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Seljuk dynasty

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Seljuk dynasty
سلجك (Old Anatolian Turkish)
Seljuklar (Turkmen)
Selçuklular (Turkish)
سلجوقیان (Persian)
Double-headed eagle, used as a symbol by several Seljuk rulers including Kayqubad I.
Double-headed eagle, used as a symbol by several Seljuk rulers including Kayqubad I.
Parent family Oghuz Turks Qiniq (tribe)
Country Seljuk's Dominion at Cend.
Great Seljuk Empire
Kerman Seljuk Sultanate
Sultanate of Rum
Emirate of Aleppo
Emirate of Damascus
Kubadoğulları Emirate
Place of origin Turkestan
Founded 11th century CE
Founder Seljuk
Final ruler Kubadoğlu Hüseyin Bey
Historic seat Initial Dominion:
Cend (985-1037)[1]
Great Seljuk:
Nishapur (1037–1043)
Ray (1043–1051)
Isfahan (1051–1118)
Merv (1118–1153, east)
Hamadan (1118–1194, west)
Kerman Seljuk:
Kerman / Bardasir (1041–1186)
Bam (1186–1187)
Rum:
Nicaea (İznik) (1077–1097)
Iconium (Konya) (1097–1211, 1220–1308)
Sebastia (Sivas) (1211–1220)
Aleppo:
Aleppo (1086–1117)
Damascus:
Damascus (1076–1104)
Kubadoğulları:
Samsun (1318–1422)
Titles Head of the Seljuk Dynasty[2]
Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire
Sultan of Rum
Shah of Kermân (or Kirmân)
Emir of Damascus
Emir of Aleppo
Kubadoğulları Emir
Style See § Titles
Traditions Religion:-
Sunni Islam (Maturidi Hanafi)
Tengrism[3]
Eastern Orthodoxy[4]
Culture:-
Turco-Persian tradition
Dissolution 1422[5]
Deposition Initial Dominion:
1016 - Tughril I abandoned Cend.
1037 - Tughril I declares Nishapur as capital.
Emirate of Damascus:
1104 – Baktāsh (Ertaş), dethroned by Toghtekin
Great Seljuk Empire:
1194 – Toghrul III was killed in battle with Tekish
Sultanate of Rum:
1308 – Mesud II died. De facto power falls under Mongol and Ilkhanid Governers.
Kerman Seljuk Sultanate:
1186 - Muhammad II overthrown by Malik Dinar.
Emirate of Aleppo:
1118 - Sultan Shah hands over Aleppo to Ilghazi.
Kubadoğulları Emirate:
1422 - Kubadoğlu Hüseyin Bey surrenders Samsun to the Ottomans.

The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids[6][7] (/ˈsɛldʒʊk/ SEL-juuk; Old Anatolian Turkish: سلجك Sälcük; Azerbaijani: Səlcuqlular or Səlcuqilər; Turkmen: Seljuklar; Ottoman Turkish: سلچوق Selçuk; Turkish: Selçuklular; Persian: سلجوقیان Saljuqian,[8]) alternatively spelled as Saljuqids[9] or Seljuk Turks,[10][11] was an Oghuz Turkic, Sunni Muslim dynasty that culturally became Persianate and contributed to Turco-Persian culture.[12][13]

The founder of the Seljuk dynasty, Seljuk Beg, was a descendant of a royal Khazar chief Tuqaq who served as advisor to the King of the Khazars,[14] in West Asia and Central Asia. The Seljuks established the Seljuk Empire (1037–1194), the Sultanate of Kermân (1041–1186) and the Sultanate of Rum (1074–1308), which stretched from Iran to Anatolia and were the prime targets of the First Crusade.

Early history

The Seljuks originated from the Kinik branch of the Oghuz Turks,[15] who in the 8th century lived on the periphery of the Muslim world; north of the Caspian Sea and Aral Sea in their Oghuz Yabgu State[16] in the Kazakh Steppe of Turkestan.[17] During the 10th century, Oghuz had come into close contact with Muslim cities.[18] When Seljuk, the leader of the Seljuk clan, had a falling out with Yabghu, the supreme chieftain of the Oghuz, he split his clan from the bulk of the Oghuz Turks and set up camp on the west bank of the lower Syr Darya. Around 985, Seljuk and his clan converted to Islam.[19]

In the 11th century, the Seljuks migrated from their ancestral homelands into mainland Persia, in the province of Khurasan, where they encountered the Ghaznavids. The Seljuks defeated the Ghaznavids at the Battle of Nasa in 1035. Seljuk's grandsons, Tughril and Chaghri, received the insignias of governor, grants of land, and were given the title of dehqan.[20] At the Battle of Dandanaqan, they defeated a Ghaznavid army, and after a successful siege of Isfahan by Tughril in 1050/51,[21] established the Great Seljuk Empire. The Seljuks mixed with the local population and adopted the Persian culture and Persian language in the following decades.[22]

Later period

After arriving in Persia, the Seljuks adopted the Persian culture and used the Persian language as the official language of the government,[23] and played an important role in the development of the Turko-Persian tradition which features "Persian culture patronized by Turkic rulers".[24]

Today, they are remembered as great patrons of Persian culture, art, literature, and language.[25]

Seljuk rulers

Rulers of the Seljuk Dynasty

The "Great Seljuks" were heads of the family; in theory their authority extended over all the other Seljuk lines, although in practice this often was not the case. Turkic custom called for the senior member of the family to be the Great Seljuk, although usually the position was associated with the ruler of western Persia.

Titular name(s) Personal name Reign
Bey
بیگ 		Tughril I
طغرل 		1037–1063
Suleiman[26]
سلیمان شاہ 		1063[27]
Sultan
سلطان 		Alp Arslan (Arslan I)
الپ ارسلان 		1063–1072
Sultan
سلطان
Jalāl al-Dawlah
جلال الدولہ 		Malik Shah I
ملک شاہ یکم 		1072–1092
Sultan
سلطان
Nasir al-Duniya wa al-Din
ناصر الدنیا والدین 		Mahmud I
محمود یکم 		1092–1094
Sultan
سلطان
Abul Muzaffar Rukn al-Duniya wa al-Din
أبو المظفر رکن الدنیا والدین 		Barkiyaruq
برکیارق 		1094–1105
Sultan
سلطان
Muizz al-Din
معز الدین 		Malik Shah II
ملک شاہ دوم 		1104–1105
Sultan
سلطان
Ghiyath al-Duniya wa al-Din
غیاث الدنیا والدین 		Muhammad I Tapar
محمد تاپار 		1105–1118
Sultan
سلطان
Muizz al-Din
معز الدین 		*Ahmad Sanjar
احمد سنجر 		1118–1153
Khwarazmian dynasty replaces the Seljuk dynasty. From 1157, the Oghuz took control of much of Khurasan, with the remainder in the hands of former Seljuk emirs.
  • Muhammad's son Mahmud II succeeded him in western Persia, but Ahmad Sanjar, who was the governor of Khurasan at the time being the senior member of the family, became the Great Seljuk Sultan.

Seljuk sultans of Hamadan

The rulers of western Persia, who maintained a very loose grip on the Abbasids of Baghdad. Several Turkic emirs gained a strong level of influence in the region, such as the Eldiguzids.

  • Mahmud II 1118–1131
  • 1131–1133 disputed between:
    • Dawud 1131–1132
    • Mas'ud (in Jibal and Iranian Azerbaijan) 1132
    • Toghrul II, 1132–1133
  • Mas'ud 1133–1152
  • Malik Shah III 1152–1153
  • Muhammad II 1153–1159
  • Suleiman-Shah 1159–1161
  • Arslan-Shah 1161–1177
  • Toghrul III 1177–1194

In 1194, Toghrul III was killed in battle with the Khwarezm Shah, who annexed Hamadan.

