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George Martinuzzi

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His Eminence
George Martinuzzi
O.S.P.P.E.
Archbishop of Esztergom
Primate of Hungary
File:Fráter György MTA.jpg
Archdiocese Archdiocese of Esztergom
Installed 1551
Term ended 1551
Previous posts Bishop of Nagyvárad (1534-51)
Voivode of Transylvania (1551)[1][2]
Orders
Ordination 1510
Consecration 1548[3]
by Franjo Jožefić (Bishop of Senj)[3]
Created cardinal 12 October 1551
by Pope Julius III
Personal details
Born 1482
Kamičak, Kingdom of Croatia
(today Skradin area, Croatia)
Died 16 December 1551 (aged 68–69)
Nagycsanád, Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
(now Cenad, Romania)
Buried St. Michael's Cathedral, Alba Iulia

George Martinuzzi, O.S.P.P.E. (born Juraj Utješenović, also known as György Martinuzzi,[4][5] Brother György,[4][5] Georg Utiessenovicz-Martinuzzi or György Fráter,[6] Hungarian: Fráter György; 1482 – 16 December 1551), was a Croatian nobleman, Pauline monk[7] and Hungarian statesman who supported King John Zápolya and his son, King John Sigismund Zápolya. He was Bishop of Nagyvárad (now Oradea), Archbishop of Esztergom and a cardinal.

Name

Since he usually identified himself as "Frater Georgius", he is known in Hungarian history as "Fráter György".

Early years

Most details of Martinuzzi's life before 1528 are uncertain.[8] He was the youngest son of a Croatian lesser nobleman, Grgur Utješenović, and Anna Martinuzzi, who was descended from a Venetian patrician family.[9][10] He was born in Kamičak Castle, near Skradin, on 18 June 1482.[9][10] On the father's side, he is originating from a Hungarian noble family (Fráter from Dobra genus).[11] He was still a child when his father and his two oldest brothers died and the Ottomans occupied the family estates.[12] Duke John Corvinus took care of the orphan in 1490.[13] Martinuzzi was sent to Corvin's castle at Hunyad (now Hunedoara in Romania).[13] He lived in wretched conditions for years, because young noblemen were intentionally treated like servants for pedagogical purposes.[14]

Martinuzzi moved to the court of Hedwig of Cieszyn in Szepes Castle (now Spiš Castle in Slovakia) around 1503.[15] She was the widow of his father's patron, Count Stephen Zápolya.[15] Initially, he served as a page, then he was made a guard of the palace.[9][16] He decided to abandon his military career and entered the Pauline Order at the age of 24.[17] He most probably settled in the Budaszentlőrinc Monastery where he learnt to read and write.[17] He was sent to continue his studies in the Jasna Góra Monastery in Częstochowa.[17] He was made the head of the monastery, according to unproved theories.[17] After he returned to Hungary in 1527, he became the prior of the Sajólád Monastery, which had recently received grants from the Zápolyas.[18]

Martinuzzi's sister, Ana, married Bartol Drašković and had three sons (one of whom was Croatian Ban (viceroy) and cardinal Juraj Drašković).

Political career

John Zápolya's supporter

The Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent annihilated the Hungarian royal army in the Battle of Mohács on 29 August 1526.[19] King Louis II of Hungary drowned in a stream fleeing from the battlefield.[19] The Diet of Hungary elected the wealthy Count John Zápolya—the son of Martinuzzi's patroness, Hedwig—king in November, but the most powerful barons ignored this decision and proclaimed Ferdinand of Habsburg the lawful monarch in December.[20] A civil war broke out and a supporter of Ferdinand, Gáspár Serédy, pillaged the Sajólád Monastery shortly before Martinuzzi returned to Hungary.[21]

Ferdinand's troops defeated John in the Battle of Szina (near present-day Seňa in Slovakia) on 8 March 1528.[22] John decided to flee to Poland and wanted to lodge a part of his wealth at the Sajólád Monastery.[23] Martinuzzi denied to store John's property, but he accompanied the king to Poland.[23] He acted as John's personal envoy and visited Hungary three times to convince the expelled king's supporters—including Stephen Báthory of Somlyó, Jakab Tornallyai and Pál Ártándy—to remain loyal to him.[24] Suleiman acknowledged John as the lawful king.[25] The sultan's support enabled him to return to Hungary and seize the eastern and central territories of the kingdom by the end of 1529,[25] but he could not reunite Hungary.[26]

