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Benno of Meissen

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Saint
Benno of Meissen
Painting by Johann Michael Rottmayr, 1702 Alte Pinakothek, Munich
Painting by Johann Michael Rottmayr, 1702 Alte Pinakothek, Munich
Confessor
Bishop of Meissen
Apostle of the Wends
Born c. 1010
Hildesheim, Duchy of Saxony
Died 16 June 1106
Meissen, Margraviate of Meissen
Venerated in Catholic Church
Canonized 31 May 1523 by Pope Adrian VI
Major shrine Munich, formerly Meissen
Feast 16 June
Attributes book, fish with keys in its mouth
Patronage fishermen, weavers, Dresden-Meissen, Munich

Benno (c. 1010 – 16 June 1106) was named Bishop of Meissen in 1066. Venerated since the 13th century, he was canonized in 1523. Benno did much for his diocese, both by ecclesiastical reforms on the Hildebrandine model and by material developments. He was venerated in his native Saxony throughout the Late Middle Ages.

Bibliography

The first Vita was composed in 1460 by one Spedel, a Benedictine monk of St. Michael's monastery in Hildesheim. The second, by Jerome Emser, was published in 1512 as part of the efforts to have Benno canonized.[1] In the last years of the fifteenth century and the first decades of the sixteenth century the canons of Meissen and George, Duke of Albertine Saxony, coordinated a campaign to achieve Benno's canonization. The canons sought the prestige of a canonized local bishop, and the duke sought a suitable model bishop for the reform of the church.[2]

  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Benno". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 743.
  • Foxe, John; Townsend, George (1837). The Acts and Monuments of John Foxe: With a Preliminary Dissertation by the Rev. George Townsend. R.B. Seeley and W. Burnside, sold by L. & G. Seeley. p. 121.
  • Kirsch, Johann Peter (1907). "St. Benno". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  • Thurston, Herbert; Attwater, Donald, eds. (1963). Butler's Lives of the Saints. Vol. II. New York: P. J. Kennedy. p. 556.

Attribution

Life

Little is known of Benno's early life. Born in Hildesheim, it is reported that he was the scion of a Saxon noble family, such as the Woldenburgs;[3] and may have been educated at the monastery of St. Michael in Hildesheim.[4] However it is certain that Benno was a canon of the Goslar chapter.[5] In 1066 he was nominated by King Henry IV to the episcopal see of Meissen.[4]

Benno appears as a supporter of the Saxon rebellion in 1073,[5] though the chronicler Lambert of Hersfeld and other contemporary authorities attribute little weight to his share in it.[6] Henry IV exiled Benno in 1075, but allowed him to return to his see the following year.[1]

During the fierce Investiture Controversy, Benno supported Pope Gregory, and allegedly took part in the election of antiking Rudolf of Rheinfelden in 1077.[5] After Rudolf's death he turned to the new antiking Hermann of Salm and was accordingly excommunicated and deprived of his bishopric by the 1085 Synod of Mainz. Benno betook himself to Archbishop Guibert of Ravenna, supported by Henry as Antipope Clement III, and by a penitent acknowledgment of his offences obtained from him both absolution and a letter of commendation to Henry, on the basis of which he was restored to his see.[5]

Benno promised, apparently, to use his influence for peace with the Saxons, but again failed to keep his promise, returning in 1097 to the papal party and recognizing Urban II as the rightful pope. With this he disappears from authentic history;[4] there is no evidence to support the later stories of his missionary activity and zeal for church-building and for ecclesiastical music.[5] Benno died of natural causes on June 16, 1106.[7]

Veneration

Benno did much for his diocese, both by ecclesiastical reforms on the Hildebrandine model and by material developments.[8] Benno enjoyed veneration in his native Saxony throughout the later Middle Ages.[4] Adrian VI issued the bull of canonization in 1523.[9][10] Although Benno's sainthood had little to do with Luther's call for reform, once canonized he became a symbol for both sides of the reforming debate: Luther reviled him in early tracts against the cult of the saints.[11] Catholic reformers turned him into a model of orthodoxy; and after Protestant mobs desecrated Benno's tomb in Meissen in 1539,[12] the Wittelsbach dynasty ultimately made him patron saint of Munich and Old Bavaria.[4]