Seljuk rulers of Kerman

Kerman was a province in southern Persia. Between 1053 and 1154, the territory also included Umman.

  • Qavurt 1041–1073 (great-grandson of Seljuq, brother of Alp Arslan)
  • Kerman Shah 1073–1074
  • Sultan Shah 1074–1075 or 1074–1085
  • Hussain Omar 1075–1084

or 1074 (before Sultan Shah)

  • Turan Shah I 1084–1096 or 1085–1097
  • Iranshah ibn Turanshah 1096–1101 or 1097–1101
  • Arslan Shah I 1101–1142
  • Muhammad I 1142–1156
  • Tuğrul Shah 1156–1169 or 1156–1170
  • Bahram-Shah 1169–1174 or 1170–1175
  • Arslan Shah II 1174–1176 or 1175–1176
  • Turan Shah II 1176–1183
  • Muhammad II Shah 1183–1187 or 1183–1186

Muhammad abandoned Kerman, which fell into the hands of the Oghuz chief Malik Dinar. Kerman was eventually annexed by the Khwarazmian Empire in 1196.

Seljuk rulers in Syria

The Seljuks exercised rule over parts of Syria for about thirty years, though their nominal suzerainty remained unstable.

Sultans/Emirs of Aleppo:
After the Battle of Ain Salm in 1086, Tutush I besieged and captured Aleppo from its chief Hassan ibn Hibat Allah al-Hutayti, declaring himself the Emir of Aleppo.

  • Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I 1085–1086

However, with the intervention of Malik Shah I, Aq Sunqur al-Hajib, a Non-Seljuqid, was installed as the governor of Aleppo. Aq Sunqur al-Hajib continuously switched alliegances, after finally being beheaded by Tutush I in 1094.

  • Jalal ad-Dawlah Malik Shah I 1086–1086 (During occupation of Aleppo, abandoned by Tutush I)
  • Jalal ad-Dawlah Malik Shah I 1086–1092 (As overlord of Aq Sunqur al-Hajib)
  • Nasir al-Din Mahmud I 1092–1093 (As overlord of Aq Sunqur al-Hajib)
  • Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I (second time) 1093–1093 (As overlord of Aq Sunqur al-Hajib)
  • Rukn al-Din Berkyaruq 1093–1094 (As overlord of Aq Sunqur al-Hajib)
  • Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I (third time) 1094–1095
  • Fakhr al-Mulk Ridwan 1095–1113
  • Tadj ad-Dawla Alp Arslan al-Akhras 1113–1114 (Under the regency of Lu'lu' al-Yaya)
  • Sultan Shah ibn Radwan 1114–1117 (Under the regency of Lu'lu' al-Yaya)
  • Sultan Shah ibn Radwan 1117–1118 (independent)

Sultan Shah ibn Radwan hands over Aleppo to the Artuqids, but still acted as a claimant. He also participated in the Siege of Aleppo (1124–1125).

  • Sultan Shah ibn Radwan 1118–1125 (claimant)

Sultans/Emirs of Damascus:

  • Aziz ibn Abaaq al-Khwarazmi 1076–1079
  • Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I 1079–1095
  • Abu Nasr Shams al-Muluk Duqaq 1095–1104
  • Tutush II 1104
  • Muhi ad-Din Baktāsh (Ertaş) 1104

Damascus seized by the Burid Toghtekin

Seljuk sultans of Rum (Anatolia)

  • Kutalmish 1060–1077 (Ancestor. Not Sultan)
  • Emir Mansur (Declared his rule in Anatolia. Not Sultan)
  • Suleyman I (Suleiman) 1077–1086
    Two regents namely Abu'l-Qasim and Abu'l-Hasan Ghazi ruled between 1086 and 1092. They were Non-Seljuqids.
  • Dawud Kilij Arslan 1092–1107
  • Malik Shah 1107–1116
  • Rukn ad-Din Mesud I 1116–1156
  • Melik Arab (claimant)
  • Melik Toğrul Arslan (regional claimant)
  • Izz ad-Din Kilij Arslan II 1156–1192
  • Malik Shah II (claimant)
  • Sons of Kilij Arslan II (regional claimants)
  • Ghiyath ad-Din Kaykhusraw I 1192–1196
  • Suleyman II (Suleiman) 1196–1204
    Suleiman established his brother Tughril Shah as the de facto ruler of Erzurum. Tughril's son Jahan Shah also ruled in Erzurum. Their rule ended with the intervention of Kayqubad I.
  • Kilij Arslan III 1204–1205
  • Ghiyath ad-Din Kaykhusraw I (second time) 1205–1211
  • Izz ad-Din Kaykaus I 1211–1220
  • Ala ad-Din Kayqubad I 1220–1237
  • Ghiyath ad-Din Kaykhusraw II 1237–1246
  • Izz ad-Din Kaykaus II 1246–1260
  • Rukn ad-Din Kilij Arslan IV 1248–1265
  • Ala ad-Din Kayqubad II 1249–1257
  • Ghiyath ad-Din Kaykhusraw III 1265–1282
  • Ghiyath ad-Din Mesud II 1282–1284
  • Ala ad-Din Kayqubad III 1284
  • Ghiyath ad-Din Mesud II (second time) 1284–1293
  • Ala ad-Din Kayqubad III (second time) 1293–1294
  • Ghiyath ad-Din Mesud II (third time) 1294–1301
  • Ala ad-Din Kayqubad III (third time) 1301–1303
  • Ghiyath ad-Din Mesud II (fourth time) 1303–1307
  • Ghiyath ad-Din Mesud III 1307–1308 (possibly claimant)
  • Kilij Arslan V (claimant, declared rule in Konya)
    Seljuks of Rum effectively ended with the Karamanid conquests of Konya. Tâceddin Altunbaş, a son of Mesud II, established the Kubadoğulları Emirate in Samsun around 1318. His sons would continue to rule the emirate until 1422, before submitting to the Ottomans.

Kubadoğulları Emirs

  • Tâcüddîn Altunbaş
  • Keykubad Bey
  • Kubadoğlu Ali Bey
  • Kubadoğlu Cüneyd Bey
  • Kubadoğlu Hüseyin Bey

Titles

Members of the Seljuk Dynasty often used titles to signify claim and authority. They were also awarded some titles by their subjects and the ulema due to their efforts for public and religious welfare. Here is a list of titles used by/awarded to them. Common titles like Şehzade are not listed.

