Esoteric Christianity
Esoteric Christianity is a mystical approach to Christianity which features "secret traditions" that require an initiation to learn or understand.[1][2] The term esoteric was coined in the 17th century and derives from the Greek ἐσωτερικός (esōterikos, "inner"). It stands in contrast to exoteric (ἐξωτερικός, exōterikos, "outer" or "public"), a distinction already noted by Aristotle, who referred to ἐξωτερικοὶ λόγοι ("exoteric discourses") intended for a general audience.[3][4] Esoteric teachings were often transmitted orally to a small inner circle of initiates rather than through written publications, a pattern consistent with other religious "secret traditions".
Scholars note that esoteric Christian movements often emphasize alternative interpretations of Christian theology that differ from established orthodoxy. These currents frequently draw upon the canonical gospels, apocalyptic writings, and certain New Testament apocrypha as sources of hidden or symbolic meaning.[5] Some traditions also refer to the disciplina arcani, a concept describing secret teachings or liturgical practices transmitted in the early Church, although mainstream scholarship generally understands it as limited to liturgical secrecy rather than esoteric doctrine.[6][7]
Scholars debate the relationship between esoteric Christianity and Gnosticism. While some see Gnostic movements as among the earliest expressions of esoteric Christian thought, others argue that esoteric Christianity developed distinctively through Alexandrian theology, medieval mysticism, and later currents such as Rosicrucianism and Theosophy.[8]
There are also esoteric Christian Societies such as the Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia.[9]
History
Ancient roots
Some modern scholars believe that in the early stages of proto-orthodox Christianity, a nucleus of oral teachings were inherited from Palestinian and Hellenistic Judaism.[7] In the 4th century, it was believed to form the basis of a secret oral tradition which came to be called disciplina arcani.[7] Mainstream theologians, however, believe that it contained only liturgical details and certain other traditions which remain a part of some branches of mainstream Christianity.[10] Important influences on esoteric Christianity are the Christian theologians Clement of Alexandria and Origen, the leading figures of the Catechetical School of Alexandria.[11]
Present-day denominations
A denomination of esoteric Christianity is The Christian Community.[12] It focuses on the experiential aspect of sacraments, with the Eucharist serving as "the Rite of the Consecration of Man".[12]
Scholar Jan Shipps describes the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as having esoteric elements.[13]
Concepts
Reincarnation
Influenced by the Platonic doctrine of metempsychosis, reincarnation of the soul was accepted by most Gnostic Christian sects such as Valentinianism and the Basilidians, but denied by the proto-orthodox one. While hypothetically considering a complex multiple-world transmigration scheme in De Principiis, Origen denies reincarnation in his work Against Celsus and elsewhere.[14][15]
Despite this apparent contradiction, most modern esoteric Christian movements refer to Origen's writings (along with other Church Fathers and biblical passages) to validate these ideas as part of the esoteric Christian tradition outside of the Gnostic schools, who were later considered heretical in the 3rd century.[16]
See also
- Anthroposophy
- The Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ
- Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa
- Jakob Böhme
- Vade Retro Satana
- Sigillum Dei
- Chi Rho
- Christian Kabbalah
- Christian meditation
- Christian mythology
- Christian perfection
- Christian theosophy
- Enochian magick
- George Gurdjieff
- Martinism
- Mystical theology
- Johann Reuchlin
- Rosicrucianism
- Rudolf Steiner
References
- Back to citation Stroumsa, Guy G. (2005). Hidden Wisdom: Esoteric Traditions and the Roots of Christian Mysticism. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-13635-9
- Back to citation "Esoteric". Oxford English Dictionary Compact Edition. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. 1971. p. 894.
- Back to citation Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; Jones, Henry Stuart (1940). A Greek–English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press, s.v. "ἐξωτερικός"
- Back to citation Nikulin, Dmitri (2012-12-11). The Other Plato: The Tübingen Interpretation of Plato's Inner-Academic Teachings. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-4411-6
- Back to citation Faivre, Antoine. Access to Western Esotericism. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994, pp. 119–124.
- Back to citation McGinn, Bernard. The Foundations of Mysticism: Origins to the Fifth Century. New York: Crossroad, 1991, pp. 178–183
- Back to citation occurrence 7.0 Back to citation occurrence 7.1 Back to citation occurrence 7.2 Stroumsa, Guy G. (2005). Hidden Wisdom: Esoteric Traditions and the Roots of Christian Mysticism. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-13635-5.
- Back to citation Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas. The Western Esoteric Traditions. Oxford University Press, 2008; Faivre, Antoine. Access to Western Esotericism. SUNY Press, 1994; Stroumsa, Guy G. (2005). Hidden Wisdom: Esoteric Traditions and the Roots of Christian Mysticism. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-13635-5.
- Back to citation "Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia – An Introduction (SRIA)". freemasonrymatters.co.uk. 17 June 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- Back to citation Stroumsa, Guy G. (2005). Hidden Wisdom: Esoteric Traditions and the Roots of Christian Mysticism. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-13635-5; Frommann (1833). De Disciplina Arcani in vetere Ecclesia christiana obticuisse fertur (in Latin). Jena; Hatch, Edwin (1907). "Lecture X". The Influence of Greek Ideas and Usages upon the Christian Church. London: Williams and Norgate.
- Back to citation Daniélou, Jean (1955). Origen. Translated by Walter Mitchell. New York: Sheed & Ward, 1955. xvii + 343 pp
- Back to citation occurrence 12.0 Back to citation occurrence 12.1 Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (2010). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 620. ISBN 978-1-59884-204-3. 6 vols.
- Back to citation Shipps, Jan (August 16–23, 1978). "The Mormons: Looking Forward and Outward". Christian Century: 761–766.
- Back to citation "Quotes by Church Fathers Against Reincarnation". Catholic Answers. 2004. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011.
- Back to citation Uebersax, John S. (2006). "Early Christianity and Reincarnation: Modern Misrepresentation of Quotes by Origen".
- Back to citation "Articles on Esoteric Christianity". Archeosofica. Archived from the original on 2007-11-02.
Further reading
- Anonymous (1985). Meditations on the Tarot: A Journey Into Christian Hermeticism. New York: Tarcher/Penguin. ISBN 978-1-5854-2161-9.
- Brown, Coleston (2007). Magical Christianity: The Power of Symbols for Spiritual Renewal. Wheaton, IL: Quest Books. ISBN 978-0-8356-0855-8.
- Duncan, Anthony (1996) [1972]. The Lord of the Dance: An Essay in Mysticism. Sun Chalice Books. ISBN 978-0-9650-8395-9.
- Kirby, Richard S. (April 10, 1999). "The Focus of Esoteric Futures". WNRF.org. Retrieved 2024-01-09.
- Knight, Gareth (2010) [1975]. Experience of the Inner Worlds. Cheltenham, Gloucestershire: Skylight Press. ISBN 978-1-9080-1103-9.
- Knight, Gareth (2011). A History of White Magic. Cheltenham, Gloucestershire: Skylight Press. ISBN 978-1-9080-1104-6.
- Powell, Robert (2007). The Sophia Teachings: The Emergence of the Divine Feminine in Our Time. Aurora, CO: Lindisfarne Books. ISBN 978-1-5842-0048-2.
- Smoley, Richard (2002). Inner Christianity: A Guide to the Esoteric Tradition. Boston: Shambhala Publications. ISBN 978-1-5706-2810-8.