Jump to content

Golden Rose

From Catholicism Wiki
Golden Rose by Giuseppe and Pietro Paolo Spagna. Rome, around 1818/19. Kept today in the Imperial Treasury in Hofburg Imperial Palace in Vienna.

The Golden Rose (Latin: Rosa aurea, Italian: Rosa d'oro) is a gold ornament, which popes of the Catholic Church have traditionally blessed annually. It is occasionally conferred as a token of reverence or affection. Recipients have included churches and sanctuaries, royalty, military figures, and governments.

Significance and symbolism

The rose is blessed on the fourth Sunday of Lent, Lætare Sunday (also known as Rose Sunday), when rose-coloured vestments and draperies substitute for the penitential purple, symbolizing hope and joy in the midst of Lenten solemnity. The Golden Rose symbolizes the Risen Christ. The rose's fragrance, according to Pope Leo XIII, "shows the sweet odor of Christ which should be widely diffused by His faithful followers" (Acta, vol. VI, 104), and the thorns and red tint of the petals refer to His bloody Passion. Innocent III said: "As Lætare Sunday, the day set apart for the function, represents love after hate, joy after sorrow, and fullness after hunger, so does the rose designate by its colour, odour and taste, love, joy and satiety respectively."

Workmanship

Before the pontificate of Sixtus IV (1471–1484) the Golden Rose consisted of a single blossom made of pure gold and slightly tinted with red. Later, to embellish the ornament, the gold was left untinted but rubies and afterwards many precious gems were placed in the heart of the rose or on its petals.

Pope Sixtus IV substituted in place of the single rose a thorny branch with leaves and many (ten or more) roses, the largest of which sprang from the top of the branch with smaller roses clustering around it. In the center of the principal rose was a tiny cup with a perforated cover, into which the pope poured musk and balsam to bless the rose. The whole ornament was of pure gold. This 'Sistine' design was maintained but varied as to decoration, size, weight and value. Originally it was little over three inches in height, and was easily carried in the Pope's left hand as he blessed the multitude with his right hand, when passing in procession from the church of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme (in Rome) to the Lateran Palace. Afterwards, especially when a vase and large pedestal became part of the ornament, a robust cleric was required to carry it, preceding the papal cross in the procession. The rose sent to Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick, wife of Joseph I, afterwards emperor, by Innocent XI, weighed 20 pounds (9.1 kg) and was almost 18 inches (460 mm) high. It was in bouquet form, with three twisting branches that came together after many windings at the top of the stem, supporting a large rose and cluster of leaves.

The vase and the pedestal supporting it have varied as to material, weight, and form. In the beginning they were made of gold; but afterward of silver heavily gilt with gold. The pedestal can be either triangular, quadrangular, or octangular, and is richly ornamented with various decorations and bas-reliefs. In addition to the customary inscription, the coat of arms of the pope who had the ornament made, and that of he who blessed and conferred it, are engraved on the pedestal.

Value of the ornament

The value of the rose varies according to the munificence of the pontiffs or the economic circumstances of the times.

Baldassari (1709) stated that the rose conferred about the year 1650 cost about 500 scudi d'oro (equivalent of about 1.7 kg (3.7 lb) of gold). The two roses sent by Pope Alexander VII were valued at about 800 and 1200 scudi respectively. Pope Clement IX sent the Queen of France one costing about 1600 scudi, made of 8 lb (3.6 kg) of gold. The workmanship on this rose was exceedingly fine, for which the artificer received the equivalent of 300 scudi. Innocent XI caused 7.5 lb (3.4 kg) of gold to be formed into a rose, which was further embellished with many sapphires, costing in all 1450 scudi.[1]

Rock (1909) adds that in the 19th century not a few of the roses cost 2000 scudi and more.[2]

Origin

The custom of giving the rose supplanted the ancient practice of sending Catholic rulers the Golden Keys from St. Peter's Confessional, a custom introduced either by Pope Gregory II (716) or Pope Gregory III (740). A certain analogy exists between the rose and the keys: both are of pure gold blessed and bestowed by the pope upon illustrious Catholics, and also, both are somewhat reminiscent of a reliquary—the rose contains musk and balsam, the keys are filings from the Chair of St. Peter.

The exact date of the institution of the rose is unknown. According to some it is anterior to Charlemagne (742–814), according to others it had its origin at the end of the 12th century, but it certainly antedates the year 1050, since Pope Leo IX (1051) speaks of the rose as of an ancient institution at his time.

The custom, started when the popes moved to Avignon, of conferring the rose upon the most deserving prince at the papal court, continued after the papacy moved back to Rome. The prince would receive the rose from the pope in a solemn ceremony and be accompanied by the College of Cardinals from the papal palace to his residence. From the beginning of the seventeenth century, the rose was sent only to queens, princesses and eminent noblemen. Emperors, kings and princes were given a blessed sword and hat as a more suitable gift. However, if a deserving Catholic emperor, king or other great prince was present in Rome on Lætare Sunday, he would be presented with the rose.

The office of carrying and conferring the rose upon those living outside of Rome was given by the pope to cardinal legates a latere, nuncios, inter-nuncios and Apostolic ablegates. In 1895 a new office, called "Bearer of the Golden Rose" or "Keeper of the Golden Rose", destined for Members of Royal Houses (not hereditary), was instituted, and assigned to a privy chamberlain of sword and cape de numero participantium, a rank within the Papal Household, but it was abolished in a series of reforms in 1968 by Pope Paul VI.

Blessing of the Rose

The earliest roses were not blessed; instead, blessing was introduced to render the ceremony more solemn and induce greater reverence for it on the part of the recipient. According to Cardinal Petra (Comment. in Constit. Apostolicas, III, 2, col. 1), Pope Innocent IV (1245–54) was the first to bless it. However, others claim that Pope Innocent III (1198–1216), Pope Alexander III (1159–81) or Pope Leo IX (1049–55) was the first. It is said that Leo IX, in 1051, obliged the monastery (nuns) of Bamberg in Franconia, to furnish a Golden Rose to be blessed and carried on Laetare Sunday each year (Theop. Raynaud, De rosa mediana a pontifice consecrata, IV, 413). Pope Benedict XIV attests that the ceremony of blessing originated at the end of the 14th or the beginning of the 15th century. Catalanus, papal master of ceremonies, believes that even the earliest roses were anointed with musk and balsam, but the blessing with prayers, incense, and holy water had its inception later on, sometime before pontificate of Pope Julius II (1503–13). Currently, the pope blesses the rose every year, but it is not always a new and different rose; the old one is used until it has been given away.

