Frederic Baraga

Contents

Frederic Baraga was a Slovenian-born missionary and first bishop of Marquette who served Anishinaabe and immigrant Catholics around the upper Great Lakes through arduous travel and linguistic work.

Irenaeus Frederic Baraga (June 29, 1797 – January 19, 1868; Slovene: Irenej Friderik Baraga) was a Slovenian Catholic missionary to the United States, grammarian and author of Christian poetry and hymns in Native American languages. He served as the first bishop of Sault Sainte Marie and Marquette in Michigan from 1865 to 1868. He previously served as bishop of Sault Sainte Marie from 1857 to 1865 and as vicar apostolic of Upper Michigan from 1853 to 1857.

Baraga's letters about his missionary work were published widely in Europe, inspiring the priests John Neumann and Francis Xavier Pierz to emigrate to the United States.[4] In 2012, Pope Benedict XVI declared Baraga as venerable.[5]

Life

Origins and formation

Irenaeus Frederic Baraga grew up in Carniola, studied law at Vienna, and discerned priesthood under the influence of Clement Mary Hofbauer. He received Holy Orders in Ljubljana in 1823 and served in parish ministry before volunteering for North American missions. Arriving in 1830, he worked first at Arbre Croche and then across communities now in Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Ontario.

Vocation and service

Baraga learned Anishinaabemowin, preached, translated catechetical and devotional texts, and produced a grammar and dictionary that remain important linguistic records. He traveled by canoe, snowshoe, and foot to celebrate the Eucharist and sacraments in widely separated settlements. Mission occurred within colonial displacement and unequal power, so appreciation of his pastoral sacrifice should accompany serious attention to Indigenous agency, testimony, and the consequences of European expansion.

Christian witness

Pius IX appointed Baraga vicar apostolic of Upper Michigan in 1853 and bishop of the new diocese in 1857. He recruited clergy, established parishes, visited remote missions, raised funds in Europe, and served both Indigenous and immigrant communities. His diary reveals intense prayer and demanding asceticism alongside administrative anxiety. Heroic virtue does not require treating every missionary method or cultural assumption as timelessly exemplary.

Years of exposure and travel damaged his health. After a stroke at the Second Plenary Council of Baltimore in 1866, Baraga struggled to continue governance and died at Marquette on 19 January 1868. His title as the 'Snowshoe Priest' captures physical endurance but can obscure scholarship, episcopal responsibility, and relationships with Native Catholics who were coworkers and subjects rather than scenery in a settler adventure.

Ecclesial recognition

Cause and present status

The Diocese of Marquette investigated Baraga's life, writings, reputation for sanctity, and alleged favors before the cause proceeded to Rome. Benedict XVI authorized the decree recognizing his heroic virtues on 10 May 2012, after which he is correctly called Venerable. No beatification had taken place by 30 August 2026; investigations of a possible miracle do not change his title until a papal decree and beatification rite.[1]

Liturgical and devotional scope

The heroic-virtues decree does not authorize public liturgical cult, a feast, or veneration owed to a Blessed. Catholics may privately invoke Venerable Frederic Baraga and visit his tomb in Marquette, while diocesan guild activity remains prayer for an unfinished cause. Cultural artifacts, graves, and historical sites deserve reverence and ethical stewardship, but they are not automatically canonical relics approved for public cult.[2]

Early life

Frederic Baraga was born on June 29, 1797, in the manor house at Mala Vas (German: Kleindorf) near the village of Dobrnič in Lower Carniola, a province of the Duchy of Carniola in the Austrian Empire. Today it is part of the Municipality of Trebnje in Slovenia.[6] He was baptized Irenaeus Fridericus Paraga at Saint George's Church in Dobrnič, but never used the name "Irenaeus".[7][8]

Frederic was the fourth of five children born to Janez Baraga and Marija Katarina Jožefa née Jenčič. His sister Antonija Höffern became the first Slovenian woman to immigrate to the United States.[9][10] Upon her father's death, Baraga's mother inherited an estate at Mala Vas and substantial fortune. She died in 1808, and her husband in 1812. Frederic spent his childhood in the house of Jurij Dolinar, a lay professor at the diocesan seminary at Ljubljana.[9][11]

Between 1809 and 1815, during the Napoleonic Wars in Europe, France controlled Carniola. As a result, Baraga became fluent in French, Slovenian and German at an early age.[5] In addition, he learned Latin and Greek, both required subjects in the local schools. By age 16, Baraga was multilingual.

