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Enrico Dandolo

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Enrico Dandolo
Enrico Dandolo (left) depicted in a Venetian grosso, the currency introduced during his administration, alongside Mark the Evangelist, patron saint of the republic.
Enrico Dandolo (left) depicted in a Venetian grosso, the currency introduced during his administration, alongside Mark the Evangelist, patron saint of the republic.
Doge of Venice
Reign 21 June 1192 – June 1205
Predecessor Orio Mastropiero
Successor Pietro Ziani
Despot of the Latin Empire
Reign 1204 – June 1205
Emperor Baldwin I
Born c. 1107
Venice, Republic of Venice
(now Italy)
Died June 1205 (aged 97–98)
Constantinople, Latin Empire
(now Istanbul, Turkey)
Burial Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey
Spouse Contessa Minotto
(m. 1151)
Issue Ranieri Dandolo
House Dandolo
Father Vitale Dandolo
Occupation Patrician, statesman

Enrico Dandolo (Anglicised as Henry Dandolo, and Latinised as Henricus Dandulus; c. 1107 – May/June 1205) was the doge of Venice from 1192 until his death in 1205. He is remembered for his avowed piety, remarkable longevity, and political shrewdness, particularly for his decisive role in the Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople, which effectively laid the foundations of the Venetian colonial empire. For his services, he was granted the Byzantine-derived title of Despot by the newly established Latin Empire. Dandolo died in 1205 in Constantinople and was buried at the Hagia Sophia.

Biography

Early life and political involvement

Born in Venice c. 1107, Enrico Dandolo was a member of the socially and politically prominent Dandolo family. He was the son of the powerful jurist and member of the ducal court, Vitale Dandolo,[1] and had two brothers: Andrea and Giovanni.[2] His uncle, also named Enrico Dandolo, was patriarch of Grado.[3]

Not much information exists on the younger Enrico before his father's death in 1174.[4] This is because Vitale lived into his nineties and his sons were not emancipated until he died.[5] Though Enrico was himself an elderly man at around 67, he was still under filial subjection. This was a type of partial emancipation in which he could conduct business, but because he worked for the family, most, if not all, documents used Vitale's name rather than Enrico's.[5]

Dandolo's first important political roles took place during the crisis years of 1171 and 1172, which were a tumultuous period between the Byzantine and Venetian states. After Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus restored Pisans and Genoans, both enemies of the Venetians, to their quarters in Constantinople as part of his plan to reclaim Italy, an angry Venetian mob attacked the recently reinstated Genoese quarter.[6] This attack caused Comnenus in March 1171 to order the seizure of goods and imprisonment of thousands of Venetians living in the empire.[6] Popular Venetian anger with the attack forced Doge Vitale II Michiel to gather a retaliatory expedition, which included Dandolo.[7] This expedition fell apart when its participants were struck by plague in 1172, and upon his return Michiel was killed by a mob of Venetians, angry with his defeat.[8][9]

The succeeding doge, Sebastiano Ziani, sought to form alliances with enemies of the Byzantine empire so that it would feel pressured into coming to terms with Venice.[10] He sent out multiple expeditions to Constantinople and King William II's court in Sicily, several of which Dandolo was a part, although he never met with William.[11] Despite Dandolo's failure to meet with William II, his constant participation in these envoys shows his value and importance within the ducal court, qualities which no doubt contributed to his election as doge in 1192.

Dandolo also made trips to Constantinople in 1183 and 1184. The first voyage, on which he embarked with his brother, Giovanni, was the first in which he acted as a ducal legate.[12] On this trip, he most likely engaged in negotiations for reparations of the city's Venetian quarter with the new Byzantine emperor Andronicus I.[13] He also invested and restored land to Venetian monasteries, a deed which earned him the position of legal advocate for the monastery of San Cipriano di Murano.[14]

In 1184, Dandolo, serving again as a ducal legate along with Pietro Ziani and Domenico Sanudo, returned to Constantinople to negotiate the restoration of the Venetian quarter with Andronicus. In this meeting, the emperor at last agreed to release the imprisoned Venetians, restore their quarter, and pay for reparations.[15]

