John Dubois

The Most Reverend John Dubois
Bishop of New York
Third Bishop of New York
See	Diocese of New York
Term ended	December 20, 1842
Predecessor	John Connolly, O.P.
Successor	John Hughes
Orders
Ordination	September 28, 1787 by Antoine-Eléonore-Léon Le Clerc de Juigné
Consecration	October 29, 1826 by Ambrose Maréchal, S.S.
Personal details
Born	August 24, 1764 Paris, Kingdom of France
Died	December 20, 1842 (aged 78) New York, New York, United States
Buried	Old St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York, New York, United States

John Dubois (French: Jean Dubois) (August 24, 1764 – December 20, 1842) was a French-born Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of New York from 1826 until his death in 1842.

Dubois was the first Bishop of New York who was not Irish-born and, as of 2024, remains the only bishop or archbishop of New York of non-Irish ancestry.

Biography

Early life

John Dubois was born in Paris, France, on August 24, 1764. As a teenager, he attended the Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris. Deciding to become a priest, he studied theology at the Oratorian Seminary of Saint-Magloire in Paris.

Priesthood in France

Dubois was ordained a priest for the Archdiocese of Paris on September 22, 1787, by Archbishop Antoine-Eléonore-Léon Le Clerc de Juigné. After his ordination, Dubois served as an assistant to the curé of the Church of Saint Sulpice in Paris. He also served chaplain to the Hôpital des Petites-Maisons (the Hospital of Small Houses), a mental hospital run by the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul.

By 1790, the French Revolution was causing huge upheaval in France. In November 1790, the National Constituent Assembly decreed that all clergy must swear an oath of loyalty to the government of France, ahead of loyalty to the pope. Failure to sign the oath mean loss of income, military conscription or death.

Many priests of the Order of Sulpice fled to England. In early 1791, Reverend Charles Nagot led a group of Sulpicians to Baltimore, Maryland. Dubois was able to flee France to America with the assistance Maximilien Robespierre, a leader of the revolution who had attended the Collège Louis LeGrand with Dubois.

Priesthood in the United States

Dubois landed at Norfolk, Virginia in August, 1791, and traveled to Richmond, Virginia. He was carrying a letter of introduction from the Marquis de Lafayette, a French hero of the recently concluded American Revolution. Dubois was warmly received in Richmond by Colonel James Monroe, the legislator Patrick Henry and other prominent Richmond families. Henry helped Dubois learn English. The Richmond families hosted Dubois until he was able to rent a house in the city and open a school to teach French, the classics and arithmetic.

Virginia had disestablished the Episcopal Church as the official church by statute in 1786. That same law also guaranteed freedom of religion, releasing the Commonwealth's small Catholic population from civil restrictions. Dubois soon became friends with the Episcopalian John Buchanan and the Presbyterian John Blair two ministers who alternated holding religious services in the Virginia State Capitol. On one occasion, the Virginia General Assembly invited Dubois to celebrate mass in the Capitol courtroom. During his time in Richmond, Dubois celebrated masses in rented rooms or at the homes of the city's few Catholic families.

In 1788, the Vatican appointed Reverend John Carroll, the superior of the American mission, as bishop of the Diocese of Baltimore, the first Catholic diocese in the United States. In 1794, Carroll sent Dubois to Frederick, Maryland, to tend to the growing Catholic population in that region. He was also responsible for the church presence in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia and the frontier regions westward to the Mississippi River. The Society of Jesus had previously supervised missions in these areas, but Pope Clement XIV had suppressed the order in 1773, forcing them to surrender all their holdings.

In May 15, 1800, Dubois consecrated the cornerstone of St. John the Evangelist Church in Frederick. For the next eleven years, Dubois served as pastor of St. John the Evangelist Church, making excursions into the frontier.

In 1808, Dubois founded Mount St. Mary's College in Emmitsburg, Maryland and became its first president. Later that same year, in November 1808, he joined the Sulpician Order. Mount St. Mary's trained many missionaries who were sent out west to build mission churches. In 1809, Dubois invited Elizabeth Bayley Seton, a recent widow and convert to move to Emmitsburg. That same year, she established the first religious institute of teaching sisters in the United States. In 1810, Seton established Saint Joseph's Academy and Free School in Emmitsburg, the first Catholic girls' school in the nation. Seton was canonized a saint in 1975.

In 1824, Dubois left the Sulpician Order. He continued as president of Mount St. Mary's until his appointment as bishop of New York.

Bishop of New York

On May 23, 1826, Pope Leo XII appointed Dubois as bishop of New York. The pope made this appointment on the recommendation of Reverend Anthony Kohlmann, who was pastor of St. Peter's Church, the first Catholic church in New York City. Dubois was consecrated at the Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Baltimore by Archbishop Ambrose Maréchal on October 29, 1826.