Originally (before the papacy moved to Avignon) the rose was blessed in the Hall of Vestments (sacristy) in the palace where the pope was; but the solemn Mass and the donation of the rose took place in the Santa Croce in Gerusalemme (a figure, according to Pope Innocent III, of the heavenly Jerusalem). The blessing was followed by a solemn Mass sung either by the pope himself or the first Cardinal Priest. In the former case the rose was placed on a veil of rose-colored silk richly embroidered with gold; in the latter the pope held the rose in his hand, except while kneeling, or during the Introit, Confiteor, Elevation and the singing of "Laudemus in Domino". Rose in hand, the pope returned processionally to the Lateran Palace; the Prefect of Rome led his horse by the bridle and aided him in dismounting. Upon arrival, he gave the rose to the Prefect, as a recompense for these acts of respect and homage. Before 1305, the rose was given in Rome to no foreigner, except to the Emperor on the day of his coronation. While residing at Avignon (1305–1375), the popes, unable to visit Roman churches and basilicas, performed many of their sacred functions, among them the blessing of the rose, in the private chapel of their palace (whence the origin of the Cappella Pontificia). On their return to Rome they (Sixtus V excepted) retained this custom.

The blessing of the rose now takes place in the Hall of Vestments (camera dei parimenti), and the solemn Mass in the papal chapel. The rose is placed on a table with lighted candles, and the pope, vested in alb and rose-colored stole and cope with precious mitre on his head, begins the ceremony with the usual versicles and the following poetical prayer:

"O God! by Whose word and power all things have been created, by Whose will all things are directed, we humbly beseech Thy Majesty, Who art the joy and gladness of all the faithful, that Thou wouldst deign in Thy fatherly love to bless and sanctify this rose, most delightful in odour and appearance, which we this day carry in sign of spiritual joy, in order that the people consecrated by Thee and delivered from the yoke of Babylonian slavery through the favour of Thine only-begotten Son, Who is the glory and exultation of the people of Israel and of that Jerusalem which is our Heavenly mother, may with sincere hearts show forth their joy. Wherefore, O Lord, on this day, when the Church exults in Thy name and manifests her joy by this sign [the rose], confer upon us through her true and perfect joy and accepting her devotion of today; do Thou remit sin, strengthen faith, increase piety, protect her in Thy mercy, drive away all things adverse to her and make her ways safe and prosperous, so that Thy Church, as the fruit of good works, may unite in giving forth the perfume of the ointment of that flower sprung from the root of Jesse and which is the mystical flower of the field and lily of the valleys, and remain happy without end in eternal glory together with all the saints."

The prayer finished, the pope puts incense (handed by the cardinal-deacon) into the censer and incenses the balsam and then the musk, and afterwards puts the balsam and powdered musk into the tiny cup in the heart of the principal rose. He then incenses the rose and sprinkles it with holy water. It is then given to the youngest cleric of the Camera, who carries it in front of the pope to the chapel, where it is placed on the altar at the foot of the cross upon a richly embroidered silk veil, where it remains during the Mass sung by the first cardinal-priest. After the Mass, the rose is carried in procession before the pope to the sacristy, where it is carefully put away in a place set apart for it, until bestowed upon some worthy personage.

Recipients

Golden Roses have been awarded to people – men, women, and one married couple - as well as to states and churches.

Until the sixteenth century Golden Roses were usually awarded to male sovereigns. From the sixteenth century onwards it became more common to award them to female sovereigns and to the wives of sovereigns. The last male to receive a Golden Rose was Francesco Loredan, Doge of Venice, in 1759. The last person to receive a Golden Rose was Grand Duchess Charlotte of Luxembourg, in 1956.

Among the principal churches to which the rose has been presented are St. Peter's Basilica (five roses), the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran (four roses),[3] the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima (four roses),[4] the Basilica of Our Lady Aparecida (three roses),[5] the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes (two roses) and the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore (two roses).[6]

  • In the twentieth century Pius X, Benedict XV, John XXIII, and John Paul I made no awards of the Golden Rose.
  • Pius XI revived the practice which was continued by Pius XII.
  • Paul VI (1963–1978) made five awards.
  • John Paul II (1978–2005) made ten awards.
  • Benedict XVI (2005–2013) made nineteen awards.
  • Francis (2013–2025) made sixteen awards.
  • Leo XIV (2025–) has made four awards.

Since Paul VI, all Golden Roses have been awarded to churches; all of Benedict XVI's, Francis', and Leo XIV's awards have been to Marian shrines or Marian images.