Dogeship

On 1 June 1192, after Orio Mastropiero abdicated the throne, Dandolo became the new doge.[16] He was the second doge to be chosen by a council of forty electors.[16] Already aged and blind, but deeply ambitious, he displayed tremendous energy and mental capacity.[17][18] His remarkable deeds over the next eleven years have led some to hypothesize that he actually may have been in his mid seventies when he became Venice's leader. None of the earlier chronicles and contemporary witnesses give his exact age, only mentioning that he was very old. The commonly given birth year of c. 1107 is based on the account of Marino Sanuto the Younger (1466 – 1536) three centuries later, who stated that Dandolo was eighty-five when he assumed the throne.[17] Though not the first doge to take the promissione ducale, Dandolo's is the earliest that is available to historians.[19]

One of Dandolo's first decrees as doge was to evict all foreigners who had lived in Venice for fewer than two years on 16 August 1192.[20] Landlords were obligated to evict any of these foreigners from their premises. Citizens who violated the decree had to pay fifty lire, and foreigners' goods were confiscated. Additionally, Venetians were not allowed to lend money to foreigners—excepting those from the areas of Umana or Ragusa—for a period that exceeded fifteen days.[21] The reason why this decree was implemented is unknown, but it seems to correlate to a recent increase of foreigners into Venice, since it did not affect foreigners who had been living in the city for more than two years.[22]

In 1193, Dandolo commanded an attack on the nearby city of Zara, which for years had troubled Venice and threatened its control over the Dalmatian Coast. Until 1180, Zara had been under Venetian control, until they staged a successful rebellion in which they became the sole city on this coast that was against Venetian interests.[23] Dandolo seemed to have always supported Venice's reinstating power over the city, since he had contributed money to doge Orio Mastropiero's 1187 military attempt to regain control there.[24] Dandolo's 1193 attack on Zara was only somewhat successful. He managed to regain control over the islands of Pago, Ossero, and Arbe, which had been lost in an 1190 attempt led by Mastropiero, though not Zara.[24]

In 1194, Dandolo enacted important reforms to the Venetian currency system. Before these reforms, Venice's principal coin was the silver penny, which weighed less than a gram and was about one-quarter fine.[25] Due to the debasement of the silver penny in 1180 and the constant fluctuation in value of Jerusalem and Byzantine coins,[26] Dandolo instated three denominations of this silver penny, the bianco (half-penny), the quartarolo (quarter-penny), and the silver grosso.[27] The bianco had a silver content of about five percent, and was decorated with a cross on one side and St. Mark on the other.[28] The quartarolo had almost no precious metal content, which made it the first European token coin since ancient Rome.[28] The grosso was the first nearly pure silver–and high denomination–coin minted in western Europe in over five centuries.[28][29] It was decorated with an image of Dandolo and St. Mark on one side, and of Jesus Christ enthroned on the other side, which imitated a design typically seen on Byzantine aspron trachy coins.[28] The grosso eventually became the dominant coin of Mediterranean commerce.[28]

Fourth Crusade

In 1202, six French envoys of the Fourth Crusade arrived in Venice in hopes of acquiring a fleet and supplies.[30] Dandolo arranged meetings for them with the ducal court, in which the council calculated the expenses necessary for this voyage, which would be the largest project in Venetian history.[31] The terms were laid out as such: for up to a year, Venice would provide transportation and most provisions for the army. Four silver marks would be paid for each knight and horse, and two would be paid for each other member. Finally, many Venetians would also join the Crusade and promised to supply fifty fully armed galleys as long as the French promised to split the spoils with them.[32] With the enthusiastic support of the population, Venice's participation in the Crusade was confirmed. Dandolo himself swore on holy relics to uphold every part of the agreement.[33]

