Pius announced the creation of five cardinals during a secret consistory on 22 June 1866, with three belonging to the rank of cardinal-priest (Cullen, Hohenlohe, and Bilio), and two to the rank of cardinal-deacon (Matteucci and Consolini). Cullen was the first Irish cardinal.[5] The cardinals received their cardinalitial ring and title at a public consistory on June 25.[6]
Pius announced the creation of nine cardinals during a secret consistory on the morning of 13 March 1868. He elevated Borromeo and Capalti to the rank of cardinal-deacon, with the remaining seven cardinals belonging to the rank of cardinal-priest.[7]
Bonaparte, Gonella, Berardi, Monaco La Valletta, Borromeo, and Capalti received their cardinalitial hat, ring, and title at a public consistory on March 16.[8] Ferrieri and Barili later received theirs at a secret consistory on September 24.[9]
Name
Title when named cardinal
Country
Lucien Louis Joseph Napoleon Bonaparte (1828–1895)
Nascimento received his cardinal's hat, ring and titular church at a ceremony on 25 June 1877, whilst Guibert received his cardinal's hat as well.[10] Regnier received his hat on 31 December 1877.[11]
Pius created eleven cardinals in his March 1875 consistory, reserving the names of five of them in pectore. Bartolini was given the rank of cardinal-deacon, while the remaining five cardinals announced at the time joined the rank of cardinal-priest.[12][13]
McCloskey was the first American cardinal.[14] He received the red biretta from Archbishop James Roosevelt Bayley in a ceremony at St. Patrick's Old Cathedral on 27 April 1875. Deschamps received his cardinalitial hat at a ceremony on 25 June 1877[10] while Manning received his on 31 December 1877.[11]
At the time of his assignment, Ledóchowski had been in prison since 3 February 1874 for resisting the Kulturkampf.[15][16] He was released and exiled from Poland on 3 February 1876,[17] and subsequently received his ring and titular church from Pope Pius at a ceremony on 7 April 1876.[18]
Name
Title when named cardinal
Country
Pietro Gianelli (1807–1881)
Secretary of the Sacred Congregation of the Council
In this consistory, Pius created one cardinal, and revealed the names of the five cardinals that had been named in pectore on March 15. Among the in pectore cardinals who were published, Pacca and Randi were given the rank of cardinal-deacon, while the remaining three cardinals were elevated to the rank of cardinal-priest. Additionally, Brossais-Saint-Marc was also elevated to the rank of cardinal-priest.[20]
Among the cardinals made in pectore, Vitelleschi, Randi, and Pacca received their rings and titles at a ceremony on 23 September,[21] while Antici Mattei received his on 28 January 1876.[22] Simeone was the last to receive his ring and titular church, doing so on 18 December 1876.[23]
Cardinal Brossais-Saint-Marc received his titular church and cardinal ring at a ceremony on 3 April 1876[24] and his cardinalitial hat on 31 December 1877.[25]
Pius announced the creation of two cardinals on 3 April 1876, raising both to the rank of cardinal-priest. They received their rings and titular church in a ceremony held on April 7.[26]
Consultor for the Sacred Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, Sacred Congregation of the Propagation of the Faith, and Sacred Congregation of the Council
At a consistory on 12 March 1877, Pius created 11 cardinals. He elevated Nina, Sbaretti, and De Falloux as cardinal-deacons, while the remaining 8 cardinals were made cardinal-priests.[27]
At a ceremony shortly after, Pius bestowed the cardinal's ring, hat and cardinalitial title to Apuzzo, Howard, Canossa, Serafini, Nina, Sbarretti, and De Falloux.[28] Meanwhile, Benavides, Paya, and Caverot received theirs at a ceremony on 25 June,[29] while Garcia Gil received his on September 21.[30]
Name
Title when named cardinal
Country
Francisco de Paula Benavides y Navarrete (1810–1895)
Pope Pius created three cardinals, all belonging to the order of cardinal-priest. They received their hat, ring and titular church at a ceremony on 25 June 1877.[10]
Pius created two cardinals at a secret consistory on 28 December 1877. Moretti was made a cardinal-priest, while Pellegrini a cardinal-deacon. They received their cardinal's hat and cardinalitial title at a ceremony on 31 December 1877.[11]
Juan Cayetano Gómez de Portugal y Solís, the Bishop of Michoacán, was slated to be elevated to the cardinalate in 1850, but he died on 4 April 1850. Shortly after his death, a letter arrived from Cardinal Giacomo Antonelli announcing that Pope Pius IX is planning to elevate him to the dignity of Cardinal.[32] He would have been the first cardinal from Latin American and the American continent.