Year Recipient Pope Type of recipient Geographical area of recipient Notes
1096 Fulk IV, Count of Anjou Urban II man France [7]
1148 Alfonso VII, King of León and Castile Eugene III man Spain
1163 Louis VII, King of France Alexander III man France
1183 William I, King of Scots Lucius III man Scotland [8]
1227 Raimondo Orsini Gregory IX man Italy [9]
1244 Church of Saint-Just, Lyon Innocent IV church France [9]
1304 Church of San Domenico, Perugia Benedict XI church Italy [9]
1348 Louis I, King of Naples Clement VI man Italy
1348 Louis I, King of Hungary Clement VI man Hungary [9]
1350 Niccolò Acciaioli, Grand Seneschal of Naples Innocent VI man Italy [9]
1362-70 Valdemar IV of Denmark Urban V man Denmark [9]
1368 Joanna I, Queen of Naples Urban V woman Italy [9]
1369 St. Peter's Basilica Urban V church Italy [9]
1389 Raimondo Del Balzo Orsini Urban V man Italy [9]
1391 Alberto d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara Boniface IX man Italy [9]
1393 Astorre I Manfredi da Bagnacavallo Boniface IX man Italy [9]
1398 Ugolino III Trinci, Lord of Foligno Boniface IX man Italy [9]
1410 Niccolò III d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara Alexander V man Italy [10]
1411 Charles VI, King of France John XXIII man France [10]
1413 Luigi Alidosi, Lord of Imola John XXIII man Italy [10]
1415 Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor John XXIII man Germany [10]
1419 Republic of Florence Martin V state Italy [10]
1420 Guidantonio da Montefeltro, Count of Urbino Martin V man Italy [10]
1435 Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor Eugene IV man Germany [10]
1444 Henry VI, King of England Eugene IV man England
1448 Casimir IV, King of Poland Nicholas V man Poland
1452 Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, and Empress Eleonora Nicholas V couple Germany received the day after they were crowned
1457 Charles VII, King of France Callistus III man France
1461 March 15 Thomas Palaiologos Pius II man Greece [11]
1477 Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua Sixtus IV man Italy [12]
1481 Louis XI of France Sixtus IV man France [13]
1482 Eberhard I, Duke of Württemberg Sixtus IV man Germany
1486 James III, King of Scotland Innocent VIII man Scotland
1491 James IV, King of Scotland Innocent VIII man Scotland
1493 Isabella I, Queen of Castile Alexander VI woman Spain
1505 Alexander Jagiellon, King of Poland Julius II man Poland
1506 Manuel I, King of Portugal Julius II man Portugal
1514 Manuel I, King of Portugal Leo X man Portugal Second award
1518 Frederick III, Elector of Saxony Leo X man Germany
1512? Henry VIII, King of England Julius II man England
1521? Henry VIII, King of England Leo X man England
1524 Henry VIII, King of England Clement VII man England
1537 Federico II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua Paul III man Italy [14] because of his kindness towards the Fathers of the Council of Trent
1543 Ercole II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara Paul III man Italy [15]
1548 Catherine de' Medici, Queen of France Paul III woman France [15]
1550 João Manuel, Prince of Portugal Julius III man Portugal [15]
1551 Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore Julius III church Italy [15]
1555 Mary I, Queen of England Paul IV woman England [15]
1557 María Enríquez Álvarez de Toledo, Duchess of Alba de Tormes Paul IV woman Spain [15] wife of Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel, 3rd Duke of Alba de Tormes
1560 Mary, Queen of Scots Pius IV woman Scotland
1561 Anne, Queen of Bohemia Pius IV woman Bohemia [15]
1564 Republic of Lucca Pius IV state Italy [15]
1568 May 11 Joanna of Austria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany Pius V woman Italy
1572 Charles IX, King of France Gregory XIII man France given in appreciation of the King's role in enabling St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
1574 March 24 Don John of Austria Gregory XIII man Spain and Germany given in the church of St. Clara, Naples, by the Pope's Chamberlain, "in token of his [the Pope's] benevolence and paternal love."[16]
1592 Henry IV, King of France Clement VIII man France
1597 Morosina Morosini Clement VIII woman Venice given at her coronation as Dogaressa of Venice
1598 Margaret, Queen of Spain Clement VIII woman Spain received on the day she was married by proxy to Philip III, King of Spain
1607 Santa Maria sopra Minerva Paul V church Italy [17]
1610 Sancta Sanctorum Paul V church Italy [17]
1625 Henrietta Maria, Queen of England and Scotland Urban VIII woman England and Scotland [17] received at Amiens
1626/7 Ferdinand II, Grand Duke of Tuscany Urban VIII man Italy [17]
1628 Maddalena, Dowager Grand Duchess of Tuscany Urban VIII woman Italy [17]
1630 Maria Anna, Queen of Hungary Urban VIII woman Germany [17] later Empress Consort
1631 Taddeo Barberini, Prefect of Rome Urban VIII man Italy [17] he was the pope's nephew
1634 St. Peter's Basilica Urban VIII church Italy [17]
1635 Maria Anna, Electress of Bavaria Urban VIII woman Germany [18]
1649 Mariana, Queen of Spain Innocent X woman Spain [19]
1651? Marie Louise, Queen of Poland Innocent X woman Poland [19]
1654 Lucrezia, Duchess of Modena Innocent X woman Italy [19]
1658 Siena Cathedral Alexander VII church Italy [19] cathedral of the pope's hometown, rose designed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini
1668 Maria Theresa, Queen of France Alexander VII woman France for her infant son, the Dauphin, for whom the pope was godfather
1672 Elenor, Queen of Poland Clement X woman Poland
1684 March 25 Marie Casimire Louise, Queen of Poland Innocent XI woman Poland [20]
1699 Wilhelmina Amalia, Empress of the Holy Roman Empire Innocent XII woman Germany
1701 Maria Luisa, Queen of Spain Clement XI woman Spain
1726 Violante Beatrice, Grand Princess of Tuscany Benedict XIII woman Italy [21]
1736 Maria Josepha, Queen of Poland Clement XII woman Poland [22]
1759 Francesco Loredan, Doge of Venice Clement XIII man Italy
1776 Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen Pius VI woman Austria
1784 Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma Pius VI woman Italy
1790 Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples Pius VI woman Italy
1819 Caroline Augusta, Empress of Austria Leo XII woman Austria
1825 Maria Theresa, Queen Dowager of Sardinia Leo XII woman Italy
1830 Cathedral of Cingoli Pius VIII church Italy [23] cathedral of the pope's hometown
1832 Maria Anna, Queen of Hungary Gregory XVI woman Austria [23] later Empress Consort of Austria
1833 St Mark's Basilica Gregory XVI church Italy [23]
1842 Maria II, Queen of Portugal Gregory XVI woman Portugal
1849 Princess Maria Pia of Savoy Pius IX woman Italy given by her godfather on the day of her baptism; later Queen Consort of Portugal