Baraga attended law school at the University of Vienna in Austria, graduating in 1821. Influenced by Reverend Clement Mary Hofbauer, a co-founder of the Redemptorist Order, Baraga decided to become a priest. He then entered the seminary in Ljubljana.[5]

Priesthood

Baraga was ordained a priest for the Archdiocese of Ljubljana at age 26 on September 21, 1823, in St. Nicholas Cathedral in Ljubljana by Bishop Augustin Johann Joseph Gruber.[12] After his ordination, the archdiocese assigned Baraga as an assistant pastor at St. Martin's Parish near Kranj and later at a parish in Metlika in lower Carniola.[11] Baraga was a staunch opponent of Jansenism. During this time, he wrote a spiritual book in Slovene entitled Dušna Paša (Spiritual Sustenance).

In 1830, Bishop Edward Fenwick of from the Diocese of Cincinnati in Ohio recruited Baraga to come to the United States. He left Carniola on October 29, 1830, and docked in New York City on December 31st. He arrived in Cincinnati, Ohio, on January 18, 1831. After his arrival, Fenwick assigned Baraga to minister to German immigrants in the Cincinnati area.[11] At the same time, Baraga studied the Ottawa language, a branch of the Algonquian languages. In May 1831, Fenwick sent Baraga to minister to members of the Ottawa Nation at the Catholic mission at L'Arbre Croche (present-day Cross Village, Michigan). Baraga spent his time at L'Arbre Croche mastering their language.

In 1837, Baraga published Otawa Anamie-Misinaigan, the first book written in the Ottawa language, which included a Catholic catechism and prayer book. After a brief stay at a mission in present-day Grand Rapids, Michigan, in 1835, Baraga moved north to minister to the Ojibway (Chippewa) Nation at La Pointe, Wisconsin. This was a former Jesuit mission on Lake Superior. He was joined at La Pointe by his sister Antonija.[9]

In 1843, Baraga founded a mission at L'Anse, Michigan. During this time, he earned the nickname "the Snowshoe Priest" because he would travel hundreds of miles each year on snowshoes during the harsh winters.[13] He worked to protect the Ojibway from being forced from their lands and published a dictionary and grammar of the Ojibway language.[14]

With the collaboration of many native speakers, Baraga also composed around 100 Catholic hymns in the Ojibwe language. These hymns were published in a hymnal that was used by Catholic Ojibway in Canada and the United States long after Baraga's death.[15][16] Through the texts Baraga published in his missionary years, the Slovenes learned about many aspects of Native American culture and the United States.[17]

Vicar Apostolic of Upper Michigan

Baraga was appointed by Pope Pius IX as titular bishop of Amyzon and vicar apostolic of Upper Michigan on July 28, 1853. He was consecrated as a bishop on November 1, 1853, in Cincinnati at Saint Peter in Chains Cathedral[18] by Archbishop John Purcell.[12]

On June 27, 1852,[19] he began to keep a diary, written in several languages (primarily German, but with English, French, Slovene, Chippewa, Latin, and Italian interspersed), preserving accounts of his missionary travels and his relationship with his sister Amalia.

Bishop of Sault Saint Marie

On January 9, 1857, Pius IX converted the Vicariate Apostolic of Upper Michigan into the Diocese of Sault Saint Marie, with Baraga as its bishop. During this time, the area experienced a population explosion, as European immigrants were attracted to work in the copper and iron mines developed near Houghton, Ontonagon, and Marquette. This presented a challenge because he had few priests and attended to immigrant miners and the Native Americans. Increased development and population encouraged the improvement of transportation on Lake Superior.

The only way to travel in winter was on snowshoes, which Baraga continued to do into his sixties. He was particularly challenged by the vast diversity of peoples in the region, including the native inhabitants, French-Canadian settlers, and the new German and Irish immigrant miners.[13] Difficulties in recruiting staff arose because of many languages; while Baraga spoke eight languages fluently, he had trouble recruiting priests who could do the same.

