steinhuber[42] | Priest of Society of Jesus | Germany | 18 May 1894 |
12 June 1893
Pope Leo created five cardinals in a consistory held on 12 June 1893,[43] including Giuseppe Sarto, his successor as Pope Pius X.
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Victor-Lucien-Sulpice Lécot (1831–1908) | Archbishop of Bordeaux | France |
| Giuseppe Maria Graniello (1834–1896) | Secretary of the Congregation of Bishops and Regulars | Italy |
| Joseph-Christian-Ernest Bourret (1827–1896) | Bishop of Rodez | France |
| Lőrinc Schlauch (1824–1902) | Bishop of Oradea Mare | Austria-Hungary |
| Giuseppe Sarto (1835–1914) | Bishop of Mantova | Italy |
18 May 1894
Pope Leo created five cardinals in May 1894, four cardinal priests and one cardinal deacon (Segna). He announced that he had made Andreas Steinhuber a cardinal in pectore previously.[42]
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Egidio Mauri (1828–1896) | Archbishop of Ferrara | Italy |
| Ciriaco María Sancha y Hervás (1833–1909) | Archbishop of Valencia | Spain |
| Domenico Svampa (1851–1907) | Bishop of Forli | Italy |
| Andrea Carlo Ferrari (1850–1921) | Bishop of Como | Italy |
| Francesco Segna (1836–1911) | Assessor of the Commission of Roman and Universal Inquisition | Italy |
29 November 1895
Pope Leo created eight cardinals on 29 November 1895[44][45] and announced that he had made Adolphe Perraud a cardinal in pectore in 1893.[41] Francesco Satolli, Apostolic Delegate to the United States, did not travel to Rome for the ceremony, but received his insignia of office from Cardinal James Gibbons, Archbishop of Baltimore,[46] on 5 January 1896.[47]
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Sylvester Sembratovych (1836–1898) | Major-Archbishop of Lviv-Galicia | Austria-Hungary |
| Francesco Satolli (1839–1910) | Apostolic Delegate to the United States | Italy |
| Johannes Evangelist Haller (1825–1900) | Archbishop of Salzburg | Austria-Hungary |
| Antonio María Cascajares y Azara (1834–1901) | Archbishop of Valladolid | Spain |
| Girolamo Maria Gotti (1834–1916) | Apostolic Internuncio to Brazil | Italy |
| Jean-Pierre Boyer (1829–1896) | Archbishop of Bourges | France |
| Achille Manara (1827–1906) | Bishop of Ancona e Umana | Italy |
| Salvador Casañas y Pagés (1834–1908) | Bishop of Urgell | Spain |
22 June 1896
Pope Leo created four cardinals of the order of cardinal priests on 22 June 1896.[48]
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Domenico Jacobini (1837–1900)[49] | Apostolic Nuncio to Portugal | Italy |
| Antonio Agliardi (1832–1915) | Apostolic Nuncio to Austria-Hungary | Italy |
| Domenico Ferrata (1847–1914) | Apostolic Nuncio to France | Italy |
| Serafino Cretoni (1833–1909) | Apostolic Nuncio to Spain | Italy |
30 November 1896
Two cardinals were created on 30 November 1896;[50] they received their red galeri on 3 December.[51] Neither was a bishop when made cardinal; Prisco was consecrated in 1898.
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Raffaele Pierotti (1836–1905) | Master of the Sacred Palace of the Prefecture of the Holy Apostolic Palaces | Italy |
| Giuseppe Antonio Ermenegildo Prisco (1833–1923) | Prefect of Studies at the Archiepiscopal Seminary of Naples | Italy |
19 April 1897
Pope Leo created four cardinals on 19 April 1897.[52]
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| José María Martín de Herrera y de la Iglesia (1835–1922) | Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela | Spain |
| Pierre-Hector Coullié (1829–1912) | Archbishop of Lyon | France |
| Guillaume-Marie-Joseph Labouré (1841–1906) | Archbishop of Rennes | France |
| Guillaume-Marie-Romain Sourrieu (1825–1899) | Archbishop of Rouen | France |
19 June 1899
Pope Leo announced the creation of 11 new cardinals on 19 June 1899[53] and created two in pectore, Alessandro Sanminiatelli Zabarella and Francesco Salesio Della Volpe, whose names were published in 1901.[54] Missia was the first Slovenian to enter the College of Cardinals.[9]
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Giovanni Battista Casali del Drago (1838–1908) | Latin Patriarch of Constantinople[32] | Italy |
| Francesco di Paola Cassetta (1841–1919) | Latin Patriarch of Antioch[32] | Italy |
| Gennaro Portanova (1845–1908) | Auditor General of the Reverend Apostolic Camera | Italy |
| Giuseppe Francica-Nava de Bontifè (1846–1928) | Archbishop of Catania | Italy |
| Agostino Ciasca (1835–1902) | Secretary of the Sacred Congregation of the Propagation of the Faith | Italy |