However, Venice soon faced a financial problem. The six original Crusaders had borrowed money as a down payment for the fleet, but failed to pay it back.[34] When more Crusaders began to arrive that June, the urgency for this money increased as many Venetians, whose business relied on this reimbursement, were being driven closer to financial ruin.[35] When the due date for payment arrived, Dandolo ordered the Crusaders, who were staying on the nearby Lido, to collectively pay 85,000 marks. Even when everyone, including many poor Crusaders, contributed all they could afford, they still owed 34,000 marks.[35] Instead of ejecting them, Dandolo decided to lend this amount from the Venetian state, provided that it was paid back in the form of the spoils of the Crusade. In addition, Dandolo proposed that the Crusaders agree to spend the winter in Zara. This was due to the threat of Zaran pirates to Venetian commerce as well as the Venetian's interest in regaining control over the area. Additionally, staking an interest in Zara helped convince the Great Council to consent to Dandolo's plan.[36]

The Crusade fleet left Venice during the first week of October 1202, following an emotional and rousing ceremony in San Marco di Venezia where Dandolo "took the cross" –committed himself to crusading–and promised to "go live or die" with the Crusaders in exchange for his people's support, and his sons' taking his place during his absence.[37] The Crusaders arrived in Zara in November, the sheer size of their fleet intimidating the Zarans into near surrender.[38] Dandolo gave the Zarans an ultimatum: either they leave the city right away or they would be killed.[38] Confusion ensued, as Pope Innocent forbade the Crusade from settling this dispute unrelated to their original religious agenda, especially since the land was controlled by King Emeric of Hungary, who had himself taken the cross some while ago.[39] Finally, Innocent threatened excommunication to anyone who antagonized the Zarans.[38] The Crusaders attacked the city anyway, and it at last fell on 24 November 1202.[40] All of the Venetian members of the Crusade were thus excommunicated (the French Crusaders had sent an envoy to the pope to ask for forgiveness), but Dandolo kept this a secret from them since he knew they would abandon the Crusade if they found out.[41]

Shortly afterwards, Alexius Angelus, son of the deposed Byzantine emperor Isaac II, arrived in Zara, looking for help to overthrow his uncle, Alexius III, after he violently seized the throne from Isaac.[42] Dandolo agreed to the Crusade leaders' plan to place Alexius Angelus on the throne of the Byzantine Empire in return for his support and funds to help the Crusade.[43] The Crusaders thus took another detour to Constantinople, where the conquest and sack of Constantinople took place on 12 April 1204. During the looting, Dandolo had many items of value sent back to Venice, including the four Horses of St. Mark that decorate the Venetian cathedral to this day.[44]

Latin Empire

When Constantinople fell, Dandolo understood that he needed to quickly restore stability to the empire to avoid disorder that could threaten Venice. One necessary task was to find an emperor for the new Latin empire. Dandolo was offered the position, but he refused, and Baldwin of Flanders instead took the throne.[45] Dandolo did accept, however, the title of despot.[46]

The Partitio Romaniae also resulted from this conquest, and it awarded Venice three-eighths of the Byzantine Empire in accordance with an agreement drafted by the Crusaders before the fall of the empire.[47] This included a part of Constantinople near the harbor, a portion of the shoreline of the Sea of Marmara, and the city of Adrianople, among other former Byzantine possessions.[48] Dandolo was also awarded the title "lord of three-eighths of the Roman Empire", although these acquisitions only lasted until the collapse of the Latin empire in 1261.[49]

Death and burial

Dandolo died in May[50] or June[51] 1205, reportedly from an infection in his groin caused by a hernia,[52] and was buried in the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. In 1261, upon retaking the city, the Byzantines desecrated the tomb to remove the remnants of their invader as Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos ordered his remains to be thrown into the Bosporus. Other accounts suggest that after the Ottoman conquest in 1453, Sultan Mehmed II ordered the remaining Venetian tombs broken, potentially scattering what was left of his remains. In the 19th century an Italian restoration team placed a cenotaph marker near the probable location, which is still visible today. The marker is frequently mistaken by tourists as being a medieval marker of the actual tomb of the doge. The real tomb was allegedly destroyed; various legends attribute this destruction to the times of the Byzantine reconquest of the city or shortly after the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453 and subsequent conversion of Hagia Sophia into a mosque.[53][54]