Martinuzzi came back with John to Hungary, but the details of his life from 1529 to 1532 are unknown.[27] The king made Alvise Gritti—a Venetian adventurer who was the favourite of the Ottoman Grand Vizier, Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha—governor of Hungary.[28] Gritti appointed Martinuzzi the provisor of Buda Castle, entrusting him with the administration of the royal demesne in 1532.[27] Gritti's other henchman, János Dóczy, murdered the popular bishop of Várad (now Oradea in Romania), Imre Czibak, in August 1534.[29][30] The crime outraged the bishop's relatives and supporters who captured and killed Gritti on 28 September.[30] Martinuzzi did not lose the king's favor.[31] He succeeded Gritti as royal treasurer and the king also made him the new bishop of Várad.[30][31] The bishops of Várad were also the ispáns (or heads) of Bihar County.[31]

The consolidation of the royal treasury was Martinuzzi's principal task during the subsequent years.[31] He centralized the administration of royal revenues and secured the regular investigation of the tax collectors' activities.[31] Trading in leather, fleece, wine and grain became a significant source of income for the royal treasury in the late 1530s.[31] The strict control of state revenues caused many conflicts and Martinuzzi was often accused of greed.[31] Tamás Nádasdy deserted John Zápolya for Ferdinand of Habsburg after Martinuzzi deprived him of the administration of the salt mines in Máramaros County in 1534.[31]

The noblemen urged both kings to reach a compromise, because the civil war had caused much devastation in the whole kingdom.[32] John and Ferdinand's envoys started negotiations about the reunification of the country in 1534, but Martinuzzi was actually involved in the process only in 1536.[33] In this year, Ferdinand's emissary, Johann von Wese, noted that the "White Monk" (Martinuzzi) had taken full control of the negotiations.[34] Martinuzzi wanted to reach an agreement, but he could also prove himself determined to refute any compromise in order to strengthen John's position during the negotiations, especially after a new war broke out between Ferdinand's brother, Emperor Charles V, and King Francis I of France.[35] Wese personally came to Várad to meet with Martinuzzi and Franjo Frankopan in November 1537.[36] Martinuzzi hinted that he was willing to support Ferdinand and proudly claimed that he was the only politician to be able to mediate between the "Ottomans, Serbians, Moldavians, Wallachians and Hungarians", according to Wese's notes.[36] After a series of clandestine negotiations, they drafted an agreement on 24 February 1538.[36] The secret Treaty of Várad acknowledged the provisional division of Hungary between János and Ferdinand, but it also prescribed that the kingdom was to be reunited as soon as one of the two kings died.[32]

Both king signed the treaty, but they kept it in secret, because they knew that it could provoke an Ottoman invasion.[37] John soon realized that Ferdinand was unable to effectively support him against the Ottomans.[37] Martinuzzi started emphasizing that the treaty could be regarded valid only after the Diet enacted it and prevented the most powerful barons from confirming it.[38][39] He also urged the elderly John to marry Isabella Jagiellon, the daughter of King Sigismund I of Poland.[38] She was crowned queen in Székesfehérvár on 2 March 1539.[40] Pope Paul III confirmed Martinuzzi's appointment to the see of Várad in the same year, but Martinuzzi was not ordained bishop.[31]

The two voivodes (or royal governors) of Transylvania, Imre Balassa and István Majláth, concluded a secret agreement with the leading Transylvanian lords in December 1539.[39][41] They agreed to support each other and to coordinate their activities if the ailing king died, but their actual objectives are unclear.[42] The voivodes held a general assembly in Marosvásárhely (now Târgu Mureș in Romania) in March 1540.[43] The delegates accused Martinuzzi of tyranny, stating that his officials had levied arbitrary taxes and unlawfully forced the Transylvanian noblemen to contribute to the erection and maintenance of royal fortresses.[44] They summarized their grievances in a letter and urged the king to punish Martinuzzi.[44]