1856 Eugenie, Empress of the French Pius IX woman France
1861 Maria Sophie, Queen of the Two Sicilies Pius IX woman Italy
1868 Elisabeth, Empress of Austria Pius IX woman Austria
1868 Isabella II, Queen of Spain Pius IX woman Spain
1870 Sant'Antonio dei Portoghesi Pius IX church Italy [24]
1877 Sep. Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes Pius IX shrine France [25]
1886 Maria Christina, Queen Dowager of Spain Leo XIII woman Spain
1887 Mary Gwendoline Caldwell Leo XIII woman United States Mrs. Caldwell had donated money towards the founding of the Catholic University of America[26][27]
1888 Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil Leo XIII woman Brazil see Lei Áurea
1892 Amélie, Queen of Portugal Leo XIII woman Portugal
1893 Marie Henriette, Queen of the Belgians Leo XIII woman Belgium
1923 Victoria Eugenie, Queen of Spain Pius XI woman Spain
1926 Elisabeth, Queen of the Belgians Pius XI woman Belgium
1930 Elena, Queen of Italy Pius XI woman Italy [28]
1937 Elena, Queen of Italy Pius XI woman Italy [29] in observance of her 40th wedding anniversary
1953 Se Cathedral Pius XII church India [30] placed on the tomb of Francis Xavier
1956 Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg Pius XII woman Luxembourg
1964 Church of the Nativity Paul VI church Palestine [31]
1965 Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima Paul VI shrine Portugal [32]
1966 March 25 Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe Paul VI church Mexico [30]
1967 Basilica of Our Lady Aparecida (now known as the "Old Basilica of Aparecida") Paul VI church Brazil [30]
1979 June Black Madonna of Częstochowa John Paul II shrine Poland [33]
1979 Sep. Knock Shrine John Paul II shrine Ireland [34]
1982 June Basilica of Our Lady of Luján John Paul II shrine Argentina [35]
1985 June 28 Basilica of Assumption of Mary and Saints Cyril and Methodius in Velehrad John Paul II shrine Czech Republic [36][37]
1987 June Kalwaria Zebrzydowska John Paul II shrine Poland [38]
1988 May 14 Sanctuary of Our Lady of the Evangelization John Paul II shrine Lima, Peru [39]
2000 Dec. Holy House of Loreto John Paul II shrine Italy
2004 Aug. 14 Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes John Paul II shrine France [40] Second award
2004 Oct. 17 Saint Joseph's Oratory John Paul II church Montreal, Canada [41]
2004 Dec. Sameiro Sanctuary John Paul II shrine Braga, Portugal [42]
2006 Black Madonna of Częstochowa Benedict XVI shrine Poland Second award
2007 May 12 Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady Aparecida ("New Basilica of Aparecida") Benedict XVI shrine Brazil Second award to the image of Our Lady Aparecida. The first award was given to the image in 1967 when it was housed in the Old Basilica, before the construction and consecration of the new Basilica in 1980.[43]
2007 Sep. 8 Basilica of the Birth of the Virgin Mary Mariazell Benedict XVI shrine Austria [44][45]
2008 Apr. 9 Shrine of Our Lady of Altötting Benedict XVI shrine Altötting, Germany [46]
2008 Apr. 16 Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception Benedict XVI shrine Washington D.C., USA [47]
2008 May 17 Sanctuary of Nostra Signora della Misericordia Benedict XVI shrine Savona, Italy [48]
2008 May 18 Shrine of Nostra Signora della Guardia Benedict XVI shrine Genoa, Italy [48]
2008 Sep. 7 Shrine of Our Lady of Bonaria Benedict XVI shrine Cagliary, Italy [48]
2008 Oct. 19 Shrine of the Virgin of the Rosary of Pompei Benedict XVI shrine Pompei, Italy [49]
[50]
2009 Apr. 28 Shrine of Our Lady of the Cross Benedict XVI shrine Aquila, Italy after the earthquake[51]
2009 May Shrine of Our Lady of Europe Benedict XVI shrine Gibraltar [52][53]
2009 Nov. 22 Basilica of Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza Benedict XVI shrine Jaén, Spain [48]
2010 Catedral Basílica de Nuestra Señora del Valle Benedict XVI church Argentina [54][55]
2010 Apr. 18 Shrine of Our Lady of Ta' Pinu Benedict XVI shrine Malta [56]
2010 May 12 Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima Benedict XVI shrine Portugal Second award[57]
[58]
2010 Aug. 23 Sanctuary of Our Lady of the Valley Benedict XVI shrine Catamarca, Argentina [59]
2010 Nov. 13 Virgen of Socorro Benedict XVI shrine Valencia, Venezuela [60]
2011 May 15 Basilica of Our Lady of Scherpenheuvel Benedict XVI shrine Belgium [61]
2012 March 26 Basílica Santuario Nacional de Nuestra Señora de la Caridad Benedict XVI church Cobre, Cuba [62][63]
2013 Nov. 22 Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe Francis shrine Mexico [64] Second award
2015 June 21 Santuario della Consolata Francis shrine Italy [65] Given during the pope's visit during the public showing of the Shroud of Turin
2016 July 28 Black Madonna of Częstochowa Francis shrine Poland [66] Third Award
2017 May 13 Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima Francis shrine Portugal Third Award[67]
2017 October 7 Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady Aparecida ("New Basilica of Aparecida") Francis shrine Brazil Third award of the Golden Rose to the icon of Our Lady Aparecida; second award since the icon was transferred from the Old Basilica to the new Basilica. This award commemorates the 300 anniversary of the icon's appearance and of devotion to it.[68]
2018 September 23 Our Lady of Trakai Francis Marian image Lithuania
2019 June 1 Our Lady of Csíksomlyó Francis Marian image Transylvania, Romania [69]
2021 September 15 Basilica of Our Lady of Sorrows Francis shrine/Marian image Slovakia [70]
2022 April 2 Blessed Virgin of Ta' Pinu Francis shrine Malta Second award[71]
2022 August 15 Our Lady of Altagracia Francis Marian image Dominican Republic [72]
2022 November 18 Our Lady of Chiquinquirá Francis church/Marian image Venezuela [73]
2023 October 7 Our Lady of Montserrat Francis Marian image Spain [74]
2023 December 8 Salus Populi Romani Francis Marian image Italy [75]
2024 February 26 Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage Francis shrine/Marian image Philippines Gifted in thanksgiving for the erection of the Antipolo Cathedral as an International Shrine.[76]
2024 September 8 Our Lady of Luján Francis Marian image Vanimo, Papua New Guinea [77]
2024 September 26 Our Lady of Luxembourg Francis church/Marian image Luxembourg [78]
2024 December 3 Virgin of Hope of Macarena Francis Marian image Spain [79]
2025 October 11 Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima Leo XIV shrine/Marian image Portugal Fourth award [4]
2025 December 1 Our Lady of Lebanon Leo XIV shrine/Marian image Lebanon
2026 May 30 Our Lady of the Tabernacle Leo XIV Marian image Toledo, Spain Gifted in time for the centenary of the canonical coronation of the patroness of the city[80]
2026 June 8 Virgin of Almudena Leo XIV Marian image Spain [81]