However, a documentary aired by Turkey's public broadcaster TRT in 2021 found evidence contrary to these legends. TRT's georadar images indicate the presence of a human skeleton whose head is approximately 50 centimeters below the cenotaph in a sitting position facing towards Jerusalem. Certain features of the skeleton, such as the height and posture, are also in line with Dandolo's.[55]

Blindness

It is not known for certain when and how Dandolo became blind. According to the Chronicle of Novgorod he had been blinded by the Byzantines during the 1171–1172 expedition to Byzantium.[56] Supposedly, Emperor Manuel Comnenus "ordered his eyes to be blinded with glass; and his eyes were uninjured, but he saw nothing".[56] According to Thomas F. Madden, Dandolo "was not blinded by Manuel Comnenus or, for that matter, by any Byzantine".[57] Madden states that Dandolo had cortical blindness as a result of a severe blow to the back of the head received sometime between 1174 and 1176.[58] Documents show Dandolo's signature being fully legible in 1174 but sprawling across the paper in 1176, suggesting that his sight deteriorated over time.[58]

Dandolo's blindness appears to have been total. Geoffrey de Villehardouin, whom Dandolo accompanied on the Fourth Crusade, wrote that "although his eyes appeared normal, he could not see a hand in front of his face, having lost his sight after a head wound".[59] This piece of primary evidence seems to support Madden's theory that Dandolo's blindness was cortical, since his eyes appeared to be unharmed.

Legacy

Dandolo's son, Ranieri, served as vice-doge during Dandolo's absence and was later killed in the war against Genoa for the control of Crete.[60] It is unclear if he had other children besides Ranieri as the existence of none can be confirmed by contemporary evidence.[61] Ranieri's daughter Anna Dandolo married Serbian Grand Prince, subsequently King, Stefan Nemanjić (r. 1196–1228) in 1217, making Enrico an ancestor to much of the later Nemanjić dynasty.

During his dogeship, Dandolo was married to a woman named Contessa, to whom he delegated authority over his commercial and private affairs along with his brother, Andrea, and assumed friend Filippo Falier of the San Tomà parish, before he departed on a political trip to Constantinople with his brother, Giovanni, in 1183.[62] Contessa's identity is debated, and it is often thought that she may have been a member of the Minotto clan though the veracity of this claim is inconclusive.[63]

In the nineteenth-century, the Regia Marina (Italian Navy) launched an ironclad battleship named Enrico Dandolo.

Enrico Dandolo and his role in the conquest of Constantinople were referenced by Lord Byron in his poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage:[64]

Oh, for one hour of blind old Dandolo! Th' octogenarian chief, Byzantium's conquering foe.

Dandolo is depicted in the posthumous series of official portraits of the doges of Venice in the Doge's Palace. The original gallery was established in the 1360s under doge Marco Cornaro as a chronological sequence of Venetian rulers, each shown holding a scroll inscribed with a summary of his achievements. After the original paintings were destroyed in the fire of 1577, the series was recreated, with Domenico Tintoretto executing most of the surviving portraits.[65] The scroll held by Dandolo contains the following inscription in latin:

HENRICO DUCI EST TITULUS QUARTÆ PARTIS ET DIMIDIÆ, TOTIUS IMPERII ROMANIÆ DOMINATORIS

[Enrico the Doge held the title of Lord of the fourth part and a half of the entire Empire of Romania.]

  • Doge Enrico Dandolo leads the civilization of Venice in the popular turn-based strategy video game Civilization V's second expansion pack Brave New World.
  • Dandolo is mentioned briefly in Dan Brown's book, Inferno, by main character Robert Langdon in connection with his final resting place — the Hagia Sophia. The novel was also adapted into a film by the same name in 2016, featuring Tom Hanks and Felicity Jones.

