Peter Comestor

Petrus Comestor presents the Bible Historiale to Archbishop Guillaume of Sens.

Peter Comestor (Latin: Petrus Comestor, "Peter the Eater"; French: Pierre le Mangeur; died 22 October 1178) was a 12th-century French theological writer and university teacher.

Life

Peter Comestor was born in Troyes. Although the surname Comestor (Latin for "Eater") was popularly attributed to his habit of devouring books and learning, it was more probably simply a family name. It did, however, give Peter a nice pun for his epitaph (supposed to have been composed by him): Petrus eram quem petra tegit, dictusque Comestor nunc comedor ("I whom this stone covers was Peter, called the 'Devourer', now I am devoured").

As a young man, Peter studied at the Troyes Cathedral school, where he might have come into contact with Peter Abelard. Sometime later, he was a student in Paris under, amongst others, Peter Lombard. By 1147, he was back in Troyes, having been appointed dean of Troyes Cathedral. By 1160, Peter had returned to Paris to teach, holding the chair of theology at the university, from which he retired in 1169. He was made chancellor of Notre Dame in Paris around 1164, which put him, among other things, in charge of the cathedral school. He held the post until his death in 1178. Peter's reputation as an academic was such that Pope Alexander III specifically exempted Peter from his ban on charging fees for giving licences to teach.

Peter was buried in the Abbey of Saint Victor. He may have retired and become a canon there, as he was celebrated thus by the canons in their necrology.

Works

Historia Scholastica

Peter's most famous work was his Historia Scholastica: as Beryl Smalley called it, a 'great study of biblical history'. The Historia was completed by 1173, Peter having spent some time writing it at the Abbey of Saint Victor. Peter dedicated it to William, bishop of Sens. The Historia was a core text during the following centuries, even being a source, perhaps, for The Canterbury Tales.

Other works

Many of Peter's works are still unpublished. Among his works are:

• Sermons: 50 are in Migne PL, misattributed to Hildebert of Lavardin (PL clxxi, 330-964, others in PL cxcviii, 1721-1844). The precise number of Peter's sermons is not entirely agreed upon.
• Liber de Sacramentis
• De Poenitentia
• Breviarum Sententiarum
• Glosses on the Gospels, the Glossa Ordinaria, the Psalter, St Paul, and the Twelve Minor Prophets
• Sententiae de Sacramentis, an abridgement of Peter Lombard's Sentences
• Treatises on the Eucharist and on Confession
• Questiones

Editions

• Petri Comestoris Scolastica Historia: Liber Genesis. Edited by Agneta Sylwan. Turnhout: Brepols, 2004, Pp. xc + 227. (Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis, 191). ISBN 978-2503049113

Manuscripts

Historia scholastica

• Épinal, Bibliothèque municipale, ms. 50 s. xiii
• British Library, Harley MS 4132. s. xiii.
• British Library, Egerton MS 272. s. xiii.
• Durham Cathedral, B.III.20. s. xiii.
• Hereford Cathedral, P.v.15. s. xiii in.
• Lincoln Cathedral, 80. s. xii.
• Lincoln Cathedral, 86. s. xiii

Other works

• Hereford Cathedral, O.vii.3. Sermones s. xiii in.
• Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS. Bodley 494. Textus glosatus super Iohannem etc. s. xii/xiii. H.
• Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS. Bodley 748. Petrus Comestor s. xiv.
• Oxford, Corpus Christi College 159. Peter Comestor s. xiv in.
• Lincoln Cathedral, 153. s. xii ex.
• Lincoln Cathedral, 159. s. xiv/xv.

From the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia

Theological writer, b. at Troyes, date unknown; d. at Paris about 1178. He was first attached to the Church of Notre-Dame at Troyes and habitually signed himself as "Presbyter Trecensis". Before 1148 he became dean of the chapter and received a benefice in 1148. About 1160 he formed one of the Chapter of Notre-Dame at Paris, and about the same year he replaced Eudes (Odon) as chancellor. At the same time he had charge of the theological school. It was at Paris that Peter Comestor composed and certainly finished his "Historia Scholastica"; he dedicated it to the Bishop of Sens, Guillaume aux Blanches Mains (1169-76). Alexander III ordered Cardinal Peter of St. Chrysogonus to allow the chancellor Peter to exact a small fee on conferring the licence to teach, but this authorization was altogether personal. A short time afterwards the same cardinal mentioned the name of Peter to Alexander III, as among the three most cultured men of France. The surname of "Comestor", given to Peter during his life, also proves the esteem in which his learning was held: he was a great bookworm; he often refers to his surname in his sermons and in the epitaph said to be composed by him: "Petrus eram... dictusque comestor, nunc comedor." He afterwards withdrew to the Abbey of St. Victor and made profession of canonical life. He was buried at St. Victor; and the necrology of the canons mentions him as one of themselves (21 October). His works include commentaries on the Gospels, allegories on Holy Scripture, and a moral commentary on St. Paul, all of which are as yet unpublished.

