Chronology of the Crusades, 1095–1187

Contents

This chronology presents the timeline of the Crusades from the beginning of the First Crusade in 1095 to the fall of Jerusalem in 1187. This is keyed towards the major events of the Crusades to the Holy Land, but also includes those of the Reconquista and Northern Crusades as well as the Byzantine-Seljuk wars.[1]

The growth of Islam

The history of the Crusades begins with the advent of Christian pilgrimage to the Holy Land combined with the rise of Islam and its subsequent conquest of Jerusalem.[2]

  • 326. Saint Helena, mother of Constantine the Great, travels to the Holy Land.[3] She returns with Holy relics and begins a tradition of Christian pilgrimage.[4]
  • After 334. The Pilgrim of Bordeaux writes of his journey to the Holy Land in Itinerarium Burdigalense.[5]
  • November 636. The Siege of Jerusalem begins as part of the Muslim conquest of the Levant. The city surrenders in 637, remaining under Muslim rule until 1099.[6]
  • 711. The Muslim conquest of Spain begins.[7]
  • 718. Pelagius of Asturias defeats the Moors at the Battle of Covadonga, beginning the Reconquista.[8] He later founds the Kingdom of Asturias.[9][10]
  • 719. Moorish occupation of al-Andalus reaches its largest extent in Iberia.[11]
  • 10 October 732. Charles Martel defeats the Moorish forces led by Abd al-Rahman at the Battle of Tours.[12]
  • 25 January 750. The Umayyads are defeated at the Battle of the Zab, leading to the Abbasid Revolution.[13] The Abbasid Caliphate assumes control of the Holy Land.[14][15]
  • 777. Charlemagne and Harun al-Rashid pursue an Abbasid–Carolingian alliance.[16][17]
  • 15 August 778. A contingent of Basques ambush Carolingian forces at the first Battle of Roncevaux Pass.[18]
  • Before 787. Saint Willibald writes of his travels to the Holy Land.[19]
  • 25 July 812. During the reign of Alfonso II of Asturias, Bishop Theodemir of Iria finds the remains of St. James the Greater. The site later is known as Santiago de Compostela.[20]
  • 846. In the Arab raid against Rome, marauding Muslims from Ifriqiya sacked the outskirts of the city.[21]
  • 865. Frankish monk Bernard the Pilgrim writes his Itinerarium of Bernard the Wise, an account of his travels to the Holy Land.[22]
  • 27 August 909. The Fatimid Caliphate is established in Egypt.[23][24]
  • 910. The Kingdom of León is founded under Garcia I of León.[25][26]
  • 16 January 929. The Caliphate of Córdoba established under Abd ar-Rahman III.[27][28]
  • 16 August 935. Egyptian Muslims conduct a raid on the Ligurian coast, culminating in the Fatimid sack of Genoa.[29]
  • May 965. The Muslim conquest of Sicily is completed with the successful Siege of Rometta against the Byzantines.[30]
  • 969. The Fatimids take control of Jerusalem.[31]
  • 960–990. Christian churches are established among the West Slavs, Danes, Poles and Russians.[32]
  • 974–975. The Syrian Campaigns of Byzantine Emperor John I Tzimiskes fail to take Jerusalem.[33]
  • 978–997. Almanzor becomes chamberlain of the Caliphate of Córdoba and begins his campaigns against the Christians. This leads to the Sack of Barcelona (in 985) and the destruction of Santiago de Compostela (in 997).[34][35][36]
  • 983. The Wends participate in the Slavic Revolt of 983 against the Holy Roman Empire under Otto the Great.[37]
  • 997. St. Adalbert of Prague is martyred in Prussia.[38]

Origins of the Crusades

Origins of the Crusades are traceable to the combination of increased popularity of Christian pilgrimage and aggressive behavior of the dominant Muslim populations of Fatimids in Egypt and the Seljuk Turks in the Levant.[39]

1000

1009

1015

  • (Date unknown). Mujahid al-Amiri of Dénia seizes control of the Balearic Islands.[43]

1018

  • (Date unknown). The Byzantines defeat the Lombards at the Battle of Cannae.[44]

1022

1029

  • 12 May. The Fatimids defeat a coalition of Syrian Bedouin tribes at the Battle of al-Uqhuwana, establishing control over the Bilad al-Sham, including Palestine, under the governor Anushtakin al-Duzbari.[47]

1035

  • February. The Kingdom of Aragon is founded under Ramiro I of Aragon.[48][49]

1037

  • (Date unknown). The Seljuk Empire is founded by the brothers Tughril Beg and Chaghri Beg.[50]
  • (Date unknown). The Kingdom of Castile founded under Sancho II of Castile and León.[51][49]

1040

  • Not earlier than. The 12th-century work The Song of Roland is written, based on the Battle of Roncevaux Pass and the exploits of the legendary Frankish military leader Roland.[52]

1045

1046

  • (Date unknown). A Byzantine army under the command of Liparit IV of Kldekari is defeated by a Seljuk force led by Qutalmish at the Battle of Ganja in Azerbaijan. Ganja was followed by another Seljuk victory at the Battle of Vaspurakan.[53]

1048

  • 18 September. The Seljuks under Ibrahim Inal are defeated by a Byzantine–Georgian army at the Battle of Kapetron. The Georgian general Liparit IV of Kldekari was taken prisoner.[54]