From the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia

Enrico Dandolo — Doge of Venice from 1192 to 1205; died, aged about a hundred years, in 1205. He belonged to one of the electoral families who claimed descent from the twelve tribunes by whom the first doge had been elected in 697. In the course of the twelfth century one of his relations was Patriarch of Grado for fifty years (Mon. Germ. Hist.: Script., XIV, 71). Of his life, we only know the role he played in history, but he appears to have been a man of uncommon physical and mental strength. At the age of almost a hundred he took the cross, and led the expedition against Constantinople; a fearless knight and the first to scale the walls of a city, he was also a distinguished diplomat, and his influence seems to have been predominant in the Fourth Crusade. He is first mentioned as taking part in the war between Venice and the Emperor Manuel Comnenus in 1171. The Venetians, decimated by the plague, were at Chios, and Dandolo was sent to Constantinople to make a treaty of peace. According to a tradition quoted by the "Chronicle of Novgrod", the emperor burnt out his eyes. Andrea Dandolo (1307-1354), a descendant of the same family, makes the statement that he was partly deprived of his sight in the services, of his country (pro salute patriae constanter resistens, visu aliqualiter obtenebratus est, "Chronic.", ed. Muratori, xii, 298). It would seem that in spite of all the torture he underwent Dandolo was not completely deprived of sight (see Luchaire in "Journal des Savants", 1907, p. 110). In 1172 he went on a mission to William II of Sicily, then once more to Constantinople. In 1178 Dandolo was one of the forty electors commissioned, for the first time, to elect the doge. He himself was elected doge in his turn (1 June, 1192). In spite of his advanced age he displayed great activity, put an end to the commercial quarrels with Verona, declared war against the inhabitants of Zara for uniting their city to Hungary, and against the Pisans, who had attempted to establish themselves in Istria. In 1198 he concluded a treaty of alliance with the Emperor Alexis III of Constantinople, but as early as 1201 Venice had disagreements with Alexis who broke all his promises and granted numerous privileges to the Genoese and the Pisans.

At this time (March, 1201) the leaders of the Fourth Crusade came to negotiate with Venice for the transport of the troops to the Orient; Dandolo himself took the cross as well as several other Venetian nobles. In consequence of circumstances not yet clearly explained, the crusade, originally directed against Egypt, was turned first against Zara and then against Constantinople. Streit (Venedig und die Wendung des vierten Kreuzzuges, 1877) attributes to Enrico Dandolo the principal role in the intrigues which preceded these events. Riant (Revue des question historiques, XXIII, 109) has pointed out very truly that the initiative of the doge was strictly limited by the Constitution of Venice. If Dandolo directed the negotiations he did it in agreement with the councils of Venice. With this reservation it may be admitted that Dandolo took the leading part in the negotiations which ended in the capture of Constantinople. In fact it was to the interest of Venice to re-establish order and security in the Byzantine Empire. Dandolo proposed the expedition against Zara (October, 1212) to the crusaders, as a way to pay off their debt to Venice. In the council of war held after the capture of Zara, according to the testimony of Robert de Clare, Dandolo was the first to suggest that the preliminary occupation of Greece would greatly facilitate the conquest of the Holy Land. Thereafter, duuring the entire expedition, his influence over the leaders of the Crusade grew from day to day. He presided at the council of war held the Abbey of San Stefano, 23 June, 1203, and gave the wisest advice to the barons. In spite of his age he took an active part in the operations of the siege of Constantinople. While the barons attacked the walls in the Blachernae quarter, Dandolo directed the assault of the Venetians against the sea walls and hoisted the gonfalon of St. Mark on his galley. The city captured, he wished to force Alexis IV to keep the promises made to the crusaders. Upon his refusal, Dandolo boldly defied him and advised the barons to undertake a second siege of the city. In the council of war, 1 May, 1204, Dandolo signed with them the treaty partitioning the empire between Venice and the crusaders.

After the capture of the city he had Boniface of Montferrat driven out of the empire; the barons offered him the imperial crown, but he loyally refused it, so as not to violate the Constitution of Venice. The new emperor Baldwin gave him the title of "Despot", and he settled in Constantinople. In 1205 he took part in the disastrous expedition against the Bulgarians; he died shortly afterwards and was buried in St. Sophia. Dandolo by his skill and energy established the political and commercial power of Venice in the Orient.

For bibliography see CRUSADES.