His "Historia Scholastica" is a kind of sacred history composed for students, and at their own request. The author begins the sacred narrative at the Creation, and continues it to the end of the incidents related in the Acts of the Apostles; all the books of the Bible are contained therein, except those whose nature is purely didactic, the Book of Wisdom, the Psalms, the Prophets, the Epistles, etc. The discourses are abbreviated. He borrows frequently from profane authors, especially from Flavius Josephus for the beginning of the Gospels, and very often the test is as though paraphrased in a commentary where all data, cosmological and physical, philosophical theological, allegorical, historical, geographical, etc., are found. It is easy to understand, of course, that there are numerous inaccuracies and fables. The work consists of twenty books and often small "additions" supply geographical or etymological appendixes at the end of the chapters. This Biblical history met with great success, as witness the large number of manuscripts, the mention of his name in all the libraries of the Middle Ages, the lists of classical books for the universities and schools, the quotations and the eulogies with which the name of its author is everywhere accompanied (cf. The canonist Huguccio, about 1190) and its numerous translations. In the fifteenth century, the work was still in great demand, as can be seen by the editions made before 1500 of the Latin text, or of the French translation (Strasburg, 1469, 1483, 1485, 1847; Reutlingen, 1473; Lyons, 1478; Basle, 1486; Paris 1487, etc.). Migne (P.L.; CXCVIII, 1053-1844) reproduces the Madrid edition of 1699.

The sermons of Peter Comestor have been left to us in numerous manuscripts, often under other names, but the complete and continued series has not yet been published. We ought to mention here a series of fifty-one sermons placed wrongly under the name of Peter of Blois and printed among his works (Migne, CCVII, and CCVIII, 1721, etc.); some figure also in the works of Hidebert de Mans (Migne, CLXXI, sermon, 7, 15, 17, 21, 22, 23, etc.). The sermon in which the word "transubstantiation" occurs, the 93rd (not 73rd), is not Hildebert's but Peter Comestor's; let us remark, however, that the word is already found in Roland Bandinelli (Alexander II) before 1150. Other collections, like that of the 114 sermons copied at St. Victor before 1186, are still unpublished, more than twelve manuscripts are in the libraries of Paris, and all has not yet been unravelled in this assortment. As a preacher, Peter was subtle and pedantic in his style, in keeping with the taste of his time and of his audience of scholars and professors assembled around the pulpit of the chancellor. The sermons attributed to him during his stay at St. Victor are simple in style, instructive, and natural in tone. Also some verses are attributed to Peter Comestor and a collection of maxims entitled "Pancrisis", perhaps that which still exists in a manuscript of Troyes.

Hist. litt. De la France, XIV, 12-17; DENIFLE-CHÂTELAIN, Chartul. Univ., I (Paris), 8; FOURIER-BONNARD., Hist. de l'abb. de Saint-Victor (Paris, 1907), 123, ETC.; FÉRET, La Faculté de Théol. de Paris, I (Paris 1894), 42-48; BOURGAIN, La Chaire Française au XIIe siècle (Paris, 1879), 123; HAURÉAU, Notices et Extraits de quelques manuscrits, I, 28, 37, etc.; II 18, 80, etc.; IV, 2, 3, etc.

Further reading

• M. J. Clark, The Making of the Historia scholastica, 1150–1200 (Studies and Texts, 198), Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 2016 (ISBN 978-0-88844-198-0)
• Gilbert Dahan, Les Intellectuels chrétiens et les Juifs au Moyen Âge, Paris, Cerf, 1990.
• B. Smalley, The Study of the Bible in the Middle Ages, 2nd edn., University of Notre Dame Press, 1964
• D. Luscombe, “The Place of Peter Comestor in the History of Medieval Theology,” in Pierre le Mangeur ou Pierre de Troyes, maître du XIIe siècle, ed. Gilbert Dahan, Brepols, 2013, 27–45

External links

• Works by or about Peter Comestor at the Internet Archive
• Guide to Petrus, Comestor, Historia scholastica. Manuscript, 12-- at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
• Guide to Petrus, Comestor, Historia scholastica. Manuscript, 13-- at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
• Medieval Libraries of Great Britain
• "Pierre le Mangeur"
• "Peter Comestor", Catholic Encyclopedia Archived 2020-09-27 at the Wayback Machine