1054

1055

  • December. Seljuk leader Tughril Beg conquers Baghdad.[57]

1061

1063

  • June. A Norman expeditionary force under Roger de Hauteville defeats a Muslim alliance from the Emirate of Sicily and the Banu Ziri at the Battle of Cerami.[60]
  • 1 October. Alp Arslan becomes sultan of the Seljuk Empire.[61][62]

1064

  • 9 July. Ferdinand I of León captures the Portuguese city of Coimbra from the Moors after the first Siege of Coimbra.[63]
  • Summer. Alexander II sanctions the Crusade of Barbastro against the Muslim Taifa of Lérida.[64]
  • 16 August. Alp Arslan and Nizam al-Mulk capture the Byzantine city after the 25-day Siege of Ani.[65]
  • (Date unknown). Gunther of Bamberg leads the Great German Pilgrimage of 1064–1065 to the Holy Land.[66]

1066

  • 10 November. Bishop John Scotus is killed during a Wendish revolt against Christianity.[67]
  • 30 December. Much of the Jewish population of the city is killed in the 1066 Granada massacre.[68]

1067

  • (Date unknown). The city of Caesarea was sacked and its Cathedral of St. Basil desecrated by Alp Arslan.[69]

1068

  • 1 January. Romanos IV Diogenes marries empress Eudokia and becomes Byzantine emperor.[70][71]

1069

  • (Date unknown). Romanos IV Diogenes repels the Seljuks at the Siege of Iconium. He then begins his Campaign of 1069.[72]

1070

  • (Approximate). A hospital is opened in Jerusalem under the Benedictine Blessed Gerard which later forms the basis of the Knights Hospitaller, the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem.[73]
  • (Date unknown). The Seljuks defeat Byzantium at the Battle of Sebastia.[74]
  • (Date unknown). Adam of Bremen writes his chronicle Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum (Deeds of Bishops of the Hamburg Church).[75]

1071

  • 19 February. García II of Galicia declares himself count of Portugal after his victory at the Battle of Pedroso but is later overthrown by his brothers Sancho II of Castile and León and Alfonso VI of León and Castile. Galacia is later divided among Portugal and León.[76]
  • 15 April. Robert Guiscard successfully concludes the three-year Siege of Bari against the major stronghold of Bari in the Byzantine Empire.[77][78]
  • 26 August. The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantines at the decisive Battle of Manzikert. Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes is captured.[79]
  • 1 October. Michael VII Doukas ousts Romanos IV and becomes emperor.[80]
  • Later. Danishmend Gazi founds the Turkoman beylik of Danishmendids in central Anatolia.[81]

1072

  • Early January. In an internecine battle among Christian kingdoms, Sancho II of Castile and León defeats Alfonso VI of León at the Battle of Golpejera. After an initial setback, El Cid rallied the Castilians to victory.[82]
  • 15 December. Vizier Nizam al-Mulk becomes the de facto ruler of the Seljuks after the assassination of Alp Arslan.[83] He served under the under Arslan's 17-year-old son, sultan Malik-Shah I.[84]

1073

  • 22 April. Gregory VII is elected pope.[85]
  • (Date unknown). Seljuk leader Atsiz ibn Uvaq captures Jerusalem. He later becomes emir of Damascus.[86]
  • (Date unknown). The Seljuks defeat the Byzantines at the Battle of Caesarea (1073).[87]

1074

  • 1 March. Gregory VII begins planning an expedition to aid Eastern Christians.[88]

1077

  • (Date unknown) The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm is established under Suleiman ibn Qutalmish.[89]

1078

  • (Date unknown). The forces of Michael VII Doukas under future emperor Alexios I Komnenos suppress a rebellion at the Battle of Kalavrye.[90]

1079

  • October. Atsiz ibn Uvaq is assassinated by Alp Arslan's son Tutush I who then become emir of Damascus. Tutush I appoints Artuk Bey as governor of Jerusalem.[91]
  • (Date unknown). Seville defeats the Granada at the Battle of Cabra. El Cid supported Seville in defeating Abdallah ibn Buluggin of Granada.[82]

1080

1081

1082

  • Spring/Summer. The Taifa of Zaragoza under El Cid defeats the Taifa of Lleida and its Catalan allies at the Battle of Almenar. Berenguer Ramón II, count of Barcelona, is captured and released for ransom shortly thereafter.[98]

1083

  • (Date unknown). The Almoravid dynasty under Yusuf ibn Tashfin captures Ceuta.[99]
  • (Date unknown). Alexios I Komnenos defeats the Norman force of Bohemond of Taranto at the Battle of Trikkala.[100]

1084

1085

  • 17 July. Robert Guiscard dies and is succeeded as Duke of Apulia and Calabria by Roger Borsa, bypassing his eldest son Bohemond of Taranto.[102]
  • Autumn. Alfonso VI of León and Castile defeats Yahya al-Qadir at the Siege of Toledo, taking the city held by the Moors since 932.[103]

1086

1087

  • Spring. A French military campaign led by Odo I of Burgundy and William the Carpenter, supported by Alfonso VI and Sancho Ramirez, is turned away by the Moors at the first Siege of Tudela.[108]
  • August. The Byzantines are defeated by the Pechenegs at the Battle of Dristra.[109]
  • August. The Mahdia Campaign of 1087 begins with Pisa and Genoa attacking the Tunisia coast.[110]