Baraga traveled twice to Europe to raise money for his diocese, once in 1836 and again in 1854. He was presented a jeweled cross and episcopal ring by the Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria. Baraga later sold these gifts to raise funds for his missions.

Baraga wrote numerous letters to the Society for the Propagation of the Faith in Rome, describing his missionary activities. The Society published them widely as examples of its missions in North America. These letters inspired the priests John Neumann and Francis Xavier Pierz to come to the United States to work. In time, Baraga became renowned throughout Europe for his work. In his last ten years, his health gradually declined; he became intermittently deaf and suffered a series of strokes.

Bishop of Sault Sainte Marie and Marquette

Recognizing the growth of Marquette, Pius IX on October 23, 1865, replaced the Diocese of Sault Sainte Marie with the Diocese of Sault Sainte Marie and Marquette. In 1866, Baraga made Marquette his permanent residence. In 1865, Baraga wrote to Pius IX in support of the canonization of his former confessor, Clement Hofbauer.[5]

Baraga died on January 19, 1868, in Marquette.[13] He is buried in a chapel constructed for him at Saint Peter Cathedral; he formerly reposed with other bishops of Marquette in the cathedral crypt.[13][20]

Selected works

  • Frederic Baraga's Short History of the North American Indians, edited by Graham MacDonald (Calgary: UCalgary Press, 2004). "Originally published in 1837 in Europe in German, French, and Slovenian editions, and appearing here in English for the first time, Frederic Baraga's Short History of the North American Indians is the personal, first-hand account of a Catholic missionary to the Great Lakes area of North America." – Jacket
  • Chippewa Indians, as recorded by Rev. Frederick Baraga in 1847 (New York: Studia Slovenica, League of Slovenian Americans, 1976)
  • A Dictionary of Otchipwe Language Explained in English (1853); revised by other in 1878; republished as A Dictionary of the Ojibway Language with a foreword by John D. Nichols (Minneapolis: Minnesota Historical Society, 1992)
  • Dushna Pasha: Pasture for the Soul, translated by Maria K. Arko Klemenc, Ph.D., edited by Rev. John P. Vidmar, Ph.D. (Bishop Baraga Association, 2019)
  • The Diary of Bishop Frederic Baraga: First Bishop of Marquette, Michigan, translated by Joseph Gregorich and Rev. Paul Prud'homme, S.J., edited and annotated by Regis M. Walling and Rev. N. Daniel Rupp (Wayne State University Press, 2001)

Legacy and veneration

Baraga was declared venerable by Pope Benedict XVI on May 10, 2012.[21] His cause was opened in 1952 by Bishop Thomas Lawrence Noa. The canonization process began in 1973.[13] The diocese moved his remains to a new chapel for veneration in the upper portion of Saint Peter Cathedral.[13] At the time of his veneration, the Vatican was investigating a possible miracle for beatification.[13]

The following places and institutions have been named after Baraga

  • The village of Baraga, Baraga Township, Baraga County, and Baraga State Park, all in Michigan
  • Baraga Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
  • Baraga Street, Marquette[22]
  • Bishop Baraga Catholic School, Iron Mountain, Michigan[23]
  • Bishop Baraga Catholic School, Cheboygan, Michigan[24]

Other memorials

  • The Diocese of Ljubljana began construction of the Baraga Seminary in Ljubljana in 1936. However, the building was unfinished on the outbreak of World War II in 1941.
  • Our Lady of Sorrows Church in Goulais Bay, Ontario, was built by Baraga. It is marked with an Ontario Provincial plaque[25]
  • Snowshoe Priest, a memorial sculpture by Jack E. Anderson, is located in L'Anse, Michigan.[22]
  • Father Baraga's Cross in Schroeder, Minnesota, is located the mouth of the Cross River. Baraga erected a wooden cross there to give thanks after surviving a stormy trip on Lake Superior.[26]
  • The Shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe in La Crosse, Wisconsin, contains a shrine for Baraga.[27]
  • The Baraga statue in Grand Rapids, Michigan, honors his efforts in 1833 to establish the first Catholic mission there.[28]
  • Baraga is the namesake of a network of six Catholic radio stations serving northern Michigan and is based at originating station WTCK licensed to Charlevoix with its main studio located near the Cross in the Woods Catholic Shrine in Indian River.
  • The U.S. Postal Service issued a 13-cent commemorative postcard honoring Baraga in 1984.[29]