In a letter addressed on 6 March 1856, Prosper Guéranger claimed that he refused an offer from Pius on November 1855 to be made a cardinal, as he did not want to move to Rome.[33] As a result, Clément Villecourt was made a cardinal instead.
Ahead of the consistory on 27 September 1861, Pius reportedly offered the cardinalate to Ignazio Alberghini, the Dean of the Sacred Roman Rota. Alberghini declined the promotion, instead retiring on September 16.[34] Also intended for this consistory was Angelo Ramazzotti, the Patriarch of Venice, despite the latter's objections on account of his poor health and financial hardship.[35] Before he could be elevated however, Ramazzotti died on September 24.
Pius had intended to elevate Leon Michał Przyłuski, Archbishop of Gniezno, to the cardinalate in 1865, but the latter died on 12 March 1865, before the consistory could be held to make him a cardinal.[36][37]
Pius planned to elevate Andrea Pila, the Auditor General of the Reverend Apostolic Camera, to the College of Cardinals on 24 April 1868. However, Pila died the day before the consistory, in which he would have been the only elevation.[38]
Ahead of the opening of the First Vatican Council on 8 December 1869, Pius wanted to name a Barnabite cardinal. He approached Carlo Vercellone, who refused on account of old age and poor health and instead proposed the name of Luigi Bilio.[39]
According to Cruz[40] through a story relayed by Ramón Ángel Jara, Mariano Casanova reportedly claimed that Pius was impressed by the performance of José Hipólito Salas, the Bishop of Concepcion, at the First Vatican Council and offered Salas to remain in Rome as a member of the College of Cardinals. Salas would have been the first cardinal from South America, but refused the honor due to his desire to spend his last years in Chile.
Xavier de Mérode, the Almoner of His Holiness, died of acute pneumonia on 11 July 1874, a few months before the consistory that would have made him a cardinal.[41]
Augusto Negroni, the Auditor General of the Reverend Apostolic Camera, was offered the cardinalate but declined in favor of joining the Jesuits on 20 June 1874.[42]
Additional sources
Martin, Frederick, ed. (1876). "Church of Rome". The Statesman's Yearbook. Macmillan and Co.: 301ff. Retrieved 23 July 2018. “On December 1, 1875.... The following list gives the names of these fifty-seven cardinals, together with their office, or dignity, if any, their nationality, year of birth, and year of nomination....”
Back to citationNot to be confused with Giuseppe Pecci, who would be made cardinal on 1879. Neither related to him, nor Gioacchino Pecci, who would be made a cardinal on 1853.
Back to citationOury, Guy-Marie (2000). Dom Guéranger: moine au cœur de l'Église (in French). Publications de l’École française de Rome. p. 326-327. ISBN 978-2-7283-0666-4.
Back to citationCagliaroli, Pietro (1862). Vita di sua eccellenza reverendissima monsignore Angelo Ramazzotti patriarca di Venezia (in Italian). Stabilimento Minelli. p. 283-284.
Back to citationKlimkiewicz, Witold (1987–88). Kardynał Ledóchowski na tle swej epoki 1822-1902 (in Polish). Vol. II. Księgarnia Świętego Wojciecha. p. 26-27. ISBN 83-7015-104-3.
Back to citationCagni, Luigi (16 March 1962). "Pie IX donne la pourpre à un Barnabite". L'Osservatore Romano (in French). p. 4-5.
Back to citationCruz, Domingo Benigno (1921). El illmo. sr. dn. José Hipólito Salas: obispo de Concepción, 1812-1883 (in Spanish). Imprenta Cervantes. p. 305-306.
Boutry, Philippe (2002). Souverain et Pontife: recherches prosopographiques sur la curie romaine à l'âge de la restauration, 1814-1846 (in French). Publications de l’École française de Rome. ISBN 978-2-7283-0666-4.