Great Seljuk (Official/Non-official):

  • Abu Talib Muhammad Tughril ibn Mika'il
    • Head of the Seljuk dynasty[28]
    • Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire
    • Bey
    • Malik al-Mashriq wa'l-Maghrib[29]
    • Al-sultan Al-mu'azzam[30]
    • Shahanshah[31]
    • Laqab:
      • Rukn al-Dunya wa al-Din
      • Rukn al-Dawla[32]
  • Suleiman ibn Chaghri Beg[26][27]
    • Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire
    • Shah
  • Muhammad Alp Arslan bin Dawud Chaghri
    • Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire
    • King of Kings[33]
    • Exalted Sultan[33]
    • King of Islam[33]
    • Father of Conquests[34][35]
    • Laqab:
      • Diya al-Din Adud al-Dawlah
  • Hasan Malik-Shah
    • Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire
    • Amir al-Mu'minin[36]
    • Father of Conquests[37][38]
    • Sultan of the East and the West[39][40]
    • Laqab:
      • Muizz al-Din Jalāl al-Dawlah
  • Mahmud I
    • Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire
    • Laqab:
      • Nasir al-Duniya wa al-Din
  • Abuʿl-Moẓaffar Berkyaruq ibn Malik-Šāh
    • Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire
    • Shahanshah[41]
    • Laqab:
      • Rukn al-Duniya wa al-Dīn
  • Malik Shah II
    • Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire
    • Laqab:
      • Mu'izz ad-Din
      • Rukn al-Dunya wa al-Din Jalal al-Dawlah
  • Muhammad I Tapar
    • Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire
    • Shahanshah[42]
    • Mujahid[43]
    • Laqab:
      • Ghiyath al-Duniya wa al-Din

Great Seljuks under Dyarchy(Official/Non-official):

  • Seljuks of Khorasan and Transoxiana
    • Abul-Harith Ahmad Sanjar ibn Malik-Shah
      • Co-Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire
      • Great Sultan[44]
      • Sultan of Sultans[45]
      • The Majesty of the Khosrows and the Glory of the Kayanids[46]
      • King of Right Opinion, Sound Belief, and Truthful Promise[47]
      • Laqab:
        • Muizz ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Adud ad-Dawlah
  • Seljuks of Iraq and Hamadan
    • Mahmud II bin Muhammad Tapar
      • Co-Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire
      • Laqab:
        • Mughith al-Dunya wa'l-Din Jalal ad-Dawlah
    • Dawud bin Mahmud
      • Co-Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire
      • Laqab:
        • Ghiyath ad-Dunya wa ad-Din
        • Mughith al-Dunya wa'l-Din Abu'l-Fath
    • Abu Talib Tughril II bin Muhammad
      • Co-Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire
      • Laqab:
        • Rukn al-Dunya wa'l-Din
    • Mas'ud bin Muhammad
      • Co-Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire
      • Friend of the 'Alim and a Giver to the Religious Poor[48][49]
      • Laqab:
        • Ghiyath al-Dunya wa'l-Din Abu'l-Fath
    • Malik-Shah III bin Mahmud
      • Co-Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire
      • Laqab:
        • Mughith al-Dunya wa'l-Din
        • Muin al-Dunya wa'l-Din
    • Muhammad II ibn Mahmud
      • Co-Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire
      • Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire[50]
      • Shah
      • Laqab:
        • Rukn al-Dunya wa'l-Din
    • Abu'l-Harith Suleiman-Shah bin Muhammad
      • Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire
      • Shah
      • Laqab:
        • Mu'izz al-Dunya wa'l-Din
        • Ghiyath al-Dunya wa'l-Din
    • Abu al-Muzaffar Arslan Shah Ibn Tughril II
      • Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire
      • Shah
      • Laqab:
        • Rukn al-Din
        • Muizz al-Dunya wa'l-Din
    • Tughril III ibn Arslan-Shah
      • Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire
      • King who Ruled with Justice and Good Policy[51][52]
      • Friend of the 'Alim and Protector of the Darvish Without Limit[53][54]
      • Laqab:
        • Rukn al-Dunya wa'l-Din

End of Great Seljuk Imperial Authority.

Kirman Seljuks(Official/Non-official):

  • Kara Arslan Ahmad Qavurt
    • Shah of Kerman
    • Bey
    • Melik
    • Laqab:
      • Imad al-Din/Emadeddin