References

  1. Back to citation Madden 2003, p. 44.
  2. Back to citation Madden 2003, p. 47.
  3. Back to citation Madden 2003, p. 80.
  4. Back to citation Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice: "The third, Vitale Dandolo, had died in 1174".
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  6. Back to citation occurrence 6.0 Back to citation occurrence 6.1 Madden. Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice. pp. 50–52.
  7. Back to citation Madden. Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice. p. 54.
  8. Back to citation Okey, Thomas (1910). Venice and its Story. London: J.M. Dent and Sons, Ltd. p. 124.
  9. Back to citation Madden. Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice. p. 56.
  10. Back to citation Madden, Thomas F. (1999) "Venice's Hostage Crisis: Diplomatic Efforts to Secure Peace with Byzantium between 1171 and 1184." In Medieval and Renaissance Venice, edited by Ellen E. Kittell and Thomas F. Madden. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 96–108.
  11. Back to citation Madden 2003, p. 54.
  12. Back to citation Madden. Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice. p. 87.
  13. Back to citation Madden 2003, p. 87.
  14. Back to citation Madden 2003, p. 88.
  15. Back to citation Madden, "Venice's Hostage Crisis: Diplomatic Efforts to Secure Peace with Byzantium between 1171 and 1184." p. 97-104
  16. Back to citation occurrence 16.0 Back to citation occurrence 16.1 Madden 2012, p. 110.
  17. Back to citation occurrence 17.0 Back to citation occurrence 17.1 Madden 2003, p. 92.
  18. Back to citation Madden. Venice. p. 111.
  19. Back to citation Madden 2003, p. 95-96.
  20. Back to citation Madden. Venice. p. 426.
  21. Back to citation Madden. Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice. p. 106.
  22. Back to citation Madden 2003, p. 107.
  23. Back to citation Madden 2003, p. 111-112.
  24. Back to citation occurrence 24.0 Back to citation occurrence 24.1 Madden 2003, p. 112.
  25. Back to citation Stahl, Alan M. "The Coinage of Venice in the Age of Enrico Dandolo." In Medieval and Renaissance Venice, edited by Ellen E. Kittell and Thomas F. Madden, 124–40. (University of Illinois Press, 1999.) p. 124
  26. Back to citation Madden 2003, p. 109-110.
  27. Back to citation Stahl. Coinage. p. 124.
  28. Back to citation occurrence 28.0 Back to citation occurrence 28.1 Back to citation occurrence 28.2 Back to citation occurrence 28.3 Back to citation occurrence 28.4 Madden 2003, p. 110.
  29. Back to citation Kittell, Ellen E; Madden, Thomas F. (1999). Medieval and Renaissance Venice. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 7.
  30. Back to citation Madden. Venice. p. 117.
  31. Back to citation Madden. Venice. p. 125.
  32. Back to citation Madden. Venice. p. 123.
  33. Back to citation Madden. Venice. pp. 124–125.
  34. Back to citation Madden. Venice. pp. 126–127.
  35. Back to citation occurrence 35.0 Back to citation occurrence 35.1 Madden. Venice. p. 128.
  36. Back to citation Madden. Venice. pp. 129–130.
  37. Back to citation Villehardouin, Geoffroi de; White, Julian Eugene (1968). La conqueste de Constantinople (in French). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. p. 46. OCLC 746970.
  38. Back to citation occurrence 38.0 Back to citation occurrence 38.1 Back to citation occurrence 38.2 Madden. Venice. p. 134.
  39. Back to citation Madden 2012, p. 130.
  40. Back to citation Madden. Venice. p. 135.
  41. Back to citation Madden 2012, p. 139–140.
  42. Back to citation Madden. Venice. p. 137.
  43. Back to citation Madden 2012, p. 139.
  44. Back to citation Madden 2012, p. 145.
  45. Back to citation Madden. Venice. p. 147.
  46. Back to citation John Osborne (2021). "The Thirteenth-Century Expansion of the Narthex of San Marco, Venice: A Space for Dead Doges?". In Jessop, Lesley; Baboula, Evanthia (eds.). Art and Material Culture in the Byzantine and Islamic Worlds. Brill. p. 78. ISBN 9789004457140.
  47. Back to citation Madden. Venice. p. 148.
  48. Back to citation Madden. Venice. pp. 148–149.
  49. Back to citation Madden. Venice. p. 149.
  50. Back to citation Madden 2003, p. 194.
  51. Back to citation Van Tricht 2011, p. 263; Okey. Venice and its Story. p. 167; According to Villehardouin, Dandolo died before May 29, but since Andrea Dandolo gives June 1 and a letter dated June 6 doesn't mention his death, the date is often stated as June while Madden prefers to follow the contemporary Villehardouin ( Madden 2003, n.144 p. 266)
  52. Back to citation Jones 2019, p. 342.
  53. Back to citation Okey. Venice and its Story. p. 167.
  54. Back to citation Gallo, Rudolfo (1927). "La tomba di Enrico Dandolo in Santa Sofia a Constantinople". Rivista mensile della Citta di Venezia. 6: 270–83.
  55. Back to citation TRT Belgesel (2021). Gizemli Tarih: Ayasofya.
  56. Back to citation occurrence 56.0 Back to citation occurrence 56.1 Madden 2003, p. 64.
  57. Back to citation Madden, Thomas F. (1995). "Outside and Inside the Fourth Crusade". The International History Review. 17 (4): 726–743. ISSN 0707-5332.
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  59. Back to citation Villehardouin. La Conqueste de Constantinople. p. 47.
  60. Back to citation Madden 2003, p. 137, 200.
  61. Back to citation Madden 2003, p. 101-104.
  62. Back to citation Madden. Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice. pp. 84–85.
  63. Back to citation Madden 2003, p. 84-85.
  64. Back to citation Little, Brown (1864). The Poetical Works of Lord Byron. Vol. 4. Cambridge: Harvard University. p. 318.
  65. Back to citation Pedrocco, Sebastiano; Pedrocco, Paolo. i DOGI nei ritratti parlanti di Palazzo Ducale a Venezia.