From the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia

Golden Rose — A precious and sacred ornament made of pure gold by skilled artificers, which the popes have been accustomed for centuries to bless each year, and occasionally confer upon illustrious churches and sanctuaries as a token of special reverence and devotion, upon Catholic kings or queens, princes or princesses, renowned generals or other distinguished personages, upon governments or cities conspicuous for their Catholic spirit and loyalty to the Holy See, as a mark of esteem and paternal affection.

The significations of the rose and Lætare Sunday (fourth of Lent), the day on which it is blessed, so blend that the Sunday is oftentimes called Rose Sunday, and rose-coloured vestments, altar and throne and chapel draperies (signs of hope and joy) are substituted for the penitential purple during the solemn function. The Church on this Sunday bids her children who have been so far engaged in prayer, fasting and other penitential works, as also in serious meditation upon the malice of sin and the terrible punishment exacted on account of it, to look up and beyond Calvary and see in the first rays of the Easter sun, the risen Christ, Who brings them redemption, and "Rejoice". The golden flower and its shining splendour show forth Christ and His Kingly Majesty, Who is heralded by the prophet as "the flower of the field and the lily of the valleys"; its fragrance shows the sweet odour of Christ which should be widely diffused by His faithful followers (Pope Leo XIII, Acta, vol. VI, 104); and the thorns and red tint tell of His Passion according to Isaias (lxiii, 2): "Why then is thy apparel red, and thy garments like theirs that tread in the winepress?"

Among the many mystical significations, as set forth in the papal diplomas accompanying the gift, as also in sermons of the popes in conferring it, the following of Innocent III is worthy of note: As Lætare Sunday, the day set apart for the function, represents love after hate, joy after sorrow, and fullness after hunger, so does the rose designate by its colour, odour, and taste, love, joy, and satiety respectively. Adverting to the spiritual resemblance, he continues that the rose is the flower spoken of by Isaias (xi, 1), "there shall come forth a rod out of the root of Jesse, and a flower shall rise up out of his root". Prior to the pontificate of Sixtus IV (1471-84) it consisted of a simple and single rose made of pure gold and slightly tinted with red. For greater embellishment, yet still retaining the mystical meaning, a ruby placed in the heart of the rose, and afterwards many precious gems set in the petals, were used instead of the red colouring of the gold. Pope Sixtus IV substituted in place of the single rose a thorny branch with leaves and many roses (a half-score and sometimes more), the largest of which sprang from the top of the branch and the smaller ones clustered naturally around it. In the centre of the principal rose was a tiny cup with a perforated cover, into which the pope, when he blessed the rose, poured the musk and balsam. The whole ornament was of pure gold. The Sixtine design has been maintained; but it has varied as to decoration, size, weight, and value. Originally it was little over six inches in height, and was easily carried in the left hand of the pope, whilst with his right he blessed the multitude through which he passed in procession from the church of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme (in Rome) to the Lateran Palace. Afterwards, and especially when a vase and large pedestal became part of the ornament, it required a robust cleric to carry it, who preceded the papal cross in the procession. The rose sent to Amelia of Brunswick, wife of Joseph I, afterwards emperor, by Innocent XI, weighed twenty pounds of gold. In height it was almost eighteen inches, and in form a bouquet; from the stem sprang three different branches which after many natural windings came together at the top, and supported the largest and principal rose in the midst of a beautiful cluster of leaves. The vase whence rises the shapely and elegant flower, as also the pedestal supporting the vase, varied as to material, weight, and form. In the beginning they were made of gold; but afterward of silver heavily gilt with gold. The pedestal was either triangular, quadrangular, or octangular, and was richly ornamented with various decorations and bassorilievos. In addition to the customary inscription, the coat of arms of the pope who had the ornament made, and that of him who blessed and conferred it, were engraved on the pedestal. Their value varied according to the munificence of the pontiffs or the economical circumstances of the times. Father Baldassari, S.J. (De Rosa Mediana, p. 190) says that the rose conferred about the year 1650 cost five hundred dollars. The two roses sent by Alexander VII were valued at eight and twelve hundred dollars respectively. Clement IX sent the Queen of France one costing twelve hundred dollars, the gold alone used weighing eight pounds. The workmanship on this rose was exceedingly fine, for which the artificer received three hundred dollars. Innocent IX caused eight and one-half pounds of gold to be formed into a rose, which was further embellished with many sapphires, costing in all fourteen hundred dollars. In the nineteenth century not a few of the roses cost two thousand dollars and more. The skill and workmanship of the papal artificers are something truly wonderful.

The custom of giving the rose supplanted the ancient practice of sending to Catholic rulers the Golden Keys from St. Peter's Confessional, a custom introduced either by St. Gregory II (716) or St. Gregory III (740). A certain analogy exists between the rose and the keys, inasmuch as both are of pure gold blessed and bestowed by the Vicar of Christ upon illustrious children of the Church, and further, both partake somewhat of the nature of a reliquary — the rose containing musk and balsam, the keys filings from the Chair of St. Peter.

The exact date of the institution of the rose is unknown. According to some it is anterior to Charlemagne (742-814), according to others it had its origin at the end of the twelfth century. It is certain, however, that it antedates the year 1050, since Pope Leo IX (1051) speaks of the rose as of an ancient institution at his time. The blessing of the rose was not coeval with its institution. It was introduced to render the ceremony more solemn and induce greater reverence for it on the part of the recipient. According to Cardinal Petra (Comment. in Constit. Apostolicas, III, 2, col. 1), Pope Innocent IV (1245-54) was the first to bless it. Innocent III (1198-1216) and Alexander III (1159-81) and Leo IX (1049-55) have each strenuous defenders of their respective claims to the authorship of the ceremony. Of the last it is said that he (A.D. 1051) imposed upon the monastery (nuns) of Bamberg in Franconia, then subject to the pope, the obligation of furnishing each year the Golden Rose to be blessed and carried by the pope on Lætare Sunday (Theop. Raynaud, De rosa mediana a pontifice consecrata, IV, 413). Pope Benedict XIV attests that the ceremony of blessing had its origin in the beginning of the fifteen or at the end of the fourteenth century. Catalanus, papal master of ceremonies, is of opinion that the use of musk and balsam was coeval with the institution, but the blessing with prayers, incense, and holy water had its inception later on, yet earlier than the pontificate of Julius II (1503-13). The pope blesses the rose every year, but it is not always a new and different rose; the old one is used until it has been given away.

Originally the rose was blessed in the Hall of Vestments (sacristy) in the palace where the pope was; but the solemn Mass and the donation of the rose took place in the Church of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme (a figure, according to Pope Innocent III, of the heavenly Jerusalem), and this was the practice until the popes removed to Avignon. The blessing was followed by a solemn Mass sung either by the pope himself or the first cardinal-priest; in the former case the rose was placed on a veil of rose-coloured silk richly embroidered with gold; in the latter the pope held the rose in his hand, unless when he knelt, or at the Introit, Confiteor, Elevation, and the singing of "Laudemus in Domino". Returning processionally to the Lateran Palace, he carried the rose in his hand, and arriving at the door of the palace, he gave to the Prefect of Rome who had led his horse by the bridle and had aided him to dismount, the rose as a recompense for acts of respect and homage. Prior to 1305 the rose was given in Rome to no outsider, except the emperor and to him only on the day of his coronation. Whilst residing at Avignon (1305-1375) the popes, unable to make visits to Roman churches and basilicas, performed many of their sacred functions, among them the blessing of the rose, in the private chapel of their palace (whence the origin of the Cappella Pontificia). On their return to Rome they (Sixtus V excepted) retained the custom thus begun.