Comparative genealogy

  • The comparative genealogy of the Sultanate of Rûm with their contemporary neighbors in Central Asia
  • Tuqaq Temur
    Beg
    Commander-in-chief
    of the Oghuz army     — Ma'munid rulers in Chorasmia
    (r. 995–1117)
  • Seljuk Beg
    The founder of
    Seljuk dynasty     — Altun Tash
    (1017–1032)
  • Arslan Yabgu
    Chief of Seljuk dynasty — Mikail ibn Seljuk — The mother of
    Toghrul I, Chaghri,
    Ibrahim & Artash — Yûsuf Inal[55][56] — Yûnus[57][58] — Mûsâ[59](İnanç)Yabgu — Harun
    (r. 1032–1035) — Ismail Khandan
    (r. 1035–1041)
  • Rasūl Tagīn[60] — Qutalmish[61]
    Father of the founder of Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate — Toghrul Beg
    First sultan of
    the Seljuks
    (r. 1037–1063) — Chaghri Beg
    Co-ruler of
    the Seljuk dynasty     — Ibrahim Inal[61] — Artash Inal[62] — Abu Ali Hasan Yabgu[62][61] — Yûsuf,[63] Kara Arslan, Abu Bakr, Umar, Bori & Dawlatshah — Shah Malik
    (r. 1041–1042)
  • Mānsūr[60] — [60]Suleyman I Shah of Rûm[64]
    (r. 1077–1086) — Alp Ilig and Dawlat[60] — Suleiman[26]
    (r. 1063)[27] — Alp Arslan
    (r. 1063–1072) — Kavurt[65] Beg
    (r. 1048–1073)
    Kirman Seljuks — Seljuk rule
    in Khwarazm
    (r. 1042–1077)
  • Abu'l-Qasim (İznik)
    (r. 1086–1092) — Abu'l Ghazi Hasan Bey (Kayseri) — Malik-Shah I
    (r. 1072–1092) — Kīrmān[66] Shah
    (r. 1073–1074) — Sultan Shah[66]
    (r. 1074–1085) — Turan I Shah[66]
    (r. 1085–1097) — Anūsh Tekīn
    (r. 1077–1097)
  • Ayisha[64] Khātun
    (r. in Malatya) — Kilij Arslan I
    (r. 1092–1107) — Kulan Arslan (Dāvûd)[64] — Mahmud I[67]
    (r. 1092–1094) — Barkiyaruq[68]
    (r. 1092–1104) — Arslan Shah I
    (r. 1101–1142) — Muhammad I Mālīk Shah
    (r. 1142–1156) — Îrânshah
    (r. 1097–1101) — Ekinchi
    (r. 1097)
  • Toghrul Arslan[64]
    (r. 1107–1124) — Malīk Shah of Rûm
    (r. 1110–1116) — Muhammad I Tapar
    (r. 1105–1118) — Malik-Shah II
    (r. 1104–1105) — Toghrul Shah[66]
    (r. 1156–1170) — Bahrām Shah
    (r. 1170 - 1175)[66]
    Arslan II Shah
    (r. 1170 - 1177)[66] — Turan II Shah
    (r. 1177–1183)
    Muhammad II
    (r. 1183–1187) — Qutbū'd-Dīn
    Muhammad
    (r. 1097–1127)
  • Gündüz Alp[69] — Rukn ad-Dīn Mas'ūd I
    (r. 1116–1156) — Malīk Arab[64]
    (r. 1116–1127)
    in Ankara — Ahmad Sanjar
    (r. 1118–1153)
    Last Sultan of The Great Seljuk — Mahmud II[70][71]
    (r. 1118–1131)
    First sultan of
    The Iraqi Seljuks — Toghrul II[70][72]
    (r. 1132–1134)
    Masud[70][73]
    (r. 1134–1152) — Suleiman-Shah[70]
    (r. 1159–1160) — Qizil Arslan
    (r. 1191)
    de facto ruler of Toghrul III
    Atabeg of the Eldiguzids — ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn Ātsız
    (r. 1127–1156)
  • Danismendli Grooms Yağıbasan (Sivas) & ZūnNūn (Kayseri) — ʿIzz ad-Dīn
    Kilij Arslan II
    (r. 1156–1192) — Malīk Shāhīn Shāh (Ankara, Çankırı, Kastamonu); Daulat — Dawud[70]
    (r. 1131–1132) — Malik-Shah III[70]
    (r. 1152–1153)
    Muhammad II[70]
    (r. 1153–1159) — Arslan-Shah[70][74]
    (r. 1160–1177) — Toghrul III[70][75]
    (r. 1177–1191, 1192–1194)
    Last sultan — Terken Khatun — Tāj ad-Dīn
    İl-Arslan
    (r. 1156–1172)
  • Rukn ad-Dīn Suleyman II Shah of Rûm
    (r. 1196–1204) — The mothers of
    ʿIzz ad-Dīn
    Kay Kāwus I and
    Jalāl ad-Dīn Kay Farīdûn — Ghiyāth ad-Dīn
    Kay Khusraw I
    (r. 1192–1196) &
    (r. 1205–1211) — Dawlat Raziya Khatun — Malīka İsmetū'd-DīnGevher Nesibe Sultan — Qutbū'd-Dīn
    Malīk Shāh
    (Sivas, Aksaray)
    Arslan Shāh
    (Niğde) — Terken Khatun
    de facto ruler of Muhammad — ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn Takish
    (r. 1172–1200) — Jalāl ad-Dīn Sultān Shāh
    (r. 1172–1193)
  • Kilij Arslan III
    (r. 1204–1205) — ʿIzz ad-Dīn
    Kay Kāwus I
    (r. 1211–1220) — Hunad-Māh Pari Khātun of Kir Fard of Alanya Castle — ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn
    Kay Qubād I
    (r. 1220–1237) — Malīka Ādīla Ghāzīya Khātun of Ayyubids — Muhyi'd-Dīn Masud Shāh (Ankara, Çankırı, Eskişehir) — Nurū'd-[Dīn Mahmud Sultān Shāh (Kayseri) — ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn Muhammad
    (r. 1200–1220) — Jalāl al-Dīn Mangubardī
    (r. 1220–1231)
  • Jalāl ad-Dīn
    Kay Farīdûn
    (Koyulhisar) — Sāhīp Shams
    ad-Dīn Īsfahānī (1246–1249)[76] — Bardūlīya Khātun (Prodoulia) — Ghiyāth ad-Dīn
    Kay Khusraw II
    (r. 1237–1246) — Gurju Khatun (Bagrationi dynasty of Georgians) — Mu'in ad-Dīn Suleyman[77] (Parwāna) — ʿIzz ad-Dīn
    Kilij Arslan,
    Rukn ad-Dīn and two daughters — Mugisū'd-Dīn Toghrul Shāh (Elbistan)
    Muizū'd-Dīn Kāysar Shāh (Malatya) — Ögedei established the Mongol rule
    in Khwarezmia
    (r. 1229–1241)
  • Karîm ad-Dīn Karaman Bey
    (r. 1256–1263)
    (Karamanoğulları
    Anatolian Beylik) — Unknown son[78] — ʿIzz ad-Dīn
    Kay Kāwus II
    (1246–1249)[79]
    (r. 1249–1254) &
    (r. 1254–1262)[80] — Rukn ad-Dīn
    Kilij Arslan IV
    (r. 1249–1254) &
    (r. 1257–1262) &
    (1262–1266)[81] — ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn Kay Qubād II [82]
    (r. 1249–1254) — Pervâneoğulları Anatolian Beylik (established in
    Sinop in 1277) — Nizāmū'd-Dīn Argun Shāh (Amasya)
    Sanjar Shāh
    (Ereğli) — Nasirū'd-Dīn Barkyāruk Shāh (Niksar, Koyulhisar) — Möngke appointed Hulagu, the son of Tolui, as Il khan of the Mongol Empire in 1253
  • Karamanoğlu Shams ad-Dīn Mehmed Bey
    (Grand Vizier of ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn Sīyāvuş) — ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn Sīyāvuş
    (15 May 1277 - 20 June 1277) [83] or [84]
    (24 April 1279 - 30 May 1279) — Ghiyāth ad-Dīn Mas'ūd II
    (r. 1282–1284) &
    (r. 1284–1296) — Farāmurz — Ghiyāth ad-Dīn
    Kay Khusraw III
    (r. 1266–1282) &
    (r. 1282–1284) — Mu'in ad-Dīn Mehmed
    (r. 1277–1297) — Mū'hazzab
    ūd-Dīn Ali — Kubilai endorsed Abaqa, the son of Hulagu, as Il-Khan in 1270
    (r. 1265–1282) — Ahmad Tagüdar
    (r. 1282–1284)
  • Uç Beylik of Osman established — ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn Kay Qubād III
    (r. 1298–1302)[64] — Mū'hazzab
    ūd-Dīn Masūd
    (r. 1297–1300) — Taraqay — Arghun
    (r. 1284–1291) — Gaykhatu
    (r. 1291–1295)
  • Osman of Ottomans
    (r. 1299–1323/4) — Ghiyāth ad-Dīn Mas'ūd II
    (r. 1303–1308)[64] — Gazi Chelebi
    (r. 1300–1322) — Baydu
    (r. 1295) — Ghazan
    (r. 1295–1304) — Öljaitü
    (r. 1304–1316)