1088

1089

  • (Date unknown). Urban II grants a Crusade bull to Berenguer Ramón II and Ermengol IV of Urgell at the time of the attempted Reconquest of Tarragona.[112]

1090

  • (Date unknown). Hasan-i Sabbah establishes the Assassins after the capture of Alamut Castle in Persia.[113]

1091

  • 29 April. An invading force of Pechenegs is crushed by the Byzantines under Alexios I Komnenos and his Cuman allies at the Battle of Levounion.[114]
  • (Date unknown). Upon the death of Artuk Bey, his sons Sökmen and Ilghazi govern Jerusalem and begin the Artuqid Dynasty.[115]

1092

  • 19 November. Malik-Shah I dies and Kilij Arslan becomes Sultan of Rûm shortly thereafter.[116]
  • (Date unknown). Kerbogha becomes the first Seljuk atabeg of Mosul.[117]

1093

  • (Date unknown). A Christian coalition led by the Obotrite prince Henry and Magnus of Saxony defeats the Wends at the Battle of Schmilau.[118]

1094

  • (Date unknown). El Cid conquers the Taifa of Valencia.[119]
  • (Date unknown). Barkiyaruq becomes Seljuk sultan of Baghdad.[120]

The First Crusade

In order to recover the Holy Land and aid the Byzantines in their fight against the Seljuks, the First Crusade was called for by Urban II at the Council of Clermont in 1095 and culminated with the capture of Jerusalem in 1099.[121]

1095

1096

1097

  • Early. The army of Peter I of Aragon and El Cid defeats the Moors at the Battle of Bairén.[138]
  • 26 April. The army of Bohemond of Taranto led by his nephew Tancred arrives at Constantinople. Bohemond himself had arrived earlier on 2 April.[139]
  • 27 April. The Provençal army of Robert of Flanders arrives at Constantinople.[140]
  • Late April. Raymond of Saint-Gilles and Adhemar of Le Puy arrive with their armies at Constantinople.[141]
  • 14–28 May. The armies of Stephen of Blois and Robert Curthose arrive in Constantinople.[142]
  • 14 May – 19 June. The Seljuk Turks under Kilij Arslan surrender the city of Nicaea, under their control since 1081, to the Byzantines after the Crusader Siege of Nicaea.[143]
  • 1 July. After defeating the Seljuk forces of Kilij Arslan at the Battle of Dorylaeum, the Crusaders capture Arslan's treasure.[144]
  • 15 August. The army of Alfonso VI of León and Castile is defeated by the Moors at the Battle of Consuegra.[138]
  • 17 October. Baldwin of Boulogne leaves the main Crusader force and takes the fortress of Turbessel and makes Bagrat Pakrad governor.[145]
  • 20 October. The Siege of Antioch begins, pitting the combined Crusader armies against the defenders of Antioch, led by Yağısiyan.[146]
  • 31 December. The relief force from Damascus under Duqaq is turned back.[147]

1098

1099

The Kingdom of Jerusalem

The Kingdom of Jerusalem was formed in 1099 and enjoyed relative success against the warring Seljuks and Fatimids in its early years until the advent of the Zengids in 1127.[172]

1100

1101

1102

1103

  • April/May. Tancred captures Latakia from the Byzantines after an 18-month siege.[194]
  • August. Bohemond of Taranto returns to Antioch after being ransomed by Latin Patriarch Bernard of Valence with the help of the Armenian noble Kogh Vasil.[195]
  • (Date unknown). Eric I of Denmark and his wife Boedil begin a pilgrimage to the Holy Land as described in the Knýtlinga saga.[196]

1104

1105

1106

1107

  • June. After the Battle of Mosul, Kilij Arslan was defeated by Muhammad I Tapar, Ilghazi and Ridwan of Aleppo at the battle of Khabur River where he died.[212]
  • 9 October. Bohemond of Taranto invades Byzantium, beginning his crusade.[213]
  • November. The Siege of Dyrrhachium begins, to last eleven months with a Byzantine victory.[214]
  • Autumn. The first Norwegian Crusade led by Sigurd the Crusader begins with attacks on Iberia.[215][216]

1108

1109

1110

1111

1112

1113

1114

  • June. Ramon Berenguer III leads the Balearic Islands Expedition, capturing the islands from the Taifa of Dénia in August 1115.[243]
  • August. William V of Montpellier, as part of this expedition, captures Majorca from the Moors.[243]
  • 19 November. A massive earthquake of estimated magnitude 7.5 strikes Syria.[246]
  • Late. Ilghazi defeats al-Bursuqi, who is replaced as atabeg of Mosul by Juyûsh-Beg and by Bursuk ibn Bursuk as Seljuk commander.[247]

1115

1116

  • Autumn. A Byzantine army led by Alexios I Komnenos defeats the forces of Malik Shah at the Battle of Philomelion.[250]
  • Later. After signing a treaty with the Byzantines, Malik Shah is murdered by his brother Mesud I.[231]
  • (Date unknown). Ramon Berenguer III travels to Rome to petition Paschal II for a crusade to liberate Tarragona.[251]
  • (Date unknown). The Armenian lands of Vasil Dgha are conquered by Baldwin I of Jerusalem.[252]
  • (Date unknown). Novgorod and Pskov begin an expedition against Tartu and the fortress of Otepää.[253]