The blessing of the rose now takes place in the Hall of Vestments (camera dei parimenti) and the solemn Mass in the papal chapel. The rose is placed on a table with lighted candles, and the pope, vested in alb and rose-coloured stole and cope with precious mitre on his head, begins the ceremony with the usual versicles and the following beautiful and expressive prayer: "O God! by Whose word and power all things have been created, by Whose will all things are directed, we humbly beseech Thy Majesty, Who art the joy and gladness of all the faithful, that Thou wouldst deign in Thy fatherly love to bless and sanctify this rose, most delightful in odour and appearance, which we this day carry in sign of spiritual joy, in order that the people consecrated by Thee and delivered from the yoke of Babylonian slavery through the favour of Thine only-begotten Son, Who is the glory and exultation of the people of Israel and of that Jerusalem which is our Heavenly mother, may with sincere hearts show forth their joy. Wherefore, O Lord, on this day, when the Church exults in Thy name and manifests her joy by this sign [the rose], confer upon us through her true and perfect joy and accepting her devotion of today; do Thou remit sin, strengthen faith, increase piety, protect her in Thy mercy, drive away all things adverse to her and make her ways safe and prosperous, so that Thy Church, as the fruit of good works, may unite in giving forth the perfume of the ointment of that flower sprung from the root of Jesse and which is the mystical flower of the field and lily of the valleys, and remain happy without end in eternal glory together with all the saints." The prayer finished, the pope puts incense (handed by the cardinal-deacon) into the censer and incenses the balsam and then the musk, and afterwards puts the balsam and powdered musk into the tiny cup in the heart of the principal rose. He then incenses the rose and sprinkles it with holy water. It is then given to the youngest cleric of the Camera, who carries it in front of the pope to the chapel, where it is placed on the altar at the foot of the cross upon a richly embroidered silk veil, where it remains during the Mass sung by the first cardinal-priest. After the Mass, the rose is carried in procession before the pope to the sacristy, where it is carefully put away in a place set apart for it, until bestowed upon some worthy personage.

The custom initiated at Avignon of conferring the rose upon the most deserving prince present at the papal court was continued in Rome when the popes returned from Avignon. The recipient of the rose from the hands of the pope, after the solemn function, was accompanied by the College of Cardinals from the papal palace to his residence. From the beginning of the seventeenth century the rose was sent only to queens, princesses, and eminent noblemen; to emperors, kings, and princes were given a sword as a more suitable gift. It is true, however, that if a Catholic emperor, king, or some other great prince were present in Rome on Lætare Sunday, he would be presented with the rose if he were deserving. The office of carrying and conferring the rose upon those living outside of Rome was given by the pope to cardinal legates a latere, nuncios, inter-nuncios, and Apostolic ablegates. In 1895 a new office, called "Bearer of the Golden Rose", was instituted, and assigned to a secret chamberlain of sword and cloak participante.

Among the principal churches to which the rose has been presented are St. Peter's (five roses), St. John Lateran (four roses — according to some two of the four were given to the basilica proper and two to the chapel called Sancta Sanctorum), St. Mary Major (two roses), St. Mary sopra Minerva (one rose), and St. Anthony of the Portuguese (one rose). It was also presented to the Archconfraternity of the Gonfalone. All these roses have been lost.

Among the many recipients of the gift, the following are noteworthy:

  • Falcone, Count of Angers, who received it from Urban II (1096);
  • Alfonso VII, King of Castile (Eugene III; 1148);
  • Louis VII of France (Alexander III; 1163);
  • Louis I of Hungary (Clement VI; 1348);
  • Joanna I, Queen of Naples (1368);
  • Emperor Sigismund (Eugene IV; 1435);
  • Henry VI of England (Eugene IV; 1444);
  • Casimir IV, King of Poland (Nicholas V; 1448);
  • Emperor Frederick III and his wife Empress Eleonora, who were crowned on Lætare Sunday (1452) and received the Golden Rose next day from Nicholas V;
  • Charles VII of France (Callistus III; 1457);
  • James III of Scotland (Innocent VIII; 1486);
  • Isabella I, Queen of Spain (Alexander VI; 1493);
  • Alexander I of Poland (Julius II; 1505);
  • Emanuel I of Portugal (Julius II; 1506);
  • Henry VIII of England, who received one from Pope Julius II, one from Leo X, and one from Clement VII in year 1524;
  • Frederick, Duke of Mantua (Paul III; 1537), because of his kindness towards the Fathers of the Council of Trent;
  • Mary, Queen of England, daughter of Henry VIII (Paul IV; 1555);
  • Henry of Anjou, King of Poland (Clement VIII; 1592);
  • Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain, on the day she was married to Philip III by proxy in presence of Pope Clement VIII (1598);
  • Henrietta Maria, Queen of England, at Amiens (Urban VIII; 1625);
  • Maria of Austria, Queen of Hungary (Urban VIII; 1630);
  • Maria Theresa, Queen of France (1668), for her infant son, the Dauphin, for whom Pope Alexander VII was godfather;
  • Eleonora, Queen of Poland (Clement X; 1671);
  • Mary Casimir, wife of John III, King of Poland, Saviour of Vienna (Innocent XI; 1684);
  • Amelia of Brunswick, empress (Innocent XII; 1699);
  • Maria Louisa Gabriele of Savoy, Queen of Spain (Clement XI; 1701);
  • Francesco Loredano, Doge of Venice (Clement XIII; 1759);
  • Maria Christina, Archduchess of Austria (Pius VI; 1776);
  • Maria Theresa, widowed Queen of Sardinia (Leo XII; 1825);
  • Maria Anna, Queen of Hungary, afterwards empress (Gregory XVI; 1832);
  • Maria II, Queen of Portugal (Gregory XVI; 1842);
  • Maria Pia of Portugal, on the day of her baptism (Pius IX, her godfather, 1849);
  • Isabella II of Spain (Pius IX; 1868);
  • Maria Christina, Queen Regent of Spain (Leo XIII; 1886);
  • Isabella, Princess Imperial of Brazil, then Regent of the Empire (Leo XIII; 1880);
  • Maria Amélie, Queen of Portugal (Leo XIII; 1892);
  • Marie Henriette, Queen of the Belgians (Leo XIII; 1893).

