Porphyreon
Porphyreon is the name for two towns, north and south, in the late Roman province of Phoenice Prima. One of the towns was a bishopric that was a suffragan of the metropolitan see of Tyre.
Porphyreon North
The northern Porphyreon was described by Scylax[1] north of Sidon and also by Palerin of Bordeaux[2] eight miles from Sidon. It corresponds to present-day Jieh, Lebanon.
Porphyreon South (bishopric)
Porphyreon south, according to the Pseudo-Antoninus,[3] may be located six or seven miles north of Carmel. Historians of the Crusades (William of Tyre and James of Vitry) confound this town with Caipha.
In fact Simeon Stylite the Young, contemporary of Paul, Bishop of Porphyreon, affirms[4] that the episcopal town may be found near Castra, a place inhabited by the Samaritans. Now, in the same epoch the Pseudo-Antoninus [5] locates the Castra Samaritanorum a Sucamina (Caipha) milliario subtus monte Carmelo south of Porphyreon.
The church of Porphyreon, dedicated to the Blessed Virgin, was built by Justinian I.[6] Procopius of Caesarea mentions Porphyreon in his book The Secret History of the Court of Justinian, mentioning that a lawyer from Caesarea named Evangelius, who had amassed great riches and landed estates, purchased Porphyrean, a village on the coast, for 3 centenars of gold, and when Justinian had heard of this, he immediately seized it from Evangelius, returning him only a small part of what he had paid, saying that it was unseemly that such a village should belong to Evangelius, the lawyer.[7]
The ruins of Porphyreon should be found near Belus, the Nahr Namein, in the sands of which may still be seen the murex brandaris and the murex trunculus (thorny shell fish), from which is extracted the famous purple dye of Tyre, and which gave its name to Porphyreon. In modern days, the location of Porphyreon was identified with the later Arabic settlement of Tell es-Samak. The first excavations at the site were conducted by Joseph Elgavish and lasted 17 seasons, (1963–1979), exposing the strata from the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine periods. In 2010 a four-year Archaeological Project was launched, funded by the Hecht Foundation and carried out by Michael Eisenberg.[8]
The Napoleonic era map survey of Pierre Jacotin marks the Ruines de Porphyrion as being located a kilometre north-east of the grotte d'Elie (now the site of the Stella Maris Monastery).[9]
Bishopric
Porphyreon is described in the Notitia Episcopatuum of Antioch as belonging to the sixth century,[10] but does not appear in that of the tenth century.[11] Le Quien[12] mentions five of its bishops:
- Thomas, 451;
- Alexander, at the end of the fifth century;
- Theodore, 518;
- Christophorus, 536;
- and Paul (contemporary of Justinian II), 565-78.
Canonical status and jurisdiction
Porphyreon is a titular see of the Catholic Church.[13]
From the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia
Titular see, suffragan of Tyre in Phoenicia Prima. It is described in the "Notitia Episcopatuum" of Antioch as belonging to the sixth century (Echos d'Orient, X, 1907, 145), but does not appear in that of the tenth century (op. cit., 97). Lequien (Oriens christ., II, 829 32) mentions five of its bishops: Thomas, 451; Alexander, at the end of the fifth century; Theodore, 518; Christophorus, 536; and Paul (contemporary of Justinian II), 565 78. There were two Porphyreons in this province, one, described by Scylax (civ, ed. Muller) north of Sidon and also by Palerin of Bordeaux (Itinera hierosolymitana, ed. Geyer, 18) eight miles from Sidon, is now the village of E1 Djiyeh, in the midst of the beautiful gardens between Saida and Beirut, near the Khan en Nebi Yunès; a second Porphyreon, according to the Pseudo Antoninus (Itinera hierosolymitana, 161), may be located six or seven miles north of Carmel. Historians of the Crusades (William of Tyre and James of Vitry) confound this town with the modern Caipha. The latter corresponds to our see. In fact Saint Simeon Stylite the Young, contemporary of Paul Bishop of Porphyreon, affirms (Mansi, "Conciliorum collectio", XIII, p. 160) that the episcopal town may be found near Castra, a place inhabited by the Samaritans. Now, in the same epoch the Pseudo Antoninus (op. cit., 160) locates the "Castra Samaritanorum a Sucamina (Caipha) milliario subtus monte Carmelo" south of Porphyreon. The identification is therefore incontestible. The church of Porphyreon, dedicated to the Blessed Virgin, was not built by Justinian II but by Justinian I (Procopius, "De Aedificiis", V, ix; "Historia arcana", xxx). The ruins of Porphyreon should be found near Belus, the Nahr Namein, in the sands of which may still be seen the murex brandaris and the murex trunculus (thorny shell fish), from which is extracted the famous purple dye of Tyre, and which has given its name to Porphyreon.
References
- Back to citation Vailhé (1911), cites: civ, ed. Muller.
- Back to citation Vailhé (1911), cites: Itinera hierosolymitana, ed. Geyer, 18.
- Back to citation Vailhé (1911), cites: Itinera hierosolymitana, 161.
- Back to citation Vailhé (1911), cites: Mansi, Conciliorum collectio, XIII, p. 160.
- Back to citation Vailhé (1911), cites: Mansi, Conciliorum collectio, 160.
- Back to citation Vailhé (1911), cites: Procopius, "De Aedificiis", V, ix; "Historia arcana", xxx.
- Back to citation of Caesarea, Procopius (July 16, 2004). The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Secret History of the Court of Justinian. The Project Gutenberg.
- Back to citation "The Zinman Institute of Archeology".
- Back to citation Jacotin, Pierre (1826). "Carte topographique de l'Egypte et de plusieurs parties des pays limitrophes... Flle. 46. Acre, Nazareth, Le Jourdain. Leve par M. Jacotin. Jacotin dirt. [1826]".
- Back to citation Vailhé (1911), cites: Échos d'Orient, X, 1907, 145.
- Back to citation Vailhé (1911), cites: Échos d'Orient, X, 1907, 97.
- Back to citation Le Quien, Michel (1740). Oriens Christianus, in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus: quo exhibentur ecclesiæ, patriarchæ, cæterique præsules totius Orientis. Tomus secundus, in quo Illyricum Orientale ad Patriarchatum Constantinopolitanum pertinens, Patriarchatus Alexandrinus & Antiochenus, magnæque Chaldæorum & Jacobitarum Diœceses exponuntur (in Latin). Paris: Ex Typographia Regia. cols. 829–832. OCLC 955922747.
- Back to citation Wikidata item Q950073
Bibliography
- Conder, Claude R. (1877). "Sycaminon, Hepha, Porphyreon, and Chilzon". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 9 (4): 187–190. doi:10.1179/peq.1877.9.4.187. ISSN 0031-0328.