The primarily Irish clergy in the Diocese of New York did not appreciate the appointment of a French bishop. Although Dubois had acquired an adequate command of English, he spoke with an accent; they viewed him as a "foreigner". Many of the clergy believed that Monsignor John Power, the Irish-American vicar general, should have become bishop. There were suspicions that Maréchal, also French-born, had influenced the pope to select Dubois. At one point, the trustees of St. Patrick's Old Cathedral in Manhattan, tangled in a dispute with Dubois over the ownership of church property, withheld their contributions of food and shelter from him.

In 1837, Dubois traveled to Salina, New York to marry Silas Titus and Eliza McCarthy. The marriage certificate became the first record of a Catholic service in Onondaga County. Reverend John McCloskey, a future archbishop of New York, accompanied Dubois to Salina as a guide. In 1837, Dubois requested that the pope appoint a coadjutor bishop to assist him.

During his tenure as bishop, Dubois erected six new parishes in New York City. He also commissioned Reverend Phillip O’Reilly to serve the "Congregation of the Hudson" north of Manhattan. Dubois ordered that the diocesan pastors direct all church collections on Christmas Day to the care of orphans. In 1838, he extended this edict to include the Easter collection.

Death and legacy

Dubois died on December 20, 1842, in New York City. He is buried under the sidewalk at the entrance to the Old St Patrick's Cathedral. He requested this spot so that people could "walk on me in death, as they wished to in life". A plaque at the church's entrance memorializes Dubois.

From the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia

John Dubois — Third Bishop of New York, educator and missionary, b. in Paris, 24 August, 1764; d. in New York, 20 December, 1842. His early education was received at home until he was prepared to enter the Collége Louis-le-Grand, where he had for fellow-students Robespierre and Desmoulins. Ordained priest at the Oratorian Seminary of St-Magloire, 22 Sept., 1787, by Archbishop de Juigné, of Paris, he was appointed an assistant to the curé of St-Sulpice, and chaplain to the Sisters of Charity (Hospice des Petites Maisons). Forced in May, 1791, by the French Revolution to leave France, he escaped in disguise to America, and landed at Norfolk, Virginia, Aug., 1791, bearing commendatory letters from the Marquis de Lafayette to James Monroe, the Randolphs, Lees, Beverlys, and Patrick Henry. He was cordially received, resided for some time in the house of Mr. Monroe, received instruction in English from Patrick Henry, and even celebrated Mass in the State House at Richmond. In 1794 he became pastor of Frederick where he built the first church and ministered to Western Maryland and Virginia. His career as an educator began in 1808, when, joining the Society of St-Sulpice, he withdrew from the Frederick mission and opened a school on the mountain, at Emmitsburg, as a petit séminaire. This he soon discovered impracticable, and, in its place, founded there the present Mt. St. Mary's College. Father Dubois was also of invaluable assistance, material and spiritual, to Mother Seton, foundress of the American Sisters of Charity, when she established (1809) a convent of her community a short distance from the college.

On the death of the Rt. Rev. John Connolly, second Bishop of New York, 6 Feb., 1825, Father Dubois was chosen his successor and consecrated the third Bishop of New York by Archbishop Maréchal in Baltimore, 29 Oct., 1826. Three days later he took possession of his diocese, which covered the whole State of New York, and half the State of New Jersey, with a Catholic population of about 150,000, eighteen priests, and some twelve churches. A visitation of his diocese revealing the pressing need of priests and of a seminary, he went to France and Rome for aid in 1829, and obtained substantial help from the Society for the Propagation of the Faith and the Congregation of Propaganda. He made three unsuccessful attempts to establish a seminary. Fire destroyed one when just completed at Nyack; another projected on a site chosen in Brooklyn was never begun; and a third in Lafargeville, in the northern part of the State, was closed because too remote and inaccessible. Another serious problem confronted the bishop in the lay trustee system controlling the churches. On one occasion, when the trustees of the cathedral threatened to withhold his salary, he made this memorable reply "I am an old man, and do not need much. I can live in a basement or in a garret. But whether I come up from the basement or down from the garret, I shall still be your Bishop" (see TRUSTEEISM; NEWYORK, ARCHDIOCESE OF). Enfeebled by age and hard work, he asked for a coadjutor, the diocese having grown to include 38 churches, 12 stations, and 40 priests, and the Rev. John Hughes of Philadelphia was appointed titular Bishop of Basilinopolis and coadjutor of New York in 1837. Bishop Dubois's infirmities increasing, Bishop Hughes was made administrator in 1839, and the old bishop passed the last days of a life of apostolic zeal in retirement. His body rests in the crypt of St. Patrick's old Cathedral, New York.

SHEA, History of Catholic Church in the United States (New York, 1890), III; HERBERMANN in U. S. Cath. Hist. Soc., Historical Records and Studies (New York, 1900), I, part II; SMITH, The Catholic Church in New York (New York, 1905-8), I; FARLEY, The History of St. Patrick's Cathedral (New York, 1908); MCCAFFREY, The Jubilee of Mount St. Mary's (New York, 1859).

External links

• Bishop Dubois High School of New York City at the Wayback Machine (archived May 31, 2008)
• St. John the Evangelist Roman Catholic Church of Frederick, Maryland