Unity Party (Hungary)
| Unity Party Egységes Párt | |
|---|---|
Logo of the party seen during the early to late 1930s.
| |
| Leader | István Bethlen (1922–1932) Gyula Gömbös (1932–1936) Kálmán Darányi (1936–1938) Béla Imrédy (1938–1939) Pál Teleki (1939-1941) László Bárdossy (1941-1942) Miklós Kállay (1942–1944) |
| Founder | István Bethlen |
| Founded | 2 February 1922 |
| Dissolved | 23 March 1944 |
| Merger of | KNEP (partial) and OKGFP |
| Headquarters | Budapest, Hungary |
| Ideology | Right-wing big tent • Hungarian nationalism • Christian nationalism • Corporatism • Anti-communism Factions: • Conservatism • National conservatism[1] • Agrarianism • Szeged Idea[2][3] • Antisemitism |
| Political position | 1922–1932: Right-wing[4] 1932–1944: Far-right[5] |
| Party flag | |
| Politics of Hungary Political parties Elections | |
The Unity Party (Hungarian: Egységes Párt), officially the Catholic-Protestant Farmers, Smallholders, and Civic Party or Christian Farmers, Smallholders and Civic Party (Hungarian: Keresztény-Keresztyén Földmíves-, Kisgazda- és Polgári Párt), was the ruling party of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1922 to 1944.
It was founded in early 1922, and in the same year they won an electoral landslide in the parliamentary election.[6] Initially, the party was conservative and agrarian but in the early 1930s its fascist faction grew to become the largest, and shortly after they established a militia.[7] The main leader of the fascist faction was Gyula Gömbös, who served as the prime minister from 1932 to 1936.[8] When he came to power, the party was renamed to National Unity Party (Hungarian: Nemzeti Egység Pártja).
Gömbös declared the party's intention to achieve "total control of the nation's social life".[9] In the 1935 Hungarian Election, Gömbös promoted the creation of a "unitary Hungarian nation with no class distinctions".[10] The party won a huge majority of the seats of the Hungarian parliament in the Hungarian election of May 1939.[11] It won 72 percent of the parliament's seats and won 49 percent of the popular vote in the election.[5] This was a major breakthrough for the far-right in Hungary.[5] The party promoted nationalist propaganda and some of its members sympathized with the Nazi Arrow Cross Party.[5] In 1939, the party was renamed to the Hungarian Life Party (Hungarian: Magyar Élet Pártja).
It was also called "the Government Party" since it was the governing party of the Kingdom of Hungary during the existence of the Horthy era.[8] A faction of the most pro-Nazi members led by the party's former leader Béla Imrédy split from the party October 1940 to form the Hungarian Renewal Party (Magyar Megújulás Pártja) that sought to explicitly "solve" the "Jewish Problem."
Electoral results
National Assembly
| Election | Votes | Seats | Rank | Government | Leader | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | % | ±pp | # | +/− | ||||
| 1922 | 623,201 | 38.2% | 38.2 | 140 / 245 | 140 | 1st | Unity Party | István Bethlen |
| 1926 | 482,086 | 42.2% | 4.0 | 161 / 245 | 21 | 1st | Unity Party | István Bethlen |
| 1931 | 603,576 | 40.0% | 2.2 | 149 / 245 | 12 | 1st | Unity Party | István Bethlen |
| 1935 | 879,474 | 44.6% | 4.6 | 164 / 245 | 15 | 1st | Party of National Unity | Gyula Gömbös |
| 1939 | 1,824,573 | 49.5% | 4.9 | 181 / 260 | 17 | 1st | Party of Hungarian Life | Pál Teleki |
References
- Back to citation Häkkinen, Ville (2019). From Counterrevolution to Consolidation?. JYU. p. 99.
- Back to citation Stanley G. Payne. A history of fascism, 1914-1945. Oxon, England, UK: Routledge, 2005. pp. 269.
- Back to citation Miklós Lackó. "Arrow-cross men, national socialists, 1935-1944", Studia historica, Magyar Tudományos Akadémia. Volume 61. Akadémiai Kiadó, 1969. Pp. 65.
- Back to citation https://mult-kor.hu/ki-volt-grof-bethlen-istvan-miniszterelnok-20161005
- Back to citation occurrence 5.0 Back to citation occurrence 5.1 Back to citation occurrence 5.2 Back to citation occurrence 5.3 Georgi Karasimeonov. Cleavages, parties, and voters: studies from Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. p. 70.
- Back to citation Gregory Curtis Ference. Chronology of 20th-century eastern European history. Gale Research, Inc., 1994. Pp. 226.
- Back to citation Philip Morgan. Fascism in Europe, 1919-1945. London, England, UK: Routledge, 2003. Pp. 76-77.
- Back to citation occurrence 8.0 Back to citation occurrence 8.1 Payne, Stanley G. (1996). A History of Fascism, 1914-1945. Routledge. ISBN 0203501322.
- Back to citation Philip Morgan. Fascism in Europe, 1919-1945. London, England, UK: Routledge, 2003. Pp. 76.
- Back to citation F. L. Carsten. The rise of fascism. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, USA: University of California Press, 1982. Pp. 173.
- Back to citation Peter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák. A History of Hungary. First paperback edition. Bloomington, Indiana, USA: Indiana University Press, 1994. Pp. 341.