1117

1118

1119

1120

1121

  • 12 August. The forces of Ilghazi are defeated by those of David IV of Georgia at the Battle of Didgori, the culmination of the Georgian–Seljuk Wars.[271]
  • 11 December. Al-Afdal Shahanshah is murdered by Assassins.[272]
  • (Date unknown). German historian Albert of Aix writes his Historia Hierosolymitanae expeditionis (History of the Expedition to Jerusalem), an account of the First Crusade.[273]

1122

  • February. Tbilisi is recovered by David IV of Georgia from the Seljuks after the Siege of Tbilisi.[274]
  • 8 August. The Venetian Crusade begins with Battle of Jaffa in which the Venetian fleet defeated the Fatimids.[275]
  • 13 September. Joscelin I of Edessa and Waleran of Le Puiset are captured by Belek Ghazi, later emir of Aleppo.[276]
  • 3 November. Ilghazi dies and is succeeded at Aleppo by his son Timurtash.[277]
  • (Date unknown). Callixtus II declares a crusade in Spain.[132]

1123

1124

1125

1126

Zengi and the fall of Edessa

In 1094, the governor of Aleppo, Aq Sunqur al-Hajib, was beheaded by Tutush I for treason. His son Imad al-Din Zengi was raised by Kerbogha, the governor of Mosul, and would rise to challenge the Crusader states. His successful Siege of Edessa would both result in the Second Crusade and the eventual fall of the County of Edessa.[298]

1127

  • September. Zengi becomes atabeg of Mosul, beginning the Zengid dynasty.[298]
  • Summer/Fall. Stephen II of Hungary sacks Belgrade, beginning the Byzantine–Hungarian War.[262]

1128

1129

1130

  • 14 February. Innocent II becomes pope.[304]
  • February. Bohemond II of Antioch is killed in battle with the Danishmends at the Battle of Ceyhan River and is succeeded at Antioch by his daughter Constance of Antioch.[305]
  • Later. Alice of Antioch (wife of Bohemond II and daughter of Baldwin II) attempts to make an alliance with Zengi and is expelled from Antioch.[305]
  • May. The Moors defeat Aragon at the Battle of Valencia.[306]
  • Spring. Zengi lays siege to the Crusader-held city of al-Atharib defended by Baldwin II of Jerusalem. After winning the Battle of al-Atharib, Zengi reduces the city to rubble.[307]
  • October. Alfonso I of Aragon launches the Siege of Bayonne against the Aquitainian city of Bayonne defended by William X of Aquitaine. The siege was lifted after a year without success.[308]

1131

1132

  • 6 June. Taj al-Muluk Buri dies and his son Shams al-Mulk Isma'il becomes ruler of Damascus and head of the Burid dynasty.[200]
  • Summer. Zengi marches on Baghdad to add it to his dominions and is defeated by the forces of caliph al-Mustarshid.[311]
  • 11 December. Shams al-Mulk Isma'il captures Banias from the Crusaders.[312]
  • (Date unknown). Alice of Antioch reasserts her claim to Antioch.[313]

1133

1134

1135

  • 17 April. Zengi's campaign against Antioch begins with the capture of al-Atharib, followed by Zardana, Ma’arat al-Nu’man, Ma’arrat Misrin and Kafartab.[318]
  • (Date unknown). Pons of Tripoli is repelled by Zengi in the Battle of Qinnasrin.[319]
  • (Date unknown). A Moorish fleet raids the Catalan town of Elna.[320]
  • (Date unknown). Eric II of Denmark defeats the Lechites under Ratibor I of Pomerania in a naval battle off the coast of Denmark.[321]

1136

  • Summer. Danish forces under Eric II of Denmark attack Slavic Rügen, taking its capital Arkona.[322]

1137

1138

  • 14–20 April. John II Komnenos leads a Byzantine and Frankish force in the unsuccessful Siege of Aleppo, with the city defended by Zengi.[325]
  • 28 April – 21 May. The Byzantine and Frankish forces are successful in their Siege of Shaizar. The siege captured the city but not the citadel, and the emir became a vassal of Byzantium.[326]
  • July. At the first Siege of Coria, Alfonso VII of León and Castile fails in his attempt to take the city.[327]
  • 11 October. The 1138 Aleppo earthquake strikes, the third deadliest in history.[328]
  • (Date unknown). The Crusaders are defeated by the Turks at the Battle of Teqoa.

1139

1140

1141

  • 9 September. The Qara Khitai defeat the Seljuks at the Battle of Qatwan.[338]

1142

1143

1144

1145

The Second Crusade

The fall of Edessa in 1144 would lead to the Second Crusade which would include French and German expeditions to the Holy Land, a campaign in Iberia (part of the Reconquista) and the Wendish Crusade (part of the Northern Crusades). The failure of the campaigns in the Holy Land would reverberate for decades.[353]

1145

1146

1147

1148

The Reign of Nūr-ad-Din

The death of Zengi in 1146 would give rise to an even more powered leader of the Zengid dynasty, his son Nūr-ad-Din who would come to dominate Syria and, to some extent, Egypt.[392]

1149

1150

1151

  • Spring. After Joscelin II of Edessa ceded Turbessel to the Byzantines, a coalition of Nūr-ad-Din, Mesud I and Kara Arslan leads to Fall of Turbessel.[402]
  • Late. Raymond II of Tripoli is killed by Assassins, the first such Christian leader murdered by the sect.[403]
  • (Date unknown). Danish nobleman Wetheman founds a lay confraternity in Roskilde organized into leidang to help fight the Wends.[404]
  • (Date unknown). Rognvald Kali Kolsson begins his pilgrimage to the Holy Land as documented in the Orkneyinga saga.[405]

