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Annius of Viterbo

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Annius of Viterbo
Personal life
Born Giovanni Nanni
5 January 1437
Viterbo, Papal States
Died 13 November 1502 (aged 65)
Rome, Papal States
Era Renaissance
Notable work Antiquitatum Variarum
Education Santa Maria sopra Minerva
Religious life
Religion Christianity
Order Dominican
Senior posting
Post Master of the Sacred Palace

Annius of Viterbo (Latin: Joannes Annius Viterb(i)ensis; 5 January 1437 – 13 November 1502) was an Italian Dominican friar, scholar, and historian, born Giovanni Nanni in Viterbo. He is now remembered for his fabrications.

Life

He entered the Dominican Order early in life. He obtained the degree of Master of Theology from the studium generale at Santa Maria sopra Minerva, the forerunner of the College of Saint Thomas and the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum. He served as a lector at the studium sometime before 1466.[1]

He was highly esteemed by Sixtus IV and Alexander VI; the latter made him Master of the Sacred Palace in 1499.

As a linguist, he spuriously claimed to be skilled in the Semitic languages. Walter Stephens[2] says: "His expertise in Semitic philology, once celebrated even by otherwise sober ecclesiastical historians, was entirely fictive." Annius also claimed to be able to read Etruscan.

In perhaps his most elaborate pseudo-archeological charade, in the autumn of 1493, he undertook a well-publicized dig at Viterbo, during which marble statues of some of the most dramatic of the mythical figures associated with the city's legendarium appeared to be unearthed; they had all been "salted" in the site beforehand.[3]

Works

He is best known for his Antiquitatum Variarum, originally titled the Commentaria super opera diversorum auctorum de antiquitatibus loquentium[4] (Commentaries on the Works of Various Authors Discussing Antiquity) and often known as the Antiquities of Annius. In this work, he published alleged writings and fragments of several pre-Christian Greek and Latin secular authors, destined to throw an entirely new light on ancient history. He claimed to have discovered them at Mantua.

Among his numerous other writings were De futuris Christianorum triumphis in Turcos et Saracenos (Future Triumphs of the Christians over the Turks and the Saracens), a commentary on the Apocalypse, dedicated to Sixtus IV, to Christian kings, princes, and governments,[5] and Tractatus de imperio Turcorum[6] (The Empire of the Turks). The author identifies Mohammad as the Antichrist, and predicts that the end of the world will take place when the Christians will have overcome the Jews and the Muslims, an event which did not appear to him to be far distant.

One influential suggestion he made — in his commentary on the Breviarium de Temporibus of Pseudo-Philo — was that the genealogy of Jesus in the Gospel of Luke traced the lineage through the father of Mary.[7] In the Breviarium de Temporibus, the Christ's grandfather Eli according to Luke was identified with Eliachim, an alleged variant of St Joachim, the Virgin Mary's father according to the apocryphal Protoevangelium of James.[8] According to Annius, the Marian direct descendance from king David testified Christ's inheritance of the throne of Israel in the lineage of His holy mother.[9]

The more important of his unpublished works are:

  • Volumen libris septuaginta distinctum de antiquitatibus et gestis Etruscorum;
  • De correctione typographica chronicorum;
  • De dignitate officii Magistri Sacri Palatii (On the Esteem of the Office of the Master of the Sacred Palace);
  • Chronologia Nova, in which he undertakes to correct the anachronisms in the writings of Eusebius of Caesarea;
  • De marmoreis volturrhenis tabulis: the modern editor's preface affirmed it was "the first epigraphic study in western scholarship".[10]

He was notorious for his text depicting the history and topography of ancient Rome from the "most ancient" authors. His Auctores vetustissimi printed at Rome, 1498, was an anthology of seventeen purportedly classical texts, all of which he had written himself, with which he embarks in the gigantic attempt to write a universal history of the post-diluvian West civilization, where the Etruscan people and the town of Viterbo/Etruria, custodian of the original knowledge of divine nature, takes on the leading role in the march of Man towards the future. Annius's map of Rome as founded by Romulus is a loose interpretation of one of his own forgeries. It prominently features Vicus Tuscus, the home of the Etruscans, whom Annius and his fellow Viterbans claimed as their ancestors. Part of the forgeries were motivated by a desire to prove that Viterbo was the site of the Etruscan Fanum Voltumnae.