Family tree

  • v
    t
    e
    Great Seljuk sultans family tree
  • Tuqaq Temur
    Yalig Beg
    (b.? – d.?)
    Commander-in-chief
    of The Oghuz army
  • Seljuk Beg
    (b.? – d.?)
    The founder of
    Seljuk dynasty
  • Qawam al-Dawla[85]
    (r. 1012–1028)
    Buyid Governor in Kerman — Arslan Yabgu
    (b.? – d. 1032)
    Chief of Seljuk dynasty — Mikail ibn Seljuk
    (b.? -d.?) — The mother of
    Toghrul, Chaghri,
    Ibrahim and Artash — Yûsuf Inal[55][56] — Yûnus[57][58] — Mûsâ Yabgu[86]
    (İnanç Yabgu) Governor of Tokharistan
  • Abu Kalijar[85]
    (r. 1028–1048)
    Buyid Amir in Kirman — Kurlu Bey[87]
    (r. 1069–1071)
    Leader of the Seljuk
    vassal state in Palestine — Qutalmish[88]
    Father of the founder of
    Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate     — 1.Toghrul I
    (r. 1037–1063)
    First sultan of
    The Great Seljuk Empire     — Chaghri Beg[26]
    (r. 1040–1060)
    Governor of Khorasan — Ibrahim Inal[88] — Artash Inal[86]
    (Artāsh) — Abu Ali
    Hasan Yabgu    [86][88] — Yûsuf, Kara Arslan,
    Abu Bakr, Umar,[89]
    Bori and Dawlatshah
  • 1.Qawurd-Beg[85]
    Seljuk Shah of Kirman
    (r. 1048–1073)
    Kerman Seljuk Sultanate — Atsiz ibn Uvaq[87]
    (r. 1076–1079)
    Amir of Dimashq — Aksungur[90]
    (r. 1086–1094)
    Sultan of Aleppo — 2.Suleiman[26]
    (r. 1063)[27]
    Sultan of Great Seljuk — 3.Alp Arslan
    (r. 1063–1072)
    Sultan of Great Seljuk — Alp Sungur Yâkūtî[26]
    Prince
    Governor of Azerbaijan — Arslan Argun and Ilyas[26]
    Other princes — Khadija Arslan[26]
    Princess
    married Abbasid
    caliph Al-Qa'im. — Safiyya Khatun[26]
    Princess
  • 2.Kerman Shah[91]
    (r. 1073–1074)
    3.Hussain Omar Shah[91]
    (r. 1074) — Tutush[92][93]
    (r. 1079–1095)
    Sultan of Dimashq and
    (r. 1094–1095) of Aleppo — Turkan Khatun[94]
    The daughter of Tamghach Khan
    Ibrahim of Kara-Khanid dynasty
    and de facto ruler of Mahmud I     — 4.Malik-Shah I[95]
    (r. 1072–1092)
    Sultan of Great Seljuk — Arslan-Shah
    (r. 1066–1083)
    Governor of Khorasan — Doğan-Shah
    (r. 1083–1092)
    Governor of Khorasan — Arslan-Argun[96]
    (r. 1092–1097)
    Governor of Khorasan — Tuğrul and Böri-Bars
    Other princes — Aisha
    Princess
    married Kara-Khanid khan
    Nasr Shams al-Mulk.
  • 4.Sultan Shah[91]
    (r. 1074–1085)
    5.Turan I Shah[91]
    (r. 1085–1097) — Dawud and Ahmad[94][95]
    Other princes — 5.Mahmud I[97]
    (r. 1092–1094)
    Sultan of Great Seljuk — 6.Bark-Yaruq[98]
    (r. 1092–1104)[27]
    Sultan of Great Seljuk — 8.Muhammad I Tapar[99]
    (r. 1105–1118)
    Sultan of Great Seljuk — 9.Ahmad Sanjar[100]
    (r. 1118–1153)
    Last sultan of
    The Great Seljuk     — Tuğrul and Amîr Humâr[95]
    Other princes — Gawhar Khatun[95]
    Princess
    married Ghaznavid
    sultan Mas'ud III. — Sayyeda[95]
    Princess
    married Abbasid
    caliph Al-Mustazhir
  • 6.Iranshah[91]
    (r. 1097–1101)
    7.Arslan I Shah[91]
    (r. 1101–1142) — Duqaq[93]
    (r. 1095–1104)
    Amir of Dimashq — Mah-i Malak[94][95]
    Princess
    married Abbasid
    caliph Al-Muqtadi — 7.Malik-Shah II[98]
    (r. 1104-1105)[27]
    Sultan of Great Seljuk — 1.Mahmud II[70][71]
    (r. 1118–1131)
    First sultan of
    The Iraqi Seljuks     — 3.Toghrul II[70][72]
    (r. 1132–1134)
    Sultan of Iraqi Seljuks — Mu'mine Khatun
    wife of Toghrul II
    until 1134
    wife of İldeniz from 1136 — Ildeniz
    (r. 1160–1175)
    de facto ruler
    Atabeg of Arslan-Shah — 4.Masud[70][73]
    (r. 1134–1152)
    Sultan of Iraqi Seljuks
  • 8.Malīk Muhammad I Shah[91]
    (r. 1142–1156)
    9.Toghrul Shah[91]
    (r. 1156–1170) — Tutush II & Artash[93]
    (Baktāsh) (r. 1104)
    Amir of Dimashq — 2.Dawud[70]
    (r. 1131–1132)
    Sultan of Iraqi Seljuks — 5.Malik-Shah III[70]
    (r. 1152–1153)
    Sultan of Iraqi Seljuks — 6.Muhammad II[70]
    (r. 1153–1159)
    Sultan of Iraqi Seljuks — 7.Suleiman-Shah[70]
    (r. 1159–1160)
    Sultan of Iraqi Seljuks — 8.Arslan-Shah[70][74]
    (r. 1160–1177)
    Sultan of Iraqi Seljuks — Nusrat al-Din Muhammad
    (r. 1175–1186)
    de facto ruler of Toghrul III
    Atabeg of Arslan-Shah — Qizil Arslan
    (r. 1186-1191)
    de facto ruler of Toghrul III
    Atabeg of the Eldiguzids
  • 10.Bahrām, 11.Arslan II
    Shah    [91](r. 1170 - 1171)
    12.Bahrām Shah[91]
    (r. 1171 - 1172) — 13.Bahrām & Arslan II
    Shah    [91](r. 1172–1175)
    14.Bahrām Shah[91]
    (r. 1175) — 15.Muhammad II Shah[91]
    (r. 1175)
    16.Arslan II Shah[91]
    (r. 1175 - 1177) — 17.Turan II Shah[91]
    (r. 1177–1183)
    18.Muhammad II Shah[91]
    (r. 1183–1187) — Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan[93]
    (r. 1095–1113)
    Malik of Aleppo — Alp Arslan[93]
    (r. 1113–1114)
    Sultan Shah[93]
    (r. 1114–1117) — 9.Toghrul III[70][101]
    (r. 1177–1191, 1192–1194)
    Last sultan of
    The Iraqi Seljuks     — Nusrat al-Din Abu Bakr
    (r. 1191–1210)
    de facto ruler
    Atabeg of the Eldiguzids — Muzaffar al-Din Uzbek
    (r. 1210–1225)
    Atabeg of the Eldiguzids
  • Notes:

See also

  • Khatun Seljuk princess
  • Seljuk Empire
  • Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
  • Seljuk (warlord)