Honors

  • Honorary member, Superior Historical Society (1833).[22]
  • Honorary member, Historical Society of Michigan (1857(.[22]

Baraga House and Baraga Educational Center and Museum

The Baraga House in Marquette is home to the Baraga Educational Center and Museum. It was moved to its current location in 1872 .[30] The house is the oldest standing building in Marquette.[31] In 1958, the Baraga House was recognized as a state of Michigan historical site.[22]

Baraga bought the original property from the Cleveland Iron Mining Company for $250 for construction of the first church in Marquette.[22] It was completed in 1857.[22] Mass was celebrated on the first floor and the second floor served as a rectory.[22] The church was pastored by Reverend Sebastian Duroc, with Baraga visiting periodically.[22] After the Vatican moved the diocesan see from Upper Michigan to Marquette in 1865, Baraga converted the house in 1866 into his bishop's residence.[22] He lived there until his death in 1868.[22] The Baraga House is now owned by the Diocese of Marquette. It contains artifacts, tools, and writings used by Baraga.[30]

From the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia

First Bishop of Marquette, Michigan, U.S.A., b. 29 June, 1797, at Malavas, in the parish of Dobernice in the Austrian Dukedom of Carniola [present-day Slovenia — Ed.]; d. at Marquette, Mich., 19 January, 1868. He was baptized on the very day of his birth, in the parish church of Dobernice, by the names of Irenaeus Frederic, the first of which, however, he never used, retaining only the second. His parents, Johann Nepomuc Baraga and Maria Katharine Josefa (nee de Jencic), had five children, of whom Frederic was the fourth. His father was not rich, but his mother inherited after her father's death the estate of Malavas, besides a vast fortune. They were God-fearing and pious, and strove, while they survived, to give a good education to their children. His mother died in 1808, and his father in 1812, and Frederic spent his boyhood in the house of Dr. George Dolinar, a layman, professor in the diocesan clerical seminary at Laibach.[3]

In 1816 young Frederic Baraga entered the University of Vienna, studied law, and graduated in 1821, but soon turned his thoughts to the clerical state, and entered the seminary of Laibach that same year. He was ordained priest 21 September, 1823, at Laibach, and laboured with great zeal and spiritual success as assistant in St. Martin's parish, near Krainberg, and at Metlika, in Lower Carniola. On the 29th of October, 1830, he left his native land for the United States to spend the rest of his life in the Indian missionary field. After a journey of two months, he landed in New York on the 31st of December, 1830. He then proceeded to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he arrived 18 January, 1831. He was most kindly received by the Rt. Rev. Edward Fenwick, Bishop of Cincinnati, and during the winter and spring months laboured among the German Catholics of that city and elsewhere. On the 28th of May, 1831, he arrived at Arbre Croche, now Harbor Springs, his first Indian mission. There he laboured with apostolic zeal at the conversion of the Ottawas during two years and four months, during which time he baptized 547 Indian adults and children. He was succeeded in 1833 by Rev. F. Saenderl, Superior of the Redemptorists in the United States. On or about the 8th of September, 1833, Baraga left Arbre Croche to found a new Indian mission at Grand River, Mich. He arrived at his destination (now Grand Rapids, Mich.) on the 23d of September. He immediately began the building of a combination church, school, and pastoral residence, which was very poor, owing to the deficiency of funds. There he laboured most earnestly, though not as successfully as at Arbre Croche, until February, 1835, when he was succeeded by Father Andrew Viszoczky, a Hungarian priest. Baraga himself estimated the number of his converts at about two hundred, but Bishop Rese estimated the number of Indian converts in his diocese in 1834 at three thousand, with twelve churches or chapels.