In a defense of the papal lending institution, the Monte di Pietà, published c. 1495 under the title Pro Monte Pietatis, Annius contributed the essay Questiones due disputate super mutuo iudaico & ciuili & diuino, arguing against the usury of the Jews.[11]

Looking for a patronage, Annius published its first treatise in February 1491 and dedicated it to Ranuccio Farnese. Analyzing the works of Diodorus Siculus, Annius supposed Isis and Osiris established new colonies in the Mediterranean Sea, the latter founding Viterbo, so as to derive a divine and Egyptian ancestry for the family of the ongoing Pope Alexander III, brother of Ranuccio.[10]

Detection of his forgeries

The Antiquities met at once both with believers and with severe critics who accused him of willful interpolation, or even fabrication. The content was falsely attributed to Berosus, Fabius Pictor, Cato the Elder, Manetho and others. The spurious character of these "historians" of Annius, which he published both with and without commentaries, has long been admitted.[12] The demolition of the forgeries owed much to Joseph Justus Scaliger.

Annius's forgeries began to unravel by the mid-16th century. In 1565–66, the humanist Girolamo Mei was engaged in a historiographical argument with Vincenzo Borghini, who presented a claim, for the occasion of the marriage of Francesco I de' Medici and Joanna of Austria, that Florence was founded by Augustus. He based his claim on inscriptions reported by Annius of Viterbo. Mei, no friend to the Medici, challenged this opinion and questioned the authenticity of Annius's materials, in a brief Latin treatise (De origine urbis Florentiae).

Viterbiae historiae epitoma

The volume Annio da Viterbo, Documenti e ricerche (Rome: Multigrafica Editrice for CNR, 1981) presents an unpublished work written by Annius: the Viterbiae historiae epitoma in the critical text edited by Giovanni Baffioni. The text is based on the manuscript Codex Vaticanus Latinus 6263 and represents the seventh and only extant book of the former work of Annius' Viterbia Historia, composed of seven books in which the Viterbian theologian writes the history of his municipal town ranging from its mythological origins (newly reinvented by Annius himself) until the times of Pope Innocent VIII. The second part of the book, edited by Paola Mattiangeli, deals with his influence on High Renaissance myth and allegory. In particular, it refers to Annius's esoteric interests and his influence over a number of painted frescoes in the city of Viterbo characterized by Egyptian imagery.

See also

From the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia

Annius of Viterbo — (Giovanni Nanni).

Archeologist and historian, born at Viterbo about 1432; died 13 November, 1502. He entered the Dominican Order early in life and won fame as a preacher and writer. He was highly esteemed by Sixtus IV and Alexander VI; the latter made him Master of the Sacred Palace. He was skilled in the Oriental languages, and was so devoted a student of classical antiquity that he changed his name to one that reminded him of Rome's Golden Age. Among his numerous writings may be mentioned: (1) "De futuris Christianorum triumphis in Turcos et Saracenos"; a commentary on the Apocalypse, dedicated to Sixtus IV, to Christian kings, princes, and governments (Genoa, 1480); "Tractatus de imperio Turcorum" (Genoa, 1480). He is best known, however, by his "Antiquitatum Variarum", 17 vols. (Venice, 1499, et sæp). In this work he published alleged writings and fragments of several pre-Christian Greek and Latin profane authors, destined to throw an entirely new light on ancient history. He claimed to have discovered them at Mantua. This work met at once both with believers in the genuineness of his sources, and with severe critics who accused him of willful interpolation, or even fabrication. The spurious character of these "historians" of Annius, which he published both with and without commentaries, has long been admitted. It would appear that he was too credulous, and really believed the texts to be authentic. It may be recalled that Colbert left to the Bibliothèque Nationale at Paris a manuscript of the thirteenth century, supposed to contain fragments of the writings of two of these writers, i.e. Berosus and Megasthenes. The more important of his unpublished works are: "Volumen libris septuaginta distinctum de antiquitatibus et gestis Etruscorum"; "De correctione typographica chronicorum"; "De dignitate officii Magistri Sacri Palatii", and lastly, his "Chronologia Nova", wherein he undertakes to correct the anachronisms in the writings of Eusebius of Caesarea.

Stahl, in Kirchenlex., I, 866-867: Hurter, Nomenclator, IV, 954-955; Touron, Hommes ill. de l'ordre de S. Dominique, III, 655; Quetif and Echard, SS. Ord. Praed., II, 4-7.

References

  1. Back to citation Fubini 2012.
  2. Back to citation in Giants in Those Days (1989), p. 131.
  3. Back to citation Roberto Weiss, The Renaissance Discovery of Classical Antiquity (1969:114).
  4. Back to citation First published in Rome: Eucharius Silber, 1498. The pages of this edition can be accessed in the Biblioteca Virtual de Andalucía.
  5. Back to citation Genoa, 1480
  6. Back to citation Published in Genoa, 1480
  7. Back to citation "LT11 – New Light on the Genealogies of Jesus".
  8. Back to citation "Reconstruction of the genealogic tree". 29 August 2012.
  9. Back to citation MacFarlane, Kirsten (1 June 2018). The Biblical Genealogies of the King James Bible (1611): Their Purpose, Sources, and Significance. Vol. 19