Bibliography

  • Crowley, Roger (2011). City of Fortune - How Venice Won and lost a Naval Empire (Hardback). London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-24594-9.
  • Gallo, Rudolfo (1927). "La tomba di Enrico Dandolo in Santa Sofia a Constantinople". Rivista mensile della Citta di Venezia 6.
  • Jones, Dan (2019). Crusaders: An Epic History of the Wars for the Holy Lands. Head of Zeus. ISBN 9781781858899.
  • Kittell, Ellen E; Madden, Thomas F. (1999). Medieval and Renaissance Venice. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
  • Madden, Thomas F. (1993). "Venice and Constantinople in 1171 and 1172: Enrico Dandolo's Attitude towards Byzantium". Mediterranean Historical Review. 8 (2): 166–185. doi:10.1080/09518969308569655.
  • Madden, Thomas F. (2003). Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-7317-7.
  • Madden, Thomas F. (2012). Venice: A New History. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 9781470327682.
  • Madden, Thomas F. (1999) "Venice's Hostage Crisis: Diplomatic Efforts to Secure Peace with Byzantium between 1171 and 1184." In Medieval and Renaissance Venice, edited by Ellen E. Kittell and Thomas F. Madden. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
  • Okey, Thomas (1910). Venice and its Story. London: J.M. Dent and Sons, Ltd.
  • Robbert, Louise Buenger (1974). "Reorganization of the Venetian Coinage by Doge Enrico Dandolo". Speculum. 49 (1): 48–60. doi:10.2307/2856551. JSTOR 2856551. S2CID 162673743.
  • Savignac, David. "The Medieval Russian Account of the Fourth Crusade - A New Annotated Translation".
  • Stahl, Alan M. (1999). "The Coinage of Venice in the Age of Enrico Dandolo." In Medieval and Renaissance Venice, edited by Ellen E. Kittell and Thomas F. Madden. Urbana: University of Illinois
  • Stahl, Alan M (2000). Zecca the mint of Venice in the Middle Ages. American Numismatic Society; NetLibrary, Inc. ISBN 0-8018-7694-X. 9780801876943.
  • Van Tricht, Filip (2011). The Latin Renovatio of Byzantium: The Empire of Constantinople (1204-1228). Translated by Longbottom, Peter. Brill.
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