1152

1153

1154

  • 18 April. Nūr-ad-Din overthrows the Burid Mujir al-Din Abaq to become the first Zengid atabeg of Damascus, uniting Syria under a single ruler.[408]
  • (Date unknown). English historian Henry of Huntingdon writes his Historia Anglorum (The History of the English).[409]

1156

1157

  • 19 June. A Crusader army led by Baldwin III of Jerusalem was ambushed and badly defeated by Nūr-ad-Din at the Battle of Lake Huleh.[412]
  • 12 August. The 1157 Hama earthquake damages much of the Levant.[246]
  • October. With the arrival of a crusading force under Thierry of Flanders at Antioch, the combined Frankish army attacks Shiazar whose citadel was held by the Assassins. The city is later abandoned due to internal disputes among the Franks.[413]
  • 23 October. Sweyn III of Denmark is defeated by Valdemar I of Denmark in the last phase of the Danish Civil Wars, culminating in the Battle of Grathe Heath.[414]
  • (Date unknown). Pope Adrian IV rejects the calls for a crusade in Spain made by Henry II of England and Louis VII of France.[397]

1158

1159

  • 12 April. Manuel I Komnenos enters Antioch, establishing himself as the suzerain of the principality.[417]
  • Later. Manuel I Komnenos enters into a truce with Nūr-ad-Din and secures the release of prisoners including Templar Grand Master Bertrand de Blanchefort.[418]
  • 7 September. Alexander III becomes pope.[419]

1160

  • June. Henry the Lion begins his conquest of the Wends.[344]
  • 23 July. Al-Adid becomes the last Fatimid caliph, supported by vizier Tala'i ibn Ruzzik.[420]
  • Autumn. Raynald of Châtillon makes a plundering raid at Marash to seize livestock. Upon his return, he and his retinue are captured.[421]
  • (Date unknown). The Obotrites are attacked by Saxons and Danes, resulting in the death of Niklot, and the partition of the Obotrite lands.[422]

1161

1162

1163

The Rise of Saladin

Saladin was a Kurdish officer in Nūr-ad-Din's army who would unite both Syria and Egypt under his rule, forming the Ayyubid dynasty that would threaten the very existence of the Franks in the Holy Land.[431]

1164

1165

  • (Date unknown). Bohemund III of Antioch and Thoros II of Armenia, held in captivity by Nūr-ad-Din, are ransomed by Manuel I Komnenos.[437]
  • (Date unknown). Alexander III calls for a new crusade to the Holy Land.[438]
  • (Date unknown). Benjamin of Tudela begins his pilgrimage through Iberia to the Holy Land.[439]

1166

  • September. Évora is taken by the Portuguese warrior and folk hero Gerald the Fearless.[440]
  • (Date unknown). Genoese admiral Caffaro di Rustico da Caschifellone writes the Annales ianuenses (Genoese annals) providing a Genoese perspective on the First Crusade and the Embriaco family.[441]

1167

1168

1169

1170

  • 29 June. The 1170 Syria earthquake strikes with a magnitude of 7.7.[246]
  • August. Nūr-ad-Din takes control of Mosul following the death of his brother Qutb al-Din Mawdud.[453]
  • 10 December. Saladin invades Jerusalem besieges Darum on the Mediterranean coast. Amalric of Jerusalem withdraws his Templar garrison from Gaza to assist him in defending Darum. Saladin raises the siege and marches on Gaza, but is forced to retreat.[454]
  • 31 December. Saladin is successful in his Siege of Ayla, attacking the fortress at Aqaba, first captured by Jerusalem in 1116.[454]
  • (Date unknown). The Order of Santiago (Order of Saint James of Compostela) is founded to defend Christianity and expel the Moors from Iberia.[455]
  • (Date unknown). Danish forces led by Valdemar I of Denmark and Absalon defeat those of Casimir I of Pomerania and Bogisław I of Pomerania at the Battle of Julin Bridge.[447]
  • (Date unknown). German priest John of Würzburg writes his Descriptio terrae sanctae (Description of the Holy Land) after his travels to the Levant.[456]

1171

  • June. Nūr-ad-Din directs Saladin to restore the Abbasid caliphate in Egypt.[457]
  • 11 September. Alexander III issues the papal bull Non parum animus noster to promote the Northern Crusades against the pagan Estonians and Finns.[458]
  • 13 September. Caliph al-Adid dies with no Fatimid successor.[420]
  • 18 September. An Abbasid khutba is pronounced in Cairo, proclaiming al-Mustadi as caliph.[457]
  • Shortly thereafter. Saladin becomes the effective ruler of Egypt, beginning the Ayyubid sultanate.[459]
  • (Date unknown). Saxon priest Helmold of Bosau writes his Chronica Sclavorum (Chronicle of the Slavs) of the northwestern Slavic tribes up to 1171.[460]

1172

  • June–July. Henry the Lion takes a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.[344]
  • (Date unknown). The Military Order of Saint James of the Sword is founded in Portugal.[461]
  • (Date unknown). Libellus de Locis Sanctis (Little Book of the Holy Places), travelogue for use by pilgrims on their travels to the Holy Land, is written.[462]