GIOBBIO, Lezioni di Diplomazia Ecclesiastica (Rome, 1899), Pt. I. Lib. I, Cap. iv, Art. IV, n. 287 sqq; ANDRÉ-WAGNER, Dictionnaire de Droit Canonique, III, 370; BARRY, The Sacramentals (Cincinnati, 1858), 108 sqq.

References

  1. Back to citation Antonio Baldassari, La rosa d'oro, che si benedice nella quarta domenica di quaresima dal sommo pontefice (1709), 190f.
  2. Back to citation Rock, P.M.J., "Golden Rose" in The Catholic Encyclopedia (1909).
  3. Back to citation According to some sources, two of the four roses were given to the basilica proper and two to the chapel called Sancta Sanctorum.
  4. Back to citation occurrence 4.0 Back to citation occurrence 4.1 "Giubileo spiritualità mariana, 30 mila a Roma. Omaggio del Papa alla Madonna di Fatima - Vatican News". www.vaticannews.va. October 10, 2025.
  5. Back to citation "Papa Francisco ofertará terceira Rosa de Ouro à Aparecida". a12.com. Retrieved 2023-06-10.
  6. Back to citation "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-30. Retrieved 2014-07-21.
  7. Back to citation Gaetano Moroni, "Rosa d'Oro", Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica (Venezia: Tipografia Emiliana, 1852), LIX, 116.
  8. Back to citation Ott, Michael. "Pope Lucius III." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 30 January 2021
  9. Back to citation occurrence 9.00 Back to citation occurrence 9.01 Back to citation occurrence 9.02 Back to citation occurrence 9.03 Back to citation occurrence 9.04 Back to citation occurrence 9.05 Back to citation occurrence 9.06 Back to citation occurrence 9.07 Back to citation occurrence 9.08 Back to citation occurrence 9.09 Back to citation occurrence 9.10 Back to citation occurrence 9.11 Moroni, LIX, 125.
  10. Back to citation occurrence 10.0 Back to citation occurrence 10.1 Back to citation occurrence 10.2 Back to citation occurrence 10.3 Back to citation occurrence 10.4 Back to citation occurrence 10.5 Back to citation occurrence 10.6 Moroni, LIX, 126.
  11. Back to citation Zakythinos, D. A. (1932). "Les derniers Paléologues en exil". Le despotat grec de Morée (in French). Paris. p. 288.
  12. Back to citation "LUDOVICO III Gonzaga, marchese di Mantova in "Dizionario Biografico"". treccani.it.
  13. Back to citation Joseph Combet (1903). Louis XI et le Saint-Siège: 1461-1483 (in French). Paris: Hachette. p. 186.
  14. Back to citation Moroni, LIX, 130-31.
  15. Back to citation occurrence 15.0 Back to citation occurrence 15.1 Back to citation occurrence 15.2 Back to citation occurrence 15.3 Back to citation occurrence 15.4 Back to citation occurrence 15.5 Back to citation occurrence 15.6 Back to citation occurrence 15.7 Moroni, LIX, 131.
  16. Back to citation Coloma, Luis (1912). "The Story of Don John of Austria".
  17. Back to citation occurrence 17.0 Back to citation occurrence 17.1 Back to citation occurrence 17.2 Back to citation occurrence 17.3 Back to citation occurrence 17.4 Back to citation occurrence 17.5 Back to citation occurrence 17.6 Back to citation occurrence 17.7 Moroni, LIX, 135.
  18. Back to citation Moroni, LIX, 135-36.
  19. Back to citation occurrence 19.0 Back to citation occurrence 19.1 Back to citation occurrence 19.2 Back to citation occurrence 19.3 Moroni, LIX, 136.
  20. Back to citation Secondo centenario della liberazione di Vienna dell'assedio dei Turchi (1683–1883): Ricordi storici, raccolti da Filippo Lancellotti, Principe di Lauro (Roma: Tipografia della Pace di F. Cuggiani, 1883), 75-76.
  21. Back to citation Young, G. F.: The Medici: Volume 2, E. P. Dutton and Company, 1920, p. 488
  22. Back to citation Rożek, M.: The Royal Cathedral at Wawel, Interpress, 1981, p. 158 and 165
  23. Back to citation occurrence 23.0 Back to citation occurrence 23.1 Back to citation occurrence 23.2 Moroni, LIX, 144.
  24. Back to citation Lodovico Antonio Muratori, Annali d'Italia dal principio dell'era volgare sino all'anno 1750 (Firenze: Leonardo Marchini, 1827), XXXIII, 33.
  25. Back to citation "A month at Lourdes and its neighbourhood in the summer of 1877". January 22, 1878 – via Internet Archive.
  26. Back to citation Ryan, Patrick J. (2003). When I Survey the Wondrous Cross: Scriptural Reflections for Lent. Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-4207-1.
  27. Back to citation Gollar, C. Walker (1995). "The Double Doctrine of the Caldwell Sisters". The Catholic Historical Review. 81 (3): 372–397. ISSN 0008-8080. JSTOR 25024524.
  28. Back to citation "Pontiff Will Bless Golden Rose Today", New York Times (March 30, 1930): 25.
  29. Back to citation "Pope Blesses Gift for Queen Elena", New York Times (March 8, 1937): 12.
  30. Back to citation occurrence 30.0 Back to citation occurrence 30.1 Back to citation occurrence 30.2 Bernard Berthod and Pierre Blanchard, Trésors inconnus du Vatican: cérémonial et liturgie (Paris: Editions de l'Amateur, 2001), 300.
  31. Back to citation "Paul VI Starts Trip to the Holy Land", New York Times (January 4, 1964): 1.
  32. Back to citation "Pontiff Adjourns Vatican Council and Honors Mary", New York Times (November 22, 1964): 1.
  33. Back to citation "Monastery Jasna Góra, Pauline Monks in Czestochowa Poland - Photography". Archived from the original on 2015-11-14. Retrieved 2015-11-14.
  34. Back to citation "The Mayo News". mayonews.ie. Archived from the original on 2020-09-22. Retrieved 2021-01-22.
  35. Back to citation "Basílica Nacional Nuestra Señora de Luján". GCatholic; "Papal honors"; "Rosa de Oro y los papas (Spanish)". Archived from the original on 2013-01-02. Retrieved 2013-03-17.
  36. Back to citation "Zlatá růže – Farnost Velehrad". www.farnostvelehrad.cz.
  37. Back to citation "Lettera al Cardinale Agostino Casaroli, Legato Pontificio in Cecoslovacchia per le celebrazioni in onore dei Santi Cirillo e Metodio (28 giugno 1985)". www.vatican.va.
  38. Back to citation (Polish)
  39. Back to citation "Fiesta de Nuestra Señora de la Evangelización". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-07-21.
  40. Back to citation A Papal rose in tribute to the "Queen" of joy and sorrow"
  41. Back to citation "Pope honors largest shrine to St. Joseph with Golden Rose"