King John hurried to Transylvania and held a new assembly at Torda (now Turda in Romania) in April.[44] He stood by his treasurer, emphasizing that Martinuzzi had levied taxes to secure the paying of the annual tribute to the Ottoman Empire.[44] The king also pledged that the royal treasury would pay the tribute without collecting extraordinary taxes for two years.[44] The two voivodes' former supporters paid homage to the king and the general assembly sentenced Majláth to death for high treason in May.[44] Majláth fled to his castle at Fogaras (now Făgăraș in Romania) and the royal army could not capture the strong fortress.[39][44]

Ottoman conquest

Queen Isabella gave birth to a son, John Sigismund, in Buda on 7 July.[39][45] King John was staying in Szászsebes (now Sebeș in Romania) when he learnt of his son's birth.[39][45] The celebrations put too much strain on the king who fell seriously ill.[39][45] He appointed his relative, Péter Petrovics, and Martinuzzi to be John Sigismund's guardians, emphasizing Martinuzzi's preeminent position.[45] Ignoring the provisions of the Treaty of Várad, the king also urged his supporters to elect the infant John Sigismund king after his death.[45][46] John soon lost consciousness and Martinuzzi sent envoys to Sigismund I of Poland and Suleiman, asking them to support John Sigismund.[47]

King John died on 22 July.[39] Franjo Frankopan, Péter Perényi, Ferenc Bebek, István Ráskay and Martinuzzi's other personal enemies informed Charles V that they were willing to support Ferdinand I to reunite Hungary if the emperor promised to provide military assistance to his brother against the Ottomans.[48] Martinuzzi and Bálint Török left Szászsebes for Buda, accompanied by 2000 troops.[49] Most of their retainers deserted, but Ferdinand's supporters could not prevent them from reaching the capital.[50] Martinuzzi had appointed Boldizsár Bornemissza to administer Transylvania, but Balassa and Majláth convened the general assembly of the Three Nations of Transylvania at Segesvár (now Sighișoara in Romania).[51] The delegates elected Balassa and Majláth the supreme commanders of the province.[51] They soon expelled Martinuzzi's troops from about 4 fortresses, including Görgény and Almás (now Gurghiu and Merișor in Romania).[51]

Martinuzzi hastily convened the Diet at Pest and persuaded the delegates to elect John Sigismund king in mid-September.[50][32] The Diet proclaimed Queen Isabella and Martinuzzi the king's guardians, but state administration was divided between Martinuzzi, Petrovics and Török.[50] After Martinuzzi garrisoned his own retainers in Buda Castle, gossips about his attempts to seize full control of the government were spreading in the queen's court.[50] He regularly checked queen's correspondence with her father, because he feared that Sigismund I of Poland could convince her to leave Hungary.[50]

The sultan's envoy, Çavuş Sinan, tried to persuade the delegates of the Three Nations to acknowledge Mailáth as the voivode of Transylvania at Berethalom (now Biertan in Romania) in September.[52] They resisted and decided to postpone Mailath's installation for five months.[52] Martinuzzi sent István Werbőczy to Istanbul to secure the sultan's support.[53] Suleiman decided to intervene in the conflict on behalf of the infant John Sigismund.[54] Ferdinand's envoys, Elek Thurzó and Ferenc Révay, came to Buda in October, but the queen did not abandon John Sigismund's claim to Hungary.[50] Martinuzzi also refuted to start secret negotiations with Thurzó and Révay in Visegrád.[50] Ferdinand's troops seized Visegrád, Vác, Tata, Székesfehérvár and Pest in October and November, but they could not capture Buda.[50] Martinuzzi again refused to negotiate with Ferdinand's envoys, stating that he was willing to obey only to a monarch who had been elected by common consent.[55]

Mehmed, the Ottoman governor of Belgrade, made a raid around Pest in March 1541.[56] Ferdinand's commander, Wilhelm von Roggendorf, laid siege to Buda in May.[55] Ferdinand's envoy, Niklas zu Salm, offered the region of Pressburg and Nagyszombat (now Bratislava and Trnava in Slovakia) to John Sigismund in return for Buda, but Martinuzzi refused.[57] Martinuzzi personally participated in the defense of Buda Castle when the besiegers made a sudden assault on 11 June.[58] Two days later, he ordered the persecution of a burgher who entered into secret negotiations with the besiegers about the surrender of the castle.[58]

John Zápolya named Martinuzzi and Péter Petrovics guardians of his infant son John II Sigismund, who was elected King of Hungary by the Diet (with Martinuzzi as regent). Martinuzzi frustrated attempts by dowager queen Isabella Jagiellon to promote Ferdinand; the latter, contending that John II's election had violated the treaty, invaded Hungary, and an Austrian army reached the walls of Buda in 1541.