For his part, the English Protestant John Foxe eagerly repeated the charges which Benno, who opposed Gregory VII,[13] made against Henry IV during the Investiture Controversy,[14] such as necromancy, torture of a former friend upon a bed of nails, commissioning an attempted assassination, executions without trials, unjust excommunication, doubting the Real Presence in the Eucharist, and even burning it.[15]

Benno's feast day is 16 June. He is the patron-saint of anglers and weavers. His iconographic figures include a fish with keys in its mouth and a book. The reason for the fish is a legend that upon the excommunication of Henry IV the bishop told his canons to throw the keys to the cathedral into the Elbe; later a fisherman found the keys in a fish and brought them to the bishop.[4][16]

See also

References

  1. Back to citation occurrence 1.0 Back to citation occurrence 1.1 Finucane, Ronald C., Contested Canonizations: The Last Medieval Saints, 1482-1523, CUA Press, 2011 ISBN 9780813218755
  2. Back to citation id=I3ZMCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT91&lpg=PT91&dq=saint+benno&source=bl&ots=IIs8iCCBYH&sig=wn2yeCq1rFD8BIfUC11FRZz6S2s&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi25Lm5kvTNAhUDph4KHcHJDkc4FBDoAQgbMAA#v=onepage&q=saint%20benno&f=false Collins, David J. Reforming Saints: Saints' Lives and Their Authors in Germany, 1470-1530, Oxford University Press, 2008 ISBN 9780190450144
  3. Back to citation Kirsch 1907 forBultenburg
  4. Back to citation occurrence 4.0 Back to citation occurrence 4.1 Back to citation occurrence 4.2 Back to citation occurrence 4.3 Back to citation occurrence 4.4 Back to citation occurrence 4.5 Kirsch 1907.
  5. Back to citation occurrence 5.0 Back to citation occurrence 5.1 Back to citation occurrence 5.2 Back to citation occurrence 5.3 Back to citation occurrence 5.4 Haugic 1908, p. 54.
  6. Back to citation Lins, Joseph. "Meissen." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 14 July 2016
  7. Back to citation "Saint Benno of Meissen". SQPN. 2009-06-16. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  8. Back to citation Chisholm 1911, p. 743.
  9. Back to citation Cornelison, SallyJ (2017). Art and the Relic Cult of St. Antoninus in Renaissance Florence. Routledge. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-351-57565-2.
  10. Back to citation Kirsch 1907 cites Bull "Excelsus Dominus" in Bullarium Romanum, Turin ed., VI, 18 sqq.
  11. Back to citation Kirsch 1907 cites Luther Wider den neuen Abgott and alten Teufel, der zu Meissen soli erhoben werden.
  12. Back to citation Raguin, Virginia Chieffo. Art, Piety and Destruction in the Christian West, Routledge, 2017, p. 36, ISBN 9781351575447
  13. Back to citation "The Acts and Monuments Online". www.dhi.ac.uk. Retrieved 2020-12-24.
  14. Back to citation Parish, Helen L. (2005). Monks, Miracles and Magic: Reformation Representations of the Medieval Church. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-31689-7.
  15. Back to citation Foxe & Townsend 1837, p. 121.
  16. Back to citation Thurston & Attwater 1963, p. 556.

Further reading

  • Collins, David J. (2001). "Bursfelders, Humanists, and the Rhetoric of Sainthood: The Late Medieval vitae of Saint Benno". Revue Bénédictine. 111 (3–4): 508–556. doi:10.1484/J.RB.5.100714.
  • Collins, David J. (2008). Reforming Saints: Saints' Lives and Their Authors in Germany, 1470-1530. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–6, 28–39, 45–46. ISBN 978-0-19-532953-7.
  • Soergel, Philip M. (1993). Wondrous in his Saints. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 181–191.
  • Volkmar, Christoph (2002). Die Heiligenerhebung Bennos von Meißen (1523/24). Spätmittelalterliche Frömmigkeit, landesherrliche Kirchenpolitik und reformatorische Kritik im albertinischen Sachsen in der frühen Reformationszeit (Reformationsgeschichtliche Studien und Texte; 146) (in German). Münster.
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