References

  1. Back to citation Toghrul and Chaghri Bey had left Cend before 1016 with their tribe and were engaged in nomadic activities until they entered the service of the Qarakhanids. Since they did not officially undeclared their rule in Cend until 1037 (when Tughril occupied Nishapur), the cited article represents Cend as a seat of the Seljuks until 1037.
  2. Back to citation Held by Seljuk, Mikail ibn Seljuk, Arslan Isra'il and initially by Tughril I and Chaghri Bey together.
  3. Back to citation Initially by Tuqaq and Seljuk
  4. Back to citation Some Sultans of Rum maintained a dual Christian-Muslim identity, especially Kaykhusraw I and his later rulers. They are alleged to be baptized by Byzantines during exile or secretly by Christian concubines.
  5. Back to citation The last Kubadoğulları Emir (Kubadoğlu Hüseyin Bey) surrendered Samsun to the Ottomans.
  6. Back to citation Neiberg, Michael S. (2002). Warfare in World History. Routledge. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-1-134-58342-3.
  7. Back to citation Harris, Jonathan (2014). Byzantium and the Crusades. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 39–45. ISBN 978-1-78093-736-6.
  8. Back to citation Rāvandī, Muḥammad (1385). Rāḥat al-ṣudūr va āyat al-surūr dar tārīkh-i āl-i saljūq. Tihrān: Intishārāt-i Asāṭīr. ISBN 978-964-331-366-1.
  9. Back to citation "The Saljuqids". Encyclopædia Iranica.
  10. Back to citation Tetley, G.E (2009). Hillenbrand, Carole (ed.). The Ghaznavid and Seljuk Turks: Poetry as a Source for Iranian History. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 1–16. ISBN 978-0-415-43119-4.
  11. Back to citation Fleet, Kate (2009). The Cambridge History of Turkey: Byzantium to Turkey, 1071–1453: Volume 1 (PDF). Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
  12. Back to citation Grousset, Rene, The Empire of the Steppes, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 161, 164; "renewed the Seljuk attempt to found a great Turko-Persian empire in eastern Iran…", "It is to be noted that the Seljuks, those Turkomans who became sultans of Persia, did not Turkify Persia-no doubt because they did not wish to do so. On the contrary, it was they who voluntarily became Persians and who, in the manner of the great old Sassanid kings, strove to protect the Iranian populations from the plundering of Ghuzz bands and save Iranian culture from the Turkoman menace."
  13. Back to citation Nishapuri, Zahir al-Din Nishapuri (2001), "The History of the Seljuq Turks from the Jami' al-Tawarikh: An Ilkhanid Adaptation of the Saljuq-nama of Zahir al-Din Nishapuri," Partial tr. K.A. Luther, ed. C.E. Bosworth, Richmond, UK. K.A. Luther, p. 9: "[T]he Turks were illiterate and uncultivated when they arrived in Khurasan and had to depend on Iranian scribes, poets, jurists and theologians to man the institution of the Empire")
  14. Back to citation Peacock, A. C. S. (2010). Early Seljūq history: a new interpretation. London: Routledge. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-203-85695-6. OCLC 828533970; Özgüdenli, Osman Gazi (2018). "Selçukluların Kökeni" [Origin of the Seljuks]. In Turan, Refik (ed.). Selçuklu Tarihi El Kitabı [Seljuk History Handbook] (in Turkish). Grafiker Yayınları. pp. 19–37; Golden, Peter (2007). "The Conversion of the Khazars to Judaism". In Golden, Peter; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; Roná-Tas, András (eds.). The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. Brill. p. 159.
  15. Back to citation Concise Britannica Online Seljuq Dynasty Archived 2007-01-14 at the Wayback Machine article; The History of the Seljuq Turks: From the Jami Al-Tawarikh (LINK); Shaw, Stanford. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey (LINK); Golden, Peter B. (1992). An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. p. 209
  16. Back to citation Wink, Andre, Al Hind: the Making of the Indo-Islamic World Brill Academic Publishers, 1996, ISBN 978-90-04-09249-5 p. 9
  17. Back to citation Islam: An Illustrated History, p. 51
  18. Back to citation Adas 2001, p. 99.
  19. Back to citation Peacock 2015, p. 25.
  20. Back to citation Bosworth, C.E. The Ghaznavids: 994–1040, Edinburgh University Press, 1963, 242.
  21. Back to citation Tony Jaques, Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F–O, (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007), 476.
  22. Back to citation O. Özgündenli, "Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK); Encyclopædia Britannica, "Seljuq", Online Edition, (LINK Archived 2007-12-19 at the Wayback Machine): "... Because the Turkish Seljuqs had no Islamic tradition or strong literary heritage of their own, they adopted the cultural language of their Persian instructors in Islam. Literary Persian thus spread to the whole of Iran, and the Arabic language disappeared in that country except in works of religious scholarship..."; M. Ravandi, "The Seljuq court at Konya and the Persianisation of Anatolian Cities", in Mesogeios (Mediterranean Studies), vol. 25–26 (2005), pp. 157–169; M.A. Amir-Moezzi, "Shahrbanu", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK): "... here one might bear in mind that Turco-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Seljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkish heroes or Muslim saints..."; F. Daftary, "Sectarian and National Movements in Iran, Khorasan, and Trasoxania during Umayyad and Early Abbasid Times", in History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol 4, pt. 1; edited by M.S. Asimov and C.E. Bosworth; UNESCO Publishing, Institute of Ismaili Studies: "... Not only did the inhabitants of Khurasan not succumb to the language of the nomadic invaders, but they imposed their own tongue on them. The region could even assimilate the Turkic Ghaznavids and Seljuks (eleventh and twelfth centuries), the Timurids (fourteenth–fifteenth centuries), and the Qajars (nineteenth–twentieth centuries)..."
  23. Back to citation Bosworth, C.E; Hillenbrand, R; Rogers, J.M; Blois, F.C. de; Bosworth, C.E; Darley-Doran, R.E., "Saldjukids," Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2009: "Culturally, the consisting of the Seljuq Empire marked a further step in the dethronement of Arabic from being the sole lingua franca of educated and polite society in the Middle East. Coming as they did through a Transoxania which was still substantially Iranian and into Persia proper, the Seljuqs with no high-level Turkish cultural or literary heritage of their own – took over that of Persia, so that the Persian language became the administration and culture in their land of Persia and Anatolia. The Persian culture of the Rum Seljuqs was particularly splendid, and it was only gradually that Turkish emerged there as a parallel language in the field of government and adab; the Persian imprint in Ottoman civilization was to remain strong until the 19th century; Ehsan Yarshater, "Iran" in Encyclopedia Iranica: "The ascent of the Saljuqids also put an end to a period which Minorsky has called "the Persian intermezzo" (see Minorsky, 1932, p. 21), when Iranian dynasties, consisting mainly of the Saffarids, the Samanids, the Ziyarids, the Buyids, the Kakuyids, and the Bavandids of Tabarestan and Gilan, ruled most of Iran. By all accounts, weary of the miseries and devastations of never-ending conflicts and wars, Persians seemed to have sighed with relief and to have welcomed the stability of the Saljuqid rule, all the more so since the Saljuqids mitigated the effect of their foreignness, quickly adopting the Persian culture and court customs and procedures and leaving the civil administration in the hand of Persian personnel, headed by such capable and learned viziers as 'Amid-al-Molk Kondori and Nezam-al-Molk."; C.E. Bosworth, "Turkish expansion towards the west", in UNESCO History of Humanity, Volume IV: From the Seventh to the Sixteenth Century, UNESCO Publishing / Routledge, 2000. p. 391: "While the Arabic language retained its primacy in such spheres as law, theology and science, the culture of the Seljuk court and secular literature within the sultanate became largely Persianized; this is seen in the early adoption of Persian epic names by the Seljuk rulers (Qubād, Kay Khusraw and so on) and in the use of Persian as a literary language (Turkish must have been essentially a vehicle for everyday speech at this time). The process of Persianization accelerated in the thirteenth century with the presence in Konya of two of the most distinguished refugees fleeing before the Mongols, Bahā' al-Dīn Walad and his son Mawlānā Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī, whose Mathnawī, composed in Konya, constitutes one of the crowning glories of classical Persian literature."