Governor

Martinuzzi took two drastic steps in response: he arrested the queen and appealed to the Ottoman Empire for help. John Zápolya had requested Ottoman aid against Ferdinand; in return, Hungary was an Ottoman vassal state, and Martinuzzi asked Ottoman Sultan Suleiman to defend his vassal against attack. An Ottoman army repulsed the Austrians.

On 28 August 1541 Martinuzzi, the queen, and the infant king went to the Ottoman camp, where he paid homage to the sultan as regent. During their absence, the Ottoman Grand Vizier seized Buda by subterfuge, causing Martinuzzi to realize the need for accords with Austria and the Ottoman Empire. This led to the 29 December 1541 Treaty of Gyalu, in which Ferdinand received western Hungary; the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (an independent principality under Ottoman suzerainty) was reverted to John Sigismund. This region included many Hungarian counties on both sides of the Tisza and the city of Kassa (now Košice). Martinuzzi's policy was to keep the state neutral (and intact) by cultivating amicable relations with Austria without offending the Ottomans. Although this was difficult, it succeeded for a time.

Encouraged by Ferdinand's growing unpopularity (due to his inability to defend Hungary against the Turks), in 1545 Martinuzzi, to ensure John Sigismund's election as king, wanted to unite Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary and Eastern Hungarian Kingdom. Realizing that this was impossible, he aimed at an alliance with Ferdinand on terms of relative equality (a policy he followed until his death).

In 1550 Queen Isabella (who opposed Martinuzzi) complained about him to the Sultan, who ordered that Martinuzzi or his head be sent to Constantinople. A coalition formed against Martinuzzi composed of the queen, the hospodars of Moldavia and Wallachia, and the Turks. The regent imprisoned the queen in Gyulafehérvár (now Alba Iulia), drove the hospodars out of Transylvania, and defeated the Turks at Déva (now Deva). He compelled Isabella to accept terms with Ferdinand advantageous to her family and Transylvania, and placated the sultan with flattery and gifts. This agreement was confirmed by the diet of Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca) in August 1551; Martinuzzi remained governor of Transylvania, and was ordained Archbishop of Esztergom. On 12 October 1551 Pope Julius III named him a cardinal, with permission to wear the habit of his order instead of a cardinal's robes.

Although Hungary was again reunited, Ferdinand's inability to defend it against the Ottomans forced Martinuzzi to resume the payment of tribute to the sultan in December 1551. However, the Ottomans no longer trusted a diplomat whose behavior they could not understand, and Ferdinand suspected him of wanting to secure Hungary for himself.

Death

When the Ottomans seized Csanád (now Cenad) in 1551, Martinuzzi and imperial generals Giambattista Castaldo and Sforza-Pallavicini joined forces against a common foe. However, when Martinuzzi tried to mediate privately between the Ottomans and the Hungarians, Castaldo accused him of treason to Ferdinand and was given permission to kill him if needed. Martinuzzi's secretary, Marco Aurelio Ferrari, was the hired assassin. On 16 December 1551, at the Alvinc Castle, Ferrari stabbed Martinuzzi from behind while he was reading a letter. The cardinal (age 68) fought for his life, and was only killed with the aid of Pallavicini and a band of bravi. Ferdinand accepted responsibility for the murder, and the pope excommunicated him and his generals. After receiving an 87-article accusation of Martinuzzi for treason and hearing testimony from 116 witnesses, the pope exonerated Ferdinand and lifted the excommunications in 1555.[59]

Legacy

A street in the old town Šibenik is named after Utješinović.