  42. Back to citation "EUROPE/PORTUGAL - 150th anniversary of the dogma Immaculate Conception - Shrine of Sameiro receives the Golden Rose donated by Supreme Pontiff: from the Basilica of Our Lady of the Rosary in Fatima (Portugal) - Agenzia Fides". fides.org.
  43. Back to citation "Rosario del Papa Benedicto XVI desde Aparecida". Archived from the original on 2022-06-30. Retrieved 2014-07-21.
  44. Back to citation Österreich, Katholische Presseagentur. "kathweb Nachrichten.:. Katholische Presseagentur Österreich". www.kathpress.co.at.
  45. Back to citation "Papst brachte "Goldene Rose" nach Mariazell" (in German). 2007-09-11. Retrieved 2007-09-13.
  46. Back to citation "News Features". catholicculture.org.
  47. Back to citation "Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-12. Retrieved 2014-07-21.
  48. Back to citation occurrence 48.0 Back to citation occurrence 48.1 Back to citation occurrence 48.2 Back to citation occurrence 48.3 "The Golden Rose — More Information Directly from the Vatican » Popes and Papacy". Archived from the original on 2014-07-30. Retrieved 2014-07-21.
  49. Back to citation "Pastoral Visit to Pompeii - Program (October 19, 2008) | BENEDICT XVI". vatican.va.
  50. Back to citation "Pastoral Visit of His Holiness Benedict XVI to the Pontifical Shrine of Pompeii (Italy) (October 19, 2008)". www.vatican.va.
  51. Back to citation "Visita a las zonas afectadas por el terremoto de los Abruzos: Encuentro con los fieles y los socorristas - Discurso y oración del Santo Padre (Plaza de Coppito, L'Aquila, 28 de abril de 2009) | Benedicto XVI". vatican.va.
  52. Back to citation "Home". ourladyofeurope.net. Archived from the original on 2014-07-26. Retrieved 2021-01-22.
  53. Back to citation It was conferred by Cardinal Jose Saraiva Martins, Prefect Emeritus of the Sacred Congregation for the Causes of Saints, Pope Benedict XVI's special envoy at the celebrations of the closure of the Jubilee to mark the 700th Anniversary of the veneration of Our Lady of Europe.
  54. Back to citation "Rosa de Oro y los papas (Spanish)". Archived from the original on 2013-01-02. Retrieved 2013-03-17.
  55. Back to citation "Catedral Basílica de Nuestra Señora del Valle". GCatholic.
  56. Back to citation "Regina Cæli, 18 April 2010 - Floriana (Malta) | BENEDICT XVI". vatican.va.
  57. Back to citation "Fatima Shrine Receives Golden Rose". May 12, 2010.
  58. Back to citation drummer, alexander. "ZENIT - Fatima Shrine Receives Golden Rose". www.zenit.org.
  59. Back to citation "Pope Sends Golden Rose to Our Lady in Argentina". August 23, 2010.
  60. Back to citation "The Golden Rose". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03.
  61. Back to citation "Pauselijke en Internationale Erkenning voor Scherpenheuvel" (in Dutch). Kerknet. 15 May 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
  62. Back to citation "Pope to place golden rose before patroness of Cuba". Catholic News Agency.
  63. Back to citation "Pope gives Golden Rose to sanctuary of the Virgen de la Caridad de Cobre". News.va. 27 March 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
  64. Back to citation "Pope Francis sends golden rose to Our Lady of Guadalupe". CNA. 22 November 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
  65. Back to citation "La campana torna al suo posto, alla Consolata la festa è completa". La Stampa (in Italian). 2017-06-20. Retrieved 2022-01-16.
  66. Back to citation "Mass in the Jasna Góra shrine on the 1050th anniversary of the baptism of Poland: leave behind all past wrongs and wounds, and build fellowship with all". press.vatican.va. Retrieved 2016-08-16.
  67. Back to citation "Papa Francisco oferece a terceira Rosa de Ouro ao Santuário de Fátima". publico.pt. 11 May 2017. Retrieved 2017-05-13.
  68. Back to citation "Papa Francisco concede terceira Rosa de Ouro ao Santuário Nacional - A12.com". a12.com.
  69. Back to citation Grogan, Courtney. "Pope Francis celebrates Mass at Transylvania's Marian pilgrimage shrine". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 2019-06-23.
  70. Back to citation "When the Church stops moving, it becomes ill, Pope Francis says". spectator.sme.sk/. 15 September 2021.
  71. Back to citation "Pope Francis to gift Golden Rose to Malta's Ta'Pinu Marian shrine". Shalom World. 31 March 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  72. Back to citation "Our Lady of Altagracia jubilee concludes in Dominican Republic". Vatican News. 15 August 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  73. Back to citation Rios, Egna (19 November 2022). "Papa Francisco confiere una rosa de oro a la Virgen de Chiquinquirá". La Presa de Monagas (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  74. Back to citation "EL PAPA OTORGA LA ROSA DE ORO A LA MORENETA". www.bisbatlleida.org (in Spanish). 8 October 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
  75. Back to citation "Pope to present Golden Rose to ancient Roman icon of Blessed Virgin Mary - Vatican News". 5 December 2023.
  76. Back to citation Hermoso, Christina (26 February 2024). "Pope Francis gifts Antipolo Cathedral with Golden Rose". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  77. Back to citation "Argentinian missionary prepares to welcome Pope Francis to Vanimo". Vatican News. 2 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  78. Back to citation "Standing ovation for the Pope at the Luxembourg Cathedral". ROME REPORTS. 26 September 2024.
  79. Back to citation "El Papa concede a la Macarena la Rosa de Oro". Diario de Sevilla (in Spanish). 22 September 2024. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
  80. Back to citation Segeña, Virginia (26 March 2026). "El Vaticano distingue a Toledo: la Virgen del Sagrario recibirá la exclusiva Rosa de Oro". EL DEBATE (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 March 2026.
  81. Back to citation "La Santa Sede confirma que el Papa León XIV entregará la Rosa de Oro a la Virgen de la Almudena". Archidiócesis de Madrid (in Spanish). 3 June 2026. Retrieved 4 June 2026.
Retrieved from "https://catholicism.wiki/index.php?title=Golden_Rose&oldid=202980"