1173

  • Late. Raymond III of Tripoli is ransomed after eight years of captivity.[463]
  • (Date unknown). Jewish Spaniard Benjamin of Tudela writes The Travels of Benjamin, documenting his travels in 1166–1172 through Europe, Asia and Africa.[464]

1174

1175

1176

  • Early. With Baldwin IV of Jerusalem's leprosy confirmed, embassies are sent to William Longsword to offer him the hand of Sibylla of Jerusalem to secure succession in the kingdom.[479]
  • After 11 April. Saladin defeats the forces of as-Salih Ismail al-Malik at Sultan's Mound (Tell-es-Sultan or Mound of the Sultan) near Aleppo.[480][481]
  • 1 May – 21 June. Saladin captures a ring of castles south and west of Aleppo, including Buza'a, Manbij and Azaz.[482]
  • May. Bohemond III of Antioch makes an alliance with Zengid Aleppo for the release of Joscelin III of Courtenay and Raynald of Châtillon.[483]
  • 15 July. Baldwin IV of Jerusalem comes of age and Raymond III of Tripoli steps down as regent. The truce between Raymond and Saladin ends.[484]
  • 29 July. Saladin makes peace with Aleppo and Mosul.[485]
  • Early August. Saladin leads an unsuccessful attack on the Assassins' strongholds in the an-Nusayriyah Mountains after the second attempt on his life on 22 May.[469]
  • Mid-August. Baldwin IV of Jerusalem and Raymond III of Tripoli raid the Beqaa Valley near Damascus, later defeating a Damascene army led by Turan Shah at Ayn al-Jarr.[486]
  • 25 August. Saladin marries Ismat ad-Din Khatun, the widow of Nūr-ad-Din.[482]
  • Late August. Joscelin III of Courtenay is appointed seneschal of Jerusalem.[487]
  • 10 September. Saladin leaves Damascus for Egypt.[488]
  • 17 September. Manuel I Komnenos and his allies are defeated by the Seljuk Turks under Kilij Arslan II at the Battle of Myriokephalon. Militarily, the Byzantines will never recover from the loss.[489]
  • November. Sibylla of Jerusalem and William Longsword marry.[490]
  • (Date unknown). William Longsword and Raynald of Châtillon give a land grant to the Order of Mountjoy.[491]

1177

1178

  • March. Saladin marches to relive Harem, under siege by Philip I of Flanders.[498]
  • August. The Franks break the truce and attack at the Battle of Hama. They are driven off by Saladin.[498]
  • (Date unknown). Tamar of Georgia is named co-ruler of Georgia by her father George III of Georgia.[499]

The fall of Jerusalem

The Ayyubid dynasty under Saladin began their attacks against the Kingdom of Jerusalem, eventually leading to the fall of Jerusalem in 1187.[500]

1179

1180

1181

  • Summer. Raynald of Châtillon breaks the truce with Saladin by attacking two caravans between Syria and Egypt. Saladin complains to Baldwin IV of Jerusalem and demands compensation.[517]
  • November. Henry the Lion is deposed and exiled.[344]
  • 4 December. As-Salih Ismail al-Malik dies.[513]
  • (Date unknown). The Kingdom of Denmark defeats the Scanian rebels at the Battle of Dösjebro.[518]

1182

1183

1184

1185

  • Early. Raymond III of Tripoli is appointed regent to the kingdom and Baldwin V of Jerusalem by the dying Baldwin IV of Jerusalem.[530]
  • August. Saladin becomes seriously ill while advancing north of Mosul.[531]
  • 12 September. Isaac II Angelos becomes Byzantine emperor.[532]
  • 25 November. Urban III becomes pope.[533]
  • (Date unknown). A failed raid of Igor Svyatoslavich against the Polovtsians (possibly fictional) is described in The Tale of Igor's Campaign.[534]
  • (Date unknown, may be 1186). Canute VI of Denmark invades Pomerania and forces Bogisław I of Pomerania to acknowledge him as overlord. Canute and his successor monarchs of Denmark then used the title King of the Wends.[535]

1186

1187

Aftermath

As a result of his victory at Jerusalem, the rest of Palestine quickly fell to Saladin. Many in the kingdom fled to Tyre, and Saladin's subsequent attack at the Siege of Tyre beginning in November 1187 was unsuccessful. The siege of Belvoir Castle began the next month and this stronghold of the Knights Hospitaller finally fell a year later. The Siege of Laodicea and the Siege of Sahyun Castle in July 1188 further solidified Saladin's gains. These gains were amplified by the Siege of al-Shughur and the Siege of Bourzey Castle in August 1188. The Siege of Safed in late 1188 then completed Saladin's conquest of the Holy Land. At the same time, the forces of Western Europe were mobilizing for the Third Crusade.[500]