From the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia

George Martinuzzi — Monk, bishop, cardinal, b. at Kamicac, Dalmatia, 1482; d. 16 December, 1551. His real name was George Utjesenovic. His mother, a native of Venice of the name of Martinuzzi, had a brother who was a bishop, and, out of regard for his mother and uncle, George preferred to be called Martinuzzi (Latin Martinuzius). His father died in battle against the Turks. At the age of eight, George came to the court of Duke John Corvinus, in whose service he remained at the Castle Hunyad 15 years under hard conditions. Then he entered the service of the Duchess Hedwig, the widow of Count Stephen Zapolya, by whom he was well treated. A year later (1504), at the age of 22, he entered the Pauline monastery of St. Laurentius near Ofen, where his unusual intellectual gifts soon attracted attention. A monk taught him writing and reading; later, he studied philosophy and theology and was ordained priest. Owing to his talent, skill, and zeal, his superiors appointed him prior of the monastery of Czenstoehau in Poland, and later of the monastery of Sajolad, near Erlau in North Hungary. Here the Hungarian pretender, John Zapolya found him, when, after the battle of Kashau, 1527, he was compelled to flee before King Ferdinand, and discovered in the prior "Frater Georgius", an acquaintance from the court of his mother Hedwig. Recognizing the prior's ability and energy, the prince requested him to enter his service. Moved by ambition as well as patriotism, Martinuzzi left his monastery to go with the fugitive prince to Poland, and to defend with tact and energy the prince's cause during the unfortunate troubles brought upon Hungary by the war between the two pretenders John Zapolya and Ferdinand of Austria, and by the Turkish conquests, Martinuzzi was prominent in Hungarian politics. He went from Poland to Hungary, organized the adherents of Zapolya, secured financial support from Magyar nobles, and raised an army which defeated Ferdinand's general, Ravay (1528). In 1529, Zapolya entered Ofen. He appointed Martinuzzi royal Counselor and treasurer, and in 1534 conferred on him the diocese of Grosswardein, though the newly nominated bishop did not receive papal approbation until five years later. Meanwhile, he ruled his diocese, but not being consecrated bishop, all the episcopal functions were performed by auxiliary bishops.

John Zspolya died 21 July, 1540. He left only one young son, John Sigmund, who was born nine days before Zapolya's death. The deceased monarch in his will had appointed Martinuzzi and Peter Petrovich guardians of the child. They proclaimed him king and the Sultan Suleiman promised to recognize him. But Ferdinand, who had the support of several Magyarian nobles, demanded the fulfillment of an agreement concluded between him and John Zapolya, according to which, Hungary after the latter's death, was to be ceded to him. His demand proving ineffectual, Ferdinand sent a new army to Hungary which occupied several cities and laid siege to Ofen. In the meantime, he negotiated with Isabella, to whom Martinuzzi was chief adviser. On one occasion Martinuzzi even placed himself at the head of an army and repulsed an attack on his city. Meanwhile, the Sultan Suleiman declared war against Ferdinand, and in person led a formidable army into Hungary. He occupied ofen, and turned the lands along the Danube into a Turkish province. But he respected the territory of Isabella and her son which was to be governed during the latter's minority by Martinuzzi and Petrovich. The war between Ferdinad and the Sultan continued, while Isabella governed the principality of Siebenburgen for some years in peace. There was a powerful cabal among the nobles vehemently hostile to Martinuzzi, who governed with on autocratic firmness that brought him many enemies. He lad also disagreements with lsabella, who permitted herself to be swayed by his opponents Martinuzzi now began secretly negotiating with King Ferdinand, and in 1549 an agreement was come to by which Isabella had to give tsp Siebenburgen. In return she was to receive the principality of Opelln in Silesia, and in addition all that had been left her by her husband. Ferdinand was also to provide for her son John Sigmund, as later to marry him to his daughter. Martinuzzi was to be made Archbishop of Gran, and to receive the cardinal's hat. As soon as this contract became known a quarrel broke out between Isabella and the minister. The latter, however, had the Upper hand, and the queen was compelled to come to an agreement (1551); this agreement however did not allay the mistrust between the two.