  24. Back to citation Daniel Pipes: "The Event of Our Era: Former Soviet Muslim Republics Change the Middle East" in Michael Mandelbaum, "Central Asia and the World: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkemenistan and the World", Council on Foreign Relations, p. 79. Exact statement: "In Short, the Turko-Persian tradition featured Persian culture patronized by Turcophone rulers."
  25. Back to citation O. Özgündenli, "Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK); Encyclopædia Britannica, "Seljuq", Online Edition, (LINK Archived 2007-12-19 at the Wayback Machine): "... Because the Turkish Seljuqs had no Islamic tradition or strong literary heritage of their own, they adopted the cultural language of their Persian instructors in Islam. Literary Persian thus spread to the whole of Iran, and the Arabic language disappeared in that country except in works of religious scholarship..."; M. Ravandi, "The Seljuq court at Konya and the Persianisation of Anatolian Cities", in Mesogeios (Mediterranean Studies), vol. 25–26 (2005), pp. 157–169
  26. Back to citation occurrence 26.0 Back to citation occurrence 26.1 Back to citation occurrence 26.2 Back to citation occurrence 26.3 Back to citation occurrence 26.4 Back to citation occurrence 26.5 Back to citation occurrence 26.6 Back to citation occurrence 26.7 Back to citation occurrence 26.8 Sevim, Ali (1993). "ÇAĞRI BEY" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 8 (Ci̇lve – Dârünnedve) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Presidency of Religious Affairs, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 183–186. ISBN 978-975-389-435-7.
  27. Back to citation occurrence 27.0 Back to citation occurrence 27.1 Back to citation occurrence 27.2 Back to citation occurrence 27.3 Back to citation occurrence 27.4 Back to citation occurrence 27.5 Sümer, Faruk (2009). "SELÇUKLULAR" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 36 (Sakal – Sevm) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Presidency of Religious Affairs, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 365–371. ISBN 978-975-389-566-8.
  28. Back to citation Together with Chaghri Bey.
  29. Back to citation Faruk Sümer (2012). "TUĞRUL BEY es-Sultânü'l-muazzam Şâhânşâh Rüknüddîn Ebû Tâlib Tuğrul Bey Muhammed b. Mîkâîl b. Selçuk (ö. 455/1063) Büyük Selçuklu Devleti'nin ilk hükümdarı (1040–1063).". TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Vol. 41. Istanbul. pp. 344–346. ISBN 978-97-53-89713-6; "THE SELJUKS AND THEIR SUCCESSORS: IRAN AND CENTRAL ASIA, C.1040-1250 Coin no. 2 of 14". “Two years later he entered Baghdad a second time, and was given the laqab Rukn al-Dawla ("Pillar of the State") and the title malik al-mashriq wa'l-maghrib ("King of the East and the West"), which allowed him to be addressed as sultan.”; King of the East and the West
  30. Back to citation Safi 2006, p. 41.
  31. Back to citation Faruk Sümer (2012). "TUĞRUL BEY es-Sultânü'l-muazzam Şâhânşâh Rüknüddîn Ebû Tâlib Tuğrul Bey Muhammed b. Mîkâîl b. Selçuk (ö. 455/1063) Büyük Selçuklu Devleti'nin ilk hükümdarı (1040–1063).". TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Vol. 41. Istanbul. pp. 344–346. ISBN 978-97-53-89713-6; "THE SELJUKS AND THEIR SUCCESSORS: IRAN AND CENTRAL ASIA, C.1040-1250 Coin no. 2 of 14". “Two years later he entered Baghdad a second time, and was given the laqab Rukn al-Dawla ("Pillar of the State") and the title malik al-mashriq wa'l-maghrib ("King of the East and the West"), which allowed him to be addressed as sultan.”; King of Kings
  32. Back to citation Faruk Sümer (2012). "TUĞRUL BEY es-Sultânü'l-muazzam Şâhânşâh Rüknüddîn Ebû Tâlib Tuğrul Bey Muhammed b. Mîkâîl b. Selçuk (ö. 455/1063) Büyük Selçuklu Devleti'nin ilk hükümdarı (1040–1063).". TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Vol. 41. Istanbul. pp. 344–346. ISBN 978-97-53-89713-6; "THE SELJUKS AND THEIR SUCCESSORS: IRAN AND CENTRAL ASIA, C.1040-1250 Coin no. 2 of 14". “Two years later he entered Baghdad a second time, and was given the laqab Rukn al-Dawla ("Pillar of the State") and the title malik al-mashriq wa'l-maghrib ("King of the East and the West"), which allowed him to be addressed as sultan.”; The Pillar of State
  33. Back to citation occurrence 33.0 Back to citation occurrence 33.1 Back to citation occurrence 33.2 "THE SELJUKS AND THEIR SUCCESSORS: IRAN AND CENTRAL ASIA, C.1040-1250 Coin no. 3 of 14". Archived from the original on 22 June 2021. “This coin was struck at the mint of al-Ahwaz, the capital town of Khuzistan, which, together with al-Basra, was the main trading city at the head of the Persian Gulf. On it, Alp Arslan clearly states his power and prestige as "the Exalted Sultan, King of Kings, King of Islam." In the inscription on his coins his name appears as Alb because Arabic lacks the letter "p", but to Persian and Turkish speakers his name is pronounced "Alp".”
  34. Back to citation "Alparslan". TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Retrieved 2025-05-04.
  35. Back to citation Turkish: Ebu'l Feth
  36. Back to citation Henry Melvill Gwatkin (1923). The Cambridge Medieval History: The Eastern Roman empire (717-1453). p. 307. “Malik Shāh was recognised by the Caliph as his successor, and invested with the title of 'Amir-al-Mu'minin”
  37. Back to citation "MELİKŞAH". TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Retrieved 2025-08-14.
  38. Back to citation Turkish: Ebu'l Feth
  39. Back to citation "MELİKŞAH". TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Retrieved 2025-08-14.
  40. Back to citation Turkish: Malik al-Mashriq wa'l-Maghrib
  41. Back to citation King of Kings
  42. Back to citation King of Kings
  43. Back to citation Muhammad Tapar's religious policies were deeply rooted in his personal piety and his strong support for Sunni Islam. He actively worked to strengthen religion and suppress perceived innovations and heresy, particularly those associated with the Ismailis. This commitment earned him the title of a mujahid, or holy warrior, in the strengthening of religion. His reign was characterized by a concerted effort to repel heretical groups who had become "very strong" during his time. The historical memory of Muhammad Tapar is of a just ruler who was a friend to religious clerics.
  44. Back to citation "SENCER". TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Retrieved 2025-08-14.
  45. Back to citation "SENCER". TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Retrieved 2025-08-14.
  46. Back to citation "SANJAR, Aḥmad b. Malekšāh" Encyclopædia Iranica
  47. Back to citation Lange, Christian (2012-10-03). Seljuqs: Politics, Society and Culture. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-7572-2.
  48. Back to citation Lange, Christian (2012-10-03). Seljuqs: Politics, Society and Culture. Edinburgh University Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-7486-7572-2.
  49. Back to citation Mas'ud was a ruler who held a positive religious reputation among his contemporaries. He was described as a "friend of the 'alim and a giver to the religious poor". His affection for the religious community was a defining feature of his character. The Shaykhs of Baghdad reportedly said that Mas'ud loved to visit the Ulama and the righteous, and to seek knowledge from the shaykhs. He was also noted for bearing "love toward the insane and the lunatic".
  50. Back to citation After the death of Ahmad Sanjar.
  51. Back to citation Lange, Christian (2011-07-31). Seljuqs: Politics, Society and Culture. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-4757-6.
  52. Back to citation As per Al-Husaynī's and Abū Hamid's chronicles.
  53. Back to citation Lange, Christian (2011-07-31). Seljuqs: Politics, Society and Culture. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-4757-6.
  54. Back to citation As per Al-Husaynī's and Abū Hamid's chronicles.
  55. Back to citation occurrence 55.0 Back to citation occurrence 55.1 Zahîrüddîn-i Nîsâbûrî, Selcûḳnâme, (Muhammed Ramazânî Publications), Tahran 1332, p. 10.
  56. Back to citation occurrence 56.0 Back to citation occurrence 56.1 Reşîdüddin Fazlullāh-ı Hemedânî, Câmiʿu’t-tevârîḫ, (Ahmed Ateş Publications), Ankara 1960, vol. II/5, p. 5.