Baraga's next Indian mission was among the Chippewas at La Pointe, Wisconsin, where he arrived 27 July, 1835. There he laboured successfully for about eight years, baptizing 981 Indians and whites. In 1843 he founded the L'Anse Indian mission in Michigan, arriving there on the 24th of October. For ten years he laboured in this vast mission, being for many years the only Catholic priest in Upper Michigan. He attended not only to the Indians, but also to the whites of the vast territory, as the discovery of iron and copper drew many German, French, and English-speaking Catholics to the Northern Peninsula of Michigan. Truly incredible are the hardships and labours of Baraga at this period of his life. On the 29th of July, 1853, the Northern Peninsula of Michigan was detached from the Diocese of Detroit and erected into a vicariate Apostolic, and Baraga was appointed its first bishop. He was consecrated in the cathedral of Cincinnati by Archbishop Purcell, Bishop LeFevre of Detroit and Bishop Henni of Milwaukee officiating as assistant consecrators. Shortly after his elevation to the episcopal dignity Bishop Baraga issued two circulars to his people, one in Chippewa and the other in English. His jurisdiction extended not only to the whole Northern Peninsula of Michigan, but also to a large part of the Lower Peninsula, to Northern Wisconsin, and to the North Shore of Lake Superior. He laboured in this vast extent of territory for fifteen years, travelling almost incessantly, from the opening to the close of navigation year after year. On the 23d of October, 1865, by Apostolic authority he transferred his See from Sault Ste. Marie to Marquette, where he died at the age of seventy years.

Bishop Baraga will always rank with the foremost authors in American Indian literature. He composed the first known Chippewa grammar. This was a truly Herculean task, for he had to establish after long and close observation and deep study all the rules of the Chippewa grammar. This grammar has gone through three editions. In his preface to his Chippewa dictionary, printed in preface to his Chippewa dictionary, printed in Cincinnati, O., in 1853, by Jos. A. Hermann, he says: "This is, to the best of my knowledge, the first Dictionary of the Otchipwe language ever published. The compilation of it has cost me several years of assiduous labour." This dictionary has also passed through several editions. Both grammar and dictionary are most highly prized and constantly used by Indian missionaries and others. His Indian prayer book and works of instruction are much read by both Indians and their pastors. Baraga always wrote in a very simple and clear style. His writings are admirably adapted to the limited capacity of his Indian readers, and can be understood even by ignorant Indian children. His "Dusna Tasa", a prayer book in Slovenian, his own native language, passed through ten editions, the last, in 1905, with 84,000 copies. This alone is a proof of its great popularity and usefulness.

In addition to the "Theoretical and Practical Grammar of the Otchipwe [Chippewa] Language" (Detroit, 1850), the Chippewa dictionary, and the "Dusna Tasa" mentioned above, the published works of Bishop Baraga include: "Veneration and Imitation of the Blessed Mother of God", in Slovenian (1830); "Animie-Misinaigan", an Ottawa prayer book; "Jesus o Bimadisiwim" (The Life of Jesus), in Ottawa (Paris, 1837); "On the manners and customs of the Indians" in Slovenian (Laibach, 1837); "Gagikwe-Masiniagan", a sermon-book, in Chippewa (1839 and 1859); "Zlata Jabelka" - "Golden Apples" (Laibach, 1844); "Kagige Debwewinan" - "Eternal Truths"; "Nanagatawendamo-Masinaigan" - Instructions on the Commandments and sacraments.

No Indian missionary of modern times was more beloved and revered by both Indians and whites than Baraga. He loved his Indians with a warm-hearted devotion which they reciprocated. Men of all positions in society, Catholics and non-Catholics, revered him as an ideal man, Christian, and bishop. Michigan has named after him one of her counties, several towns, and post offices, and his name has been given to one of the principal streets of Marquette. In his native country he is, if possible, even more popular than in America. His life, published in Slovenian, in 1906, has already (1907) reached a sale of 85,000 copies. That life might be summed up in the one phrase: Saintliness in action.

Verwyst, Life and Labours of Rt. Rev. Frederic Baraga (Milwaukee, 1900); Razen, History of the Diocese of Sault Ste. Marie and Marquette; Elliott, Baraga among the Indians in Am. Cath. Q. Rev. (1896) 106 sqq.

Chrysostom Verwyst.