In the meantime the astute Martinuzzi treated with the Sultan, and succeeded for a time in deceiving him regarding the fate of Siebenburgen and his own relations with King Ferdinand. Ferdinand sent his general, Castaldo, Margrave of Cassiano, with an army to Siebenburgen to discuss the agreement made with Martinuzzi. Castaldo was told to keep on good terms with the minister; but having little faith in Martinuzzi, he was eager to settle the matter with Isabella as soon as possible. In accordance with a previous arrangement made with Martinuzzi, a treaty was concluded by which Isabella agreed to give up, under certain conditions, Hungary and Siebenburgen, and to hand over to Ferdinand the crown and insignia of the Kingdom. When the Sultan learned this; he sent a new army against the king. Castaldo at once suspected that Martmuzzi was in secret affiance with the Turks, and that the negotiations were directed against him and king Ferdinand. Castaldo told the king of his suspicion and was told to deal with Martinuzzi in such a way as he thought the country's need and the well being of its people demanded. Whether Castaldo's suspicion was well founded, or whether he wished to rid himself of a rival is a difficult question to decide Older historical authority considered Martinuzzi's secret negotiations with the Sultan as treason against Ferdinand. Modern historical research, however, scouts these accusations, and maintains that Martinuzzi cannot be convicted of any treason against Ferdinand. (Danko in the "Kirchenlex", s.v.). Castaldo brought about the assassination of Martinuzzi. The order was executed on the night of December 16th 1551, by Sforza Pallavicini and several accomplices. The body remained unburied until February 25th, 1552, when it was interred in St. Michael's church at Karlsburg. Although Ferdinand and Castaldo endeavored to justify themselves to the pope, Julius III excommunicated the murderers and instigators of the crime. In 1555 however the punishment was withdrawn. Though Martinuzzi's fame lies mainly in the political sphere, he was also largely occupied with ecclesiastical affairs. He exerted himself greatly in resisting the invasion of Protestantism. But a measure with the same object which passed the legislative assembly of Siebenburgen in 1544 had little result, for the reason that Petrovich, the second guardian of the king, was on the side of the new doctrine. In his own diocese of Grosswardein, Martinuzzi battled energetically with the innovations, though he could not prevent their progress in Siebenburgen. A reliable historical account of this remarkable man has not yet been compiled.

BECHET, Histoire du ministere du cardinal Martinusius (Paris, 1771); UTJESENOVIC, Lebensgeschchte des Kardinel Geor Utjesenovic genannt Martinusius (Vienna,1881); SCHWICKER, Kard. Martinuzzi und die Reformation in Ungarn und Siebenbugen (Oesterr. Vierteljhrschrift fur kath. Theologie, 1867. Vl, 397 ff.), MAILATH, Geschichte der Megyaren, III. (Rengesburg, 1863), 59 sq., 112 sq.; 116 sq.; WEISS, Weltgeschichte, 3 ed., VIII, 68-70, 116.

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  • Markó, László (2006). A magyar állam főméltóságai Szent Istvántól napjainkig: Életrajzi Lexikon [Great Officers of State in Hungary from King Saint Stephen to Our Days: A Biographical Encyclopedia] (in Hungarian). Helikon Kiadó. ISBN 963-547-085-1.
  • Molnár, Miklós (2001). A Concise History of Hungary. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66736-4.
  • Oborni, Teréz (2017). Az ördöngős barát: Fráter György (1482–1551) [The Devilish Monk. Friar George (1482–1551)] (in Hungarian). Magyar Történelmi Társulat; Kronosz Kiadó. ISBN 978-963-467-001-8.
  • Constantin von Wurzbach: "Utiešenović, Georg". In: Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich. 49. Theil. Kaiserlich-königliche Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Wien 1884, S. 160–162
  • István Torjai-Szabó, Martinuzzi, Georg, in: Biographisches Lexikon zur Geschichte Südosteuropas. Bd. 3. Hgg. Mathias Bernath / Felix von Schroeder. München 1979, S. 110-111 [Onlineausgabe];

Further reading

  • A. Bechet, Histoire du ministére du cardinal Marlinusius (Paris, 1715);
  • Utješenović Ostrožinski, Ognjeslav (1881). Lebensgeschichte des Cardinals Georg Utiesenovic, Vienna
  • Codex epistolaris Fratris Georgii 1535-1551, ed. A. Krolyi (Budapest, 1881).
  • The most vivid presentation of Martinuzzi is to be found in M. Jókais' historical romance, Brother George (Hung.) (Budapest, 1893).
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