  57. Back to citation occurrence 57.0 Back to citation occurrence 57.1 Râvendî, Muhammed b. Ali, Râhatü’s-sudûr, (Ateş Publications), vol. I, p. 85.
  58. Back to citation occurrence 58.0 Back to citation occurrence 58.1 Müstevfî, Târîḫ-i Güzîde, (Nevâî Publications), p. 426.
  59. Back to citation Osman Gazi Özgüdenli (2016). MÛSÂ YABGU. Vol. EK-2. Istanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 324–325.
  60. Back to citation occurrence 60.0 Back to citation occurrence 60.1 Back to citation occurrence 60.2 Back to citation occurrence 60.3 Sevim, Ali (2010). SÜLEYMAN ŞAH I (PDF). Vol. 38. Istanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 103–105. ISBN 978-9-7538-9590-3.
  61. Back to citation occurrence 61.0 Back to citation occurrence 61.1 Back to citation occurrence 61.2 Faruk Sümer (2002). KUTALMIŞ (PDF). Vol. 26. Istanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 480–481. ISBN 978-9-7538-9406-7.
  62. Back to citation occurrence 62.0 Back to citation occurrence 62.1 Osman Gazi Özgüdenli (2016). "MÛSÂ YABGU". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Supplement 2 (Kâfûr, Ebü'l-Misk – Züreyk, Kostantin) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Presidency of Religious Affairs, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 324–325. ISBN 978-975-389-889-8.
  63. Back to citation Beyhakī, Târîḫ, (Behmenyâr), p. 71.
  64. Back to citation occurrence 64.0 Back to citation occurrence 64.1 Back to citation occurrence 64.2 Back to citation occurrence 64.3 Back to citation occurrence 64.4 Back to citation occurrence 64.5 Back to citation occurrence 64.6 Sümer, Faruk (2009). ANADOLU SELÇUKLULARI (PDF). Vol. 36. Istanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 380–384. ISBN 978-9-7538-9566-8.
  65. Back to citation Özaydın, Abdülkerim (2002). KAVURD BEY (PDF). Vol. 25. Istanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 73–74. ISBN 978-9-7538-9403-6.
  66. Back to citation occurrence 66.0 Back to citation occurrence 66.1 Back to citation occurrence 66.2 Back to citation occurrence 66.3 Back to citation occurrence 66.4 Back to citation occurrence 66.5 Sümer, Faruk (2009). Kirman Selçuks (PDF). Vol. 36. Istanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 377–379. ISBN 978-9-7538-9566-8.
  67. Back to citation Bezer, Gülay Öğün (2011). "TERKEN HATUN, the mother of MAHMÛD I" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 40 (Tanzi̇mat – Teveccüh) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Presidency of Religious Affairs, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 510. ISBN 978-975-389-652-8. Terken Khatun (wife of Malik-Shah I); Özaydın, Abdülkerim (2004). "MELİKŞAH" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 29 (Mekteb – Misir Mevlevîhânesi̇) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Presidency of Religious Affairs, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 54–57. ISBN 978-975-389-415-9; Özaydın, Abdülkerim (1992). "BERKYARUK" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 5 (Balaban – Beşi̇r Ağa) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Presidency of Religious Affairs, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 514–516. ISBN 978-975-389-432-6.
  68. Back to citation Sümer, Faruk (2009). SELÇUKLULAR (PDF). Vol. 36. Istanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 365–371. ISBN 978-9-7538-9566-8.
  69. Back to citation Enverî, Düstûrnâme-i Enverî, pp. 78-80, 1464.
  70. Back to citation occurrence 70.00 Back to citation occurrence 70.01 Back to citation occurrence 70.02 Back to citation occurrence 70.03 Back to citation occurrence 70.04 Back to citation occurrence 70.05 Back to citation occurrence 70.06 Back to citation occurrence 70.07 Back to citation occurrence 70.08 Back to citation occurrence 70.09 Back to citation occurrence 70.10 Back to citation occurrence 70.11 Back to citation occurrence 70.12 Back to citation occurrence 70.13 Back to citation occurrence 70.14 Back to citation occurrence 70.15 Back to citation occurrence 70.16 Back to citation occurrence 70.17 Sümer, Faruk (2009). "Irak Selçuklulari" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 36 (Sakal – Sevm) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Presidency of Religious Affairs, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 387. ISBN 978-975-389-566-8.
  71. Back to citation occurrence 71.0 Back to citation occurrence 71.1 Özaydın, Abdülkerim (2003). "MAHMÛD b. MUHAMMED TAPAR" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 27 (Kütahya Mevlevîhânesi̇ – Mani̇sa) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Presidency of Religious Affairs, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 371–372. ISBN 978-975-389-408-1.
  72. Back to citation occurrence 72.0 Back to citation occurrence 72.1 Sümer, Faruk (2012). "TUĞRUL I" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 41 (Tevekkül – Tüsterî) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Presidency of Religious Affairs, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 341–342. ISBN 978-975-389-713-6.
  73. Back to citation occurrence 73.0 Back to citation occurrence 73.1 Sümer, Faruk (2004). "MES'ÛD b. MUHAMMED TAPAR" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 29 (Mekteb – Misir Mevlevîhânesi̇) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Presidency of Religious Affairs, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 349–351. ISBN 978-975-389-415-9.
  74. Back to citation occurrence 74.0 Back to citation occurrence 74.1 Sümer, Faruk (1991). "ARSLANŞAH b. TUĞRUL" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 3 (Amasya – Âşik Mûsi̇ki̇si̇) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Presidency of Religious Affairs, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 404–406. ISBN 978-975-389-430-2.
  75. Back to citation Sümer, Faruk (2012). "Ebû Tâlib TUĞRUL b. ARSLANŞAH b. TUĞRUL" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 41 (Tevekkül – Tüsterî) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Presidency of Religious Affairs, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 342–344. ISBN 978-975-389-713-6.
  76. Back to citation Grand Vizier Sāhīp Shams ad-Dīn Īsfahānī ruled the country on behalf of ʿIzz ad-Dīn Kay Kāwus II between 1246 and 1249
  77. Back to citation Grand Vizier Parwāna Mu'in al-Din Suleyman ruled the country on behalf of Ghiyāth ad-Dīn Kay Khusraw III between 1266 and 2 August 1277 (1 Rabi' al-awwal 676)
  78. Back to citation Shukurov, Rustam (2016). The Byzantine Turks, 1204-1461. BRILL. pp. 108–109. ISBN 978-9004307759.
  79. Back to citation Between 1246 and 1249 ʿIzz ad-Dīn Kay Kāwus II reigned alone
  80. Back to citation ʿIzz ad-Dīn Kay Kāwus II was defeated on October 14, 1256 in Sultanhanı (Sultan Han, Aksaray) and he acceded to the throne on May 1, 1257 again after the departure of Baiju Noyan from Anatolia
  81. Back to citation Between 1262 and 1266 Rukn ad-Dīn Kilij Arslan IV reigned alone
  82. Back to citation Between 1249 and 1254 triple reign of three brothers
  83. Back to citation According to İbn Bîbî, el-Evâmirü'l-ʿAlâʾiyye, p. 727. (10 Dhu al-Hijjah 675 - 17 Muharram 676)
  84. Back to citation According to Yazıcıoğlu Ali, Tevârih-i Âl-i Selçuk, p. 62. (10 Dhu al-Hijjah 677 - 17 Muharram 678)
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  89. Back to citation Beyhakī, Târîḫ, (Behmenyâr), p. 71.
  90. Back to citation Alptekin, Coşkun (1989). "AKSUNGUR" (PDF). TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 2 (Ahlâk – Amari̇) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Presidency of Religious Affairs, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 196. ISBN 978-975-389-429-6.
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Further reading

  • Adas, Michael (2001). Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History. Temple University Press.
  • Dietrich, Richard (2018). "The Names of Seljuk's Sons as Evidence for the Pre-Islamic Religion of the Seljuks". Turkish Historical Review. 9 (1): 54–70. doi:10.1163/18775462-00901002. hdl:11511/41747.
  • Grousset, Rene (1988). The Empire of the Steppes: a History of Central Asia. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-8135-0627-2.
  • Peacock, Andrew (2015). The Great Seljuk Empire. Edinburgh University Press Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7486-9807-3.
  • Previté-Orton, C. W. (1971). The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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