| François-Désiré Mathieu (1839–1908) | Archbishop of Toulouse | France |
| Pietro Respighi (1843–1913) | Archbishop of Ferrara | Italy |
| Agostino Richelmy (1850–1923) | Archbishop of Turin | Italy |
| Jakob Missia (1838–1902) | Archbishop of Gorizia and Gradisca | Austria-Hungary |
| Luigi Trombetta (1820–1900) | Secretary of the Sacred Congregation of Bishops and Regulars | Italy |
| José Calassanç Vives y Tuto (1854–1913) | Priest from the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin | Spain |
Cardinal in pectore
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country | Revealed as Cardinal |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alessandro Sanminiatelli Zabarella (1840–1910) | Auditor General of the Reverend Apostolic Camera | Italy | 15 April 1901[55] |
| Francesco Salesio Della Volpe (1844–1916) | Prefect of the Prefecture of the Holy Apostolic Palaces | Italy | 15 April 1901[55] |
15 April 1901
Pope Leo created ten cardinals on 15 April 1901, assigning eight to the order of cardinal priests and two to the order of cardinal deacons (Tripepi and Cavagnis).[55]
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Donato Maria Dell'Olio (1847–1902) | Archbishop of Benevento | Italy |
| Sebastiano Martinelli (1848–1918) | Apostolic Delegate to the United States | Italy |
| Casimiro Gennari (1839–1914) | Assessor of the Commission of Roman and Universal Inquisition | Italy |
| Lev Skrbenský z Hříště (1863–1938) | Archbishop of Prague | Austria-Hungary |
| Giulio Boschi (1838–1920) | Archbishop of Ferrara | Italy |
| Agostino Gaetano Riboldi (1839–1902) | Bishop of Pavia | Italy |
| Jan Puzyna de Kosielsko (1842–1911) | Bishop of Krakow | Austria-Hungary |
| Bartolomeo Bacilieri (1842–1923) | Bishop of Verona | Italy |
| Luigi Tripepi (1836–1906) | Substitute for General Affairs of the Apostolic Secretariat | Italy |
| Felice Cavagnis (1841–1906) | Secretary of the Sacred Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs | Italy |
22 June 1903
At his last consistory held less than a month before his death, Pope Leo created seven cardinals and assigned them all to the order of cardinal priests. Only Nocella, Cavicchioni, and Fischer were present to receive their red hats from the pope and be assigned their titular sees on 25 June.[56][57] The others participated in the conclave that elected Pope Pius X and it was from him that Herrero received his red galero and titular church assignment on 27 August,[58] as did Aiuti, Taliani, and Karschthaler theirs on 12 November 1903.[59]
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Carlo Nocella (1826–1908) | Latin Patriarch of Constantinople[32] | Italy |
| Beniamino Cavicchioni (1836–1911) | Secretary of the Sacred Congregation of the Council | Italy |
| Andrea Aiuti (1849–1905) | Apostolic Nuncio to Portugal | Italy |
| Emidio Taliani (1838–1907) | Apostolic Nuncio to Austria-Hungary | Italy |
| Sebastián Herrero y Espinosa de los Monteros (1822–1903) | Archbishop of Valencia | Spain |
| Johannes Katschthaler (1832–1914) | Archbishop of Salzburg | Austria-Hungary |
| Anton Hubert Fischer (1840–1912) | Archbishop of Cologne | Germany |
References
- 1.The twelve cardinals added in 1901 brought the number of cardinals to 67.
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- 3.Beginning with 64 at the time of the 1878 conclave, it fell to 63 upon Leo's election. He appointed 147 and 146 died, leaving 64 upon his death.
- 4.Bompiani, Sophia (27 August 1903). "A Patriotic Demonstration in Rome". New York Observer. p. 264. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
- 5.[5.2]Lukács, Lajos (1981). The Vatican and Hungary, 1846–1878: Reports and Correspondence on Hungary of the Apostolic Nuncios in Vienna. Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 108.
- 6.The 85 include Zigliara, who was born in Corsica and baptized "Francesco". The other largest national groups were 19 French and 10 Spanish.
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- 8.Hopkins, John Castell (1924). The Canadian Annual Review of Public Affairs. Toronto. p. 458. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
- 9.[9.2]"Missia Jakob (1838 – 1902)". Dizionario Biografico dei Friulani (in Italian). Archived from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
- 10.[10.2]B. Miller (21 January 2015). "An Armenian As Pope? – A British Diplomatic Report on Cardinal Agagianian, 1958". Horizon Weekly. Retrieved 14 February 2021. First published: Window Quarterly, Vol. V, No. 3 & 4, 1995, pp 11-13.
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