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Spanish missions in Arizona

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Spanish missions in Arizona — Beginning in the 16th century Spain established missions throughout New Spain (consisting of Mexico and portions of what today are the Southwestern United States) in order to facilitate colonization of these lands.

History

Early Franciscan missions

The indigenous peoples of Arizona remained unknown to European explorers until 1540 when Spanish explorer Pedro de Tovar (who was part of the Coronado expedition) encountered the Hopi while searching for the legendary Seven Cities of Gold. Contact with Europeans remained infrequent until three missions were established in 1629 in what is now northeastern Arizona.

In 1680, the Pueblo Revolt resulted in the destruction of all three missions, greatly limiting Spanish influence in the region. Subsequent attempts to reestablish the missions in Hopi villages were met with repeated failures. The former mission is still visible today as a ruin.

Jesuit missions

In the spring of 1687, the Jesuit missionary Eusebio Francisco Kino lived and worked with the Native Americans in the area called the Pimería Alta, or "Upper Pima Country," which presently includes the Mexican state of Sonora and the southern portion of Arizona. During Father Eusebio Kino's stay in the Pimería Alta, he founded over twenty missions in eight mission districts. In Arizona, unlike Mexico, missionization proceeded slowly.

Father Kino founded missions San Xavier and San Gabriel at the Piman communities of Bac and Guevavi along the Santa Cruz River.

Late Franciscan missions

Following the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1767, the Franciscans from the college of Santa Cruz in Querétaro took over responsibility in the Pimería Alta missions. Meanwhile, other Franciscans from the college of San Fernando in Mexico City under the leadership of Junípero Serra, were assigned to replace the Jesuits in the Baja California missions of the lower Las Californias Province.

Under the administration of Franciscan friar and explorer Francisco Garcés, three additional missions were established with the goal of establishing a permanent connection between the missions of Las Californias and Pimería Alta. However, following a Quechan raid in 1781 that destroyed two mission near present-day Yuma, the two regions remained isolated. This greatly limited the expansion of Spanish influence throughout the lower Colorado River.

Following the Mexican War of Independence and the expulsion of all Spanish-born priests from the region in 1828, the remaining missions were gradually abandoned. Mission San Xavier del Bac was the last mission to be abandoned, with the last priest leaving for Spain in 1837.

Missions

List of missions in Arizona, from year of first established
Name Image Location Date founded Order Notes Sources
Mission San Francisco de Oraibi 35.87344, -110.63634 1629 Franciscans Destroyed during the 1680 Pueblo Revolt. In ruins.
Mission San Bernardo de Aguatubi 35.72529, -110.27803 1629 Franciscans Destroyed during the 1680 Pueblo Revolt. Rebuilt in the 1690s before it and the surrounding village was destroyed in 1700. In ruins. [1]
Mission San Bartolomé de Shungópove Second Mesa 1629 Franciscans Destroyed during the 1680 Pueblo Revolt. [2]
Mission Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi File:Los Santos Angeles de Guevavi.jpg 31.41007, -110.90198 1691 Jesuits Abandoned in 1775. The church ruins date to 1751. It later became a visita of San José de Tumacacori around 1773. [3]
Mission San Xavier del Bac File:San Xavier del Bac in overcast weather.jpg 32.10723, -111.00797 1692 Jesuits 1692–1770, 1783–1837, 1859–present. The extant mission church was completed in 1797. [4][5]
Mission San Cayetano de Calabazas File:San Cayetano de Calabazas.jpg 31.45252, -110.95945 1756 Jesuits It was founded as a visita of Mission Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi (and some time after served Mission San José de Tumacácori). It later became a mission but was downgraded back to a visita of Mission Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi in 1784. Abandoned in 1786. [6]
Mission San José de Tumacácori File:Ruins of the Franciscan church at Mission San José de Tumacácori (6127855296).jpg 31.56861, -111.0509 1757 Jesuits Located west of the site of the visita San Cayetano del Tumacácori. Abandoned in 1828. [7][8]
Mission San Cosme y Damián de Tucsón File:Historic American Buildings Survey Photo by 'The Campbell Studios', 1122 North 3rd Avenue, Tucson, Arizona. c. 1881 Copied for Survey through courtesy of Harry Drachman. VIEW HABS ARIZ,10-TUCSO,3-3.tif 32.2148, -110.98463 1768 Franciscans Established as a visita in 1692. Elevated to the status of mission in 1768. Abandoned in 1828. Non-extant. [9]
Mission Puerto de Purísima Concepción File:Saint Thomas Yuma Indian Mission, Winterhaven, CA.jpg 32.73053, -114.61557 October 1780 Franciscans Located in California but administered as part of the Pimería Alta missions. Destroyed during a Quechan raid from July 17–19, 1781. Non-extant. A reconstruction of the mission was completed in 1923, which currently serves as a parish church.
Mission San Pedro y San Pablo de Bicuñer 32.81636, -114.51511 January 7, 1781 Franciscans Located in California but administered as part of the Pimería Alta missions. Destroyed during a Quechan raid from July 17–19, 1781. Non-extant. [10]

See also

On Spanish Missions in neighboring regions:

On general missionary history:

On colonial Spanish American history:

References

  1. Back to citation "Awatovi Ruins (Arizona) (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2025-01-06.
  2. Back to citation "Mission San Bartolome de Xongopavi; one of Arizona's forgotten missions | Arizona Historical Indexes". uamr.lib.arizona.edu. Retrieved 2025-01-06.
  3. Back to citation Tumacacori, Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067; Us, AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact. "Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2025-01-05.
  4. Back to citation "San Xavier Mission Organization site". Archived from the original on 2017-09-12. Retrieved 2022-04-25.
  5. Back to citation "Mission San Xavier del Bac (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2025-01-05.
  6. Back to citation "Mission San Cayetano de Calabazas - Spanish Missions/Misiones Españolas (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2025-01-05; Tumacacori, Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067; Us, AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact. "San Cayetano de Calabazas - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2025-01-05; Mattison, Ray (1946). "Early Spanish and Mexican Settlements in Arizona" (PDF). New Mexico Historical Review. 21 (4): 275 – via NPS History.
  7. Back to citation "Mission San José de Tumacácori - Spanish Missions/Misiones Españolas (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2025-01-05.
  8. Back to citation Tumacacori, Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067; Us, AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact. "San José de Tumacácori - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2025-01-05.
  9. Back to citation "Mission San Agustín del Tucson (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2025-01-05.
  10. Back to citation Parks, California State. "SITE OF MISSION SAN PEDRO Y SAN PABLO DE BICUNER". California State Parks. Retrieved 2025-01-05.
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