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  446. 446.Runciman 1952, pp. 380–381, Amalric advances on Cairo.
  447. 447.[447.2]Fletcher Pratt (1950). The Third King. Sloane Publishing. pgs. 101–102.
  448. 448.Runciman 1952, pp. 382–384, Shirkuh wins Egypt for Nūr-ad-Din.
  449. 449.Winifred Frances Peck (1911). "Saladin". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  450. 450.McMurdo 1888, pp. 224–226, Siege of Badajoz.
  451. 451.Jere L. Bacharach (1981). “African Military Slaves in the Medieval Middle East: The Cases of Iraq (869-955) and Egypt (868-1171).” International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 13, No. 4, 1981, pgs. 471–495.
  452. 452.[452.2]Baldwin 1969b, pp. 556–558, Siege of Damietta.
  453. 453.Gibb 1969c, p. 526, Nūr-ad-Din takes control of Mosul.
  454. 454.[454.2]Runciman 1952, pp. 317–318, Saladin invades Gaza.
  455. 455.Charles Moeller (1912). "Order of Saint James of Compostela". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  456. 456.Alfred Wendehorst (1974). "Johannes von Würzburg". Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German). Vol. 10. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. p. 577. (full text online)..
  457. 457.[457.2]Gibb 1969d, pp. 566–567, The Abbasids in Cairo.
  458. 458.Pope Alexander III; Curtin, D. P. (2008). Non Parum Animus Noster. Dalcassian Press. ISBN 979-8-8692-8221-7.
  459. 459.[459.2]R. S. Humphreys (2011). "Ayyubids". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. III, Fasc. 2, pgs. 164-167.
  460. 460.Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Helmold. Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 239.
  461. 461.Orden de Santiago (1971). The Rule of the Spanish Military Order of St. James, 1170-1493. Brill.
  462. 462.Various authors (2015). The Holy Land in the Middle Ages: Six Travelers' Accounts. Italica Press.
  463. 463.Ernest Barker (1911). "Raymund of Tripoli". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg .935.
  464. 464.Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Benjamin of Tudela. Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 739.
  465. 465.[465.2]Ernest Barker (1911). "Baldwin IV". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 247
  466. 466.Lane-Poole 1898, p. 127, Siege of Alexandria.
  467. 467.Marshall W. Baldwin (1936). Raymond III of Tripolis and the Fall of Jerusalem (1140-1187). Princeton University Press.
  468. 468.Runciman 1952, p. 407, Saladin occupies Damascus.
  469. 469.[469.2]Runciman 1952, pp. 408–409, Saladin defeats Saif ed-Din of Mosul.
  470. 470.Lane-Poole 1898, p. 139, Attempt of the Assassins.
  471. 471.A. J. Forey (1971). “The Order of Mountjoy.” Speculum, Vol. 46, No. 2, pgs. 250–266.
  472. 472.Lane-Poole 1898, pp. 139–140, Raymond III of Tripoli.
  473. 473.[473.2]Lock 2006, p. 62, Saladin in Syria.
  474. 474.Gibb 1969d, pp. 567–568, Saladin cedes northern Syria.
  475. 475.Lane-Poole 1898, pp. 140–141, The Battle of the Horns of Hamas.
  476. 476.Lane-Poole 1898, p. 142, The King of Egypt and Syria.
  477. 477.[477.2]Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). William, Archbishop of Tyre. Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 677.
  478. 478.Gibb 1969d, p. 569, Saladin leaves Syria.
  479. 479.Hamilton 2005, p. 109, William of Montferrat.
  480. 480.There was a total eclipse of the sun in the region on 11 April 1176. This was reported by Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani and Michael the Syrian.
  481. 481.Lane-Poole 1898, p. 143, Battle of Tell-es-Sultan.
  482. 482.[482.2]Gibb 1969d, p. 570, Attacks near Aleppo.
  483. 483.[483.2]Bernard Hamilton (1978 ). The Elephant of Christ: Reynald of Châtillon. Studies in Church History 15, pgs. 97–108.
  484. 484.Hamilton 2005, pp. 84–108, The King's minority.
  485. 485.Lane-Poole 1898, p. 146, Peace with Aleppo and Mosul.
  486. 486.Lane-Poole 1898, p. 151, Turan Shah.
  487. 487.Robert L. Nicholson (1973). Joscelyn III and the Fall of the Crusader States 1134-1199. Brill.
  488. 488.Runciman 1952, pp. 408–410, Saladin defeats Saif ed-Din of Mosul.
  489. 489.Runciman 1952, pp. 412–414, Battle of Myriocephalon.
  490. 490.Runciman 1952, pp. 410–412, Sibylla's first marriage.
  491. 491.Joseph F. O’Callaghan (1969). “Hermandades between the Military Orders of Calatrava and Santiago during the Castilian Reconquest, 1158-1252.” Speculum, Vol. 44, No. 4, pgs. 609–618.
  492. 492.The lordship of Hebron was under royal domain until 1161 when Hebron was merged with the lordship of Oultrejordain under Philip of Milly, father of Stephanie of Milly. Baldwin IV of Jerusalem granted the lordship to Raynald of Châtillon in 1177 shortly after his marriage to Stephanie.
  493. 493.Hamilton 2005, p. 117, Raynald of Châtillon marries.
  494. 494.Baldwin 1969c, p. 593, Death of William Longspear.
  495. 495.[495.2]Lane-Poole 1898, pp. 154–155, Battle of Montgisard.