References

  1. 1.Holy See decree authorization for Baraga — Official bulletin recording Benedict XVI's authorization of the heroic-virtues decree on 10 May 2012
  2. 2.Diocese of Marquette Baraga pilgrimage information — Official diocesan material locating Baraga's tomb and presenting his missionary and episcopal legacy
  3. 3.1913 Catholic Encyclopedia: Frederic Baraga
  4. 4.Kelly, Brian (September 29, 2009). "The Snowshoe Priest: the Servant of God, Bishop Frederic Baraga". Catholicism.org. Retrieved November 15, 2012.
  5. 5.[5.2][5.3][5.4]"Bishop Baraga". Bishop Baraga Association. June 27, 2019. Retrieved November 7, 2025.
  6. 6."Frederic Baraga (1797-1868)". Wisconsin Historical Society. August 3, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2025.
  7. 7.Taufbuch. Dobrnič. 1770–1799. p. 147. Retrieved February 27, 2022.
  8. 8.O'Malley, C.M., Vincent J. (2004). "Frederic Baraga". Saints of North America. Huntington IN: Our Sunday Visitor, Inc. pp. 35–8. ISBN 1-931709-52-1.
  9. 9.[9.2][9.3]"Friderik Irenej Baraga (1797–1868)". Slovenska biografija. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  10. 10.Glonar, Joža (2013). "Höffern, Antonija, pl. (1803–1871)". Slovenian Biographical Lexicon (in Slovenian). Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Retrieved May 5, 2023.
  11. 11.[11.2][11.3]Verwyst, Chrysostom (1907). "Frederic Baraga". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  12. 12.[12.2]"Bishop Ireneus Frederic Baraga [Catholic-Hierarchy]". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved November 7, 2025.
  13. 13.[13.2][13.3][13.4][13.5][13.6][13.7]"Pope declares Bishop Baraga venerable". The Compass. Diocese of Green Bay. May 18, 2012.
  14. 14."Fr. Baraga's 1853 Ojibwe Dictionary". Wisconsin History. Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved May 10, 2012.
  15. 15.Larry Martin: Ojibwe Language Hymnary Project
  16. 16.Venerable Frederic Baraga
  17. 17.Mazi-Leskovar, Darja (May 2003). "Domestication and Foreignization in Translating American Prose for Slovenian Children". Meta: Translators' Journal. 48 (1–2). Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal: 250–265. doi:10.7202/006972ar. ISSN 1492-1421.
  18. 18.Chabot, Larry (January 2002). "On This Spot: The Baraga Legacy". Marquette Monthly. Archived from the original on March 15, 2012. Retrieved May 10, 2012.
  19. 19.Baraga, Frederic (2001). Walling and Rupp (ed.). The Diary of Bishop Frederic Baraga: First Bishop of Marquette, Michigan (in German, English, French, Slovenian, Ojibwa, Latin, and Italian). Translated by Gregorich and Prud'homme. Marquette, Michigan: Wayne State University Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-8143-2999-3.
  20. 20."Welcome to the Baraga Chapel". Bishop Baraga Association. August 6, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
  21. 21."Decrees of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints". Congregation for the Causes of Saints.
  22. 22.[22.2][22.3][22.4][22.5][22.6][22.7][22.8][22.9][22.10][22.11]Magnaghi, Russell (2020). Bishop Frederic Baraga: The Man, His Legacy, and the House. Marquette, Michigan: 906 Heritage Press. pp. 28–64. ISBN 978-1-79475-442-3.
  23. 23."History". Bishop Baraga Catholic School. Retrieved November 7, 2025.
  24. 24."Bishop Baraga Catholic School". Bishop Baraga Catholic School. Retrieved November 7, 2025.
  25. 25.Perkins, Mary Ellen, ed. (1989). Discover Your Heritage: A Guide to Provincial Plaques in Ontario. Toronto: Ontario Heritage Foundation. ISBN 0920474500.
  26. 26."Father Baraga's Cross | Father Frederic Baraga". Father Baraga. Retrieved November 7, 2025.
  27. 27."Bishop Baraga shrine". Shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe. Archived from the original on May 13, 2012. Retrieved May 12, 2012.
  28. 28.Ellison, Garret (July 24, 2012). "Bronze statue of Bishop Frederic Baraga will be unveiled this evening in Cathedral Square". The Grand Rapids Press. OCLC 9975013. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
  29. 29.Plut-Pregelj, Leopoldina, & Carole Rogel. 2010. The A to Z of Slovenia. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, p. 36.
  30. 30.[30.2]"Bishop Baraga". Bishop Baraga Association. June 27, 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
  31. 31."Bishop Baraga". Bishop Baraga Association. November 18, 2020. Retrieved November 7, 2025.