John of Paris
John of Paris OP (in French Jean de Paris), also called Jean Quidort and Johannes de Soardis (c. 1255 – September 22, 1306), was a French philosopher, theologian, and Dominican friar.
Life
John of Paris was born in Paris at an unknown date. Having obtained the degree of Master of Arts with distinction, he joined the Dominican Order, when about twenty years of age, at the Convent of St. James in his native city. There he taught philosophy and theology, and obtained the degree of Master of Theology. He was endowed with great ability, possessed great literary and linguistic attainments, and was considered one of the best theologians of the university and one of the most subtle dialecticians of the age."[1]
"In his work on the temporal and spiritual power, De potestate regia et papali, written during the controversy between Boniface VIII and Philip the Fair, he favours the king."[1]
After John wrote a treatise contradicting the normal Church doctrine on transubstantiation, the faculty of the university reported his ideas to William of Baufet, Bishop of Paris, who forbade John under penalty of excommunication to defend such a doctrine, and deprived him of the offices of lecturing, preaching, and hearing confessions. John appealed to the Holy See, but died soon after in Bordeaux, and the case was dropped.[2]
Works
Some ten of his works on theology, physics, and metaphysics still exist in manuscript; two others, De Antichristo and De modo existendi corporis Christi in sacramento altaris, appeared in print centuries after his death. A treatise, Contra corruptorem Sancti Thomae, published in 1516 under the name of Aegidius Romanus (Giles of Rome), is commonly attributed to John of Paris; it was certainly not written by Aegidius. All these show vast erudition.[1]
More troublesome in the eyes of the Church was John's treatise on the Blessed Sacrament, in which he maintains that the Body of Christ is, or might be, present by assumption (i.e. by the body of Christ assuming the bread and wine), and that the doctrine of transubstantiation is not of faith. It must be said, however, that he advances these propositions tentatively; in the beginning of the treatise he writes that he believes in the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation and that if it is shown that transubstantiation is of faith, or should it be so defined, he will willingly retract.
The following works are among those authored by him:
- Commentarium in IV sententiarum libros.[3]
- Abbreviatio librorum naturalis philosophiae Aristotelis.
- (Determinatio) de modo existendi corporis Christi in sacramento altaris.[4]
- De adventu Christi secundum carnem.
- Compendium libri Physicorum.
- De potestate regia et papali.[5]
- De formis.
- Quaestio De principio individuationis.
- Determinatio de confessionibus fratrum.[6]
- Various other Quaestiones disputatae.
- Quodlibeta.
- Sermones.
- Tractatus de Antichristo[7]
- Translations
- On Royal and Papal Power, tr. JA Watt, (Toronto, 1971)
20th century references
John's name re-appeared in the early 20th century, when Distributist writers such as the Catholics Hilaire Belloc and G. K. Chesterton attributed to him the earliest statement of the capitalist philosophy in De potestate regia et papali.
From the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia
John of Paris — (Called also Quidort and de Soardis).
Theologian and controversialist; born at Paris, date unknown; died at Bordeaux, 22 September, 1306. Having obtained the degree of Master of Arts with distinction, he joined the Dominican Order, when about twenty years of age, at the convent of St. James in his native city. There he taught philosophy and theology, and obtained the degree of Master of Theology. He was endowed with great ability, was the most subtle dialectician of the age, possessed great literary and linguistic attainments, and was considered one of the best theologians of the university. Some ten of his works on theology, physics, and metaphysics, still exist in manuscript; two others, "De Antichristo" and "De modo existendi corporis Christi in sacramento altaris", appeared in print centuries after his death. A treatise, "Contra corruptorem Sancti Thomae", published in 1516 under the name of Aegidius Romanus, is commonly attributed to John of Paris; it was certainly not written by Aegidius. All these show vast erudition. In his work on the temporal and spiritual power, "De potestate regia et papali", written during the controversy between Boniface VIII and Philip the Fair, he favours the king, and advances some untenable propositions. He holds, for instance, that the pope, for grave crimes, e.g. heresy, may be deposed. The treatise on the Blessed Sacrament, in which he maintained that the Body of Christ is, or might be, present by assumption (I. e. by the body of Christ assuming the bread and wine), and that the doctrine of transubstantiation was not of faith, brought him into trouble. The faculty of the university reported the error to William of Baufet, Bishop of Paris, who forbade him under penalty of excommunication to defend such a doctrine, and deprived him of the offices of lecturing, preaching, and hearing confessions. John appealed to the Holy See, but died soon after, and the case was dropped. In justice to him, it must be said that he advanced these propositions tentatively; for in the beginning of the treatise he writes that he believes in the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, and if it is shown that transubstantiation is of faith, or should it be defined, he will willingly retract.
Quétif and Echard, Scriptures Ord. Præd., I (Paris, 1719), 500; Natalis Alexander, Hist. Eccl., VII (Paris, 1714), 149; Hurter, Nomenclator, II (3rd ed.), 477-9.
References
- Back to citation occurrence 1.0 Back to citation occurrence 1.1 Back to citation occurrence 1.2 O'Daniel, Victor. "John of Paris." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 5 March 2016
- Back to citation Chris Jones, "John of Paris: Through a Glass Darkly?," in John of Paris: Beyond Royal and Papal Power, ed. Jones, Turnhout: Brepols, 2015, pp. 1-31.
- Back to citation Jean Dunbabin, "The Commentary of John of Paris (Quidort) on the Sentences," in Medieval Commentaries on the Sentences of Peter Lombard. Current Research (Leiden-Boston-Cologne, 2002), pp. 131-148.
- Back to citation Gianluca Briguglia, "Theology, Sacramental Debates and Political Thought in John of Paris: The Case of the Eucharist," in John of Paris, ed. Jones, pp. 401-421.
- Back to citation Johannes Quidort von Paris, Über Königliche und päpstliche Gewalt (De regia potestate et papali), ed. Fritz Bleienstein, Stuttgart: Ernst Klett Verlag, 1969. Several articles discuss this tract in John of Paris, ed. Jones.
- Back to citation John of Paris, De confessionibus audiendis (Quaestio disputata Parisius de potestate papae), ed. Ludwig Hodl, Munich, 1962.
- Back to citation Anna Milne-Tavendale, "John of Paris and the Apocalypse," in John of Paris, ed. Jones, pp. 119-149.