  496. 496.Charles Moeller (1907). "Military Order of Alcántara". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, pgs. 271–272.
  497. 497.John Haldon (2001). The Byzantine Wars. Stroud: Tempus
  498. 498.[498.2]Gibb 1969d, pp. 571–572, Saladin returns to Syria.
  499. 499.Queen Tamar of Georgia. The New Historia.
  500. 500.[500.2]Baldwin 1969c, pp. 590–621, The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174-1189.
  501. 501.Magdalino 2002, pp. 99–100, Siege of Claudiopolis.
  502. 502.Henri Leclercq (1910). "Third Lateran Council (1179)". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  503. 503.Paul Daniel Alphandéry (1911). "Albigenses". pgs. 505–506 in Chisholm vol. 1.
  504. 504.[504.2]Runciman 1952, pp. 418–420, Death of Humphrey of Toron.
  505. 505.Jones, Dan (2017). The Templars: The Rise and Spectacular Fall of God's Holy Warriors. Viking. pp. 178–186. ISBN 978-0-525-42830-5.
  506. 506.Hannay 1911, p. 733.
  507. 507.Joshua J. Mark (2023). Battle of Marj Ayyun. World History Encyclopedia.
  508. 508.Baldwin 1969c, p. 595, Siege of Jacob's Ford.
  509. 509.Carole Hillenbrand (1999). The Crusades, Islamic Perspectives. Routledge, pg. 568.
  510. 510.Baldwin 1969c, pp. 596–597, Marriage of Sibylla and Guy of Lusignan.
  511. 511.Runciman 1952, pp. 420–422, Two years' truce.
  512. 512.Runciman 1952, pp. 422–424, Sibylla and Baldwin of Ibelin.
  513. 513.[513.2][513.3]Runciman 1952, pp. 432–434, Death of as-Salih.
  514. 514.J. B. Bury (1911). "Alexius II" pg. 577. in Chisholm vol. 1.
  515. 515.Runciman 1952, pp. 426–428, The Reign of Alexius II.
  516. 516.Runciman 1952, pp. 424–426, The Patriarch Heraclius.
  517. 517.Runciman 1952, pp. 430–432, Raynald of Châtillon breaks the truce.
  518. 518.Johannes Steenstrup (1904). Danmarks Riges Historie, bind 1. Oldtiden og den ældre Middelalder. pgs. 655–660.
  519. 519.Runciman 1952, pp. 428–430, The fall of Andronicus Comnenus.
  520. 520.Runciman 1952, pp. 436–438, Raynald's Red Sea Expedition.
  521. 521.Runciman 1952, pp. 434–436, Saladin takes possession of Aleppo..
  522. 522.Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Andronicus I. pgs. 975–976 in Chisholm vol. 1.
  523. 523.Baldwin 1969c, pp. 599–600, Battle of al-Fūlah.
  524. 524.Runciman 1952, pp. 440–442, The marriage at Kerak.
  525. 525.Runciman 1952, pp. 438–440, Guy quarrels with the King.
  526. 526.Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Baldwin V. Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 247.
  527. 527.Paul Stephenson (1996). John Cinnamus, John II Comnenus and the Hungarian Campaign of 1127–1129. Byzantion, Vol. 66, No. 1, pgs. 177–187.
  528. 528.O'Callaghan 1983, p. 241, Siege of Santarém.
  529. 529.MIchael Ott (1910). "Pope Lucius III". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  530. 530.Runciman 1952, pp. 442–444, King Baldwin IV's will.
  531. 531.Runciman 1952, pp. 444–446, Saladin's illness.
  532. 532.Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Isaac II (Angelus). Encyclopædia Britannica. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 858.
  533. 533.Douglas Raymund Webster (1912). "Pope Urban III". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  534. 534.Isoaho, Mari H. (2017). "Battle for Jerusalem in Kievan Rus': Igor's Campaign (1185) and the Battle of Hattin (1187)" (PDF). Palaeoslavica. 25 (2): 38–62.
  535. 535.Robert Nisbet Bain (1911). "Canute VI". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 222–223.
  536. 536.Runciman 1952, pp. 446–448, Sibylla proclaimed queen.
  537. 537.Runciman 1952, pp. 448–450, King Guy's First Assembly.
  538. 538.[538.2]Runciman 1952, pp. 450–452, Raymond's treason.
  539. 539.The Estoire d'Eracles incorrectly claims that Saladin's sister was also among the prisoners taken by Raynald of Châtillon when he seized the caravan.
  540. 540.[540.2]Lane-Poole 1898, p. 199, Saladin calls for jihad.
  541. 541.Runciman 1952, pp. 452–454, The Springs of Cresson.
  542. 542.Michael S Fulton (2024), Crusader Castle: The Desert Fortress of Kerak. pgs. 72–74.
  543. 543.Aleksandar Stoyanov (2019). The Size of Bulgaria's Medieval Field Armies: A Case Study of Military Mobilization Capacity in the Middle Ages. The Journal of Military History, 83(3), pgs. 719–746
  544. 544.Runciman 1952, pp. 454–456, Saladin crosses the Jordan.
  545. 545.Runciman 1952, pp. 460–462, Palestine surrenders to Saladin.
  546. 546.Runciman 1952, pp. 486–491, The Battle of Hattin.
  547. 547.Runciman 1952, pp. 462–466, The Siege of Jerusalem.
  548. 548.Urban III allegedly collapsed when hear the news of the loss of Jerusalem, but William of Newburgh believed that the pope died before he heard the news.
  549. 549.James Francis Loughlin (1909). "Pope Gregory VIII". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  550. 550.Smith, Thomas W. (2018). "Audita Tremendi and the Call for the Third Crusade Reconsidered, 1187–1188". Viator. 49 (3): 63–101. doi:10.1484/J.VIATOR.5.119574.