Moxo languages
| Moxo | |
|---|---|
| Mojos | |
| Geographic distribution |
Beni Department |
| Ethnicity | 21,000 Moxo people (2004)[1][2] |
| Native speakers | (10,000 cited 2000–2004)[1][2] |
| Linguistic classification | Arawakan SouthernBolivia–ParanaMoxo |
| Subdivisions | Ignaciano Trinitario |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | moxo1234 Mojeno
|
Moxo (also known as Mojo, pronounced 'Moho') is a subgroup of the Arawakan languages spoken by the Moxo people of the Llanos de Moxos in northeastern Bolivia. The two extant languages of the Moxo people, Trinitario and Ignaciano, are as distinct from one another as they are from neighboring Arawakan languages. The extinct Magiana was also distinct.
The Moxo languages have an active–stative syntax.[3] They are both National Languages of Bolivia.[4]
Sociolinguistic background
The languages belong to a group of tribes that originally ranged through the upper Mamoré, extending east and west from the Guapure (Itenes) to the Beni, and are now centered in the Province of Moxos, Department of Beni, Bolivia.[5] They form part of the Mamoré-Guaporé linguistic area.[6][7]
Moxo was also the primary lingua franca (Spanish: lengua general) used in the Jesuit Missions of Moxos.[8]
Classification
The Moxo languages are most closely related to Bauré, Pauna, and Paikoneka. Together, they form the Mamoré-Guaporé languages (named after the Mamoré River and Guaporé River).
Jolkesky (2016)
Classification by Jolkesky (2016):[9]: 8
- Mamoré-Guaporé languages
- Bauré
- Bauré
- Carmelito
- Joaquiniano
- Muxojeóne
- Moxeno
- Ignaciano
- Trinitário
- Loretano
- Javierano
- Paikoneka
- Paikoneka
- Paunaka
- Paunaka
- Bauré
Danielsen (2011)
Classification by Danielsen (2011) and Danielsen & Terhart (2014: 226):[10][11]
Vocabulary
Magíana word list from the late 1700s published in Palau and Saiz (1989):[12]: 170
No words were recorded for numerals higher than 3.
References
- Back to citation occurrence 1.0 Back to citation occurrence 1.1 Ignaciano at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- Back to citation occurrence 2.0 Back to citation occurrence 2.1 Trinitario at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- Back to citation Aikhenvald, "Arawak", in Dixon & Aikhenvald, eds., The Amazonian Languages, 1999.
- Back to citation "Justia Bolivia:: Nueva Constitución Política Del Estado > PRIMERA PARTE > TÍTULO I > CAPÍTULO PRIMERO:: Ley de Bolivia". bolivia.justia.com. Retrieved 2026-05-07.
- Back to citation https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10606b.htm Archived 2008-09-07 at the Wayback Machine, New Advent, Moxos Indians, Retrieved February 10, 2011.
- Back to citation Crevels, Mily; van der Voort, Hein (2008). "4. The Guaporé-Mamoré region as a linguistic area". From Linguistic Areas to Areal Linguistics. Studies in Language Companion Series. Vol. 90. pp. 151–179. doi:10.1075/slcs.90.04cre. ISBN 978-90-272-3100-0. ISSN 0165-7763.
- Back to citation Muysken, Pieter; Hammarström, Harald; Birchall, Joshua; Van Gijn, Rik; Krasnoukhova, Olga; Müller, Neele (2014). Linguistic areas: bottom-up or top-down? The case of the Guaporé-Mamoré Archived 2021-07-10 at the Wayback Machine. In: Comrie, Bernard; Golluscio, Lucia. Language Contact and Documentation / Contacto lingüístico y documentación. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 205-238.
- Back to citation Crevels, Mily. 2002. Speakers shift and languages die: An account of language death in Amazonian Bolivia. In Mily Crevels, Simon van de Kerke, Sérgio Meira & Hein van der Voort (eds.), Current Studies on South American Languages [Indigenous Languages of Latin America, 3], p. 9-30. Leiden: Research School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies (CNWS).
- Back to citation Jolkesky, Marcelo. 2016. Uma reconstrução do proto-mamoré-guaporé (família arawák). LIAMES 16: 7-37.
- Back to citation Danielsen, Swintha (2011). The personal paradigms in Baure and other South Arawakan languages. In Antoine Guillaume; Françoise Rose (eds.). International Journal of American Linguistics 77(4): 495-520.
- Back to citation Danielsen, Swintha; Terhart, Lena (2014). Paunaka. In Mily Crevels; Pieter Muysken (eds.). Lenguas de Bolivia, vol. III: Oriente, pp. 221-258. La Paz: Plural Editores.
- Back to citation Palau, Mercedes; Saiz, Blanca (1989). Moxos: Descripciones exactas e historia fiel de los indios, animales y plantas de la provincia de Moxos en el virreinato del Perú por Lázaro de Ribera, 1786–1794. Madrid: El Viso.
Further reading
- Carvalho, Fernando O. de; Françoise Rose. Comparative reconstruction of Proto-Mojeño and the phonological diversification of Mojeño dialects. LIAMES, Campinas, v. 18, n. 1, p. 3–44, Jan./Jun. 2018. doi:10.20396/liames.v1i1.8648804
- Key, Mary Ritchie. 2015. Ignaciano dictionary. In: Key, Mary Ritchie & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- Gill, Ruth, and Wayne Gill. 2015. Trinitario dictionary. In: Key, Mary Ritchie & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
External links
- Ignaciano (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)
- Trinitario (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)
- Mojeño Trinitario DoReCo corpus compiled by Françoise Rose. Audio recordings of narrative texts with transcriptions time-aligned at the phone level, translations, and - for some texts - time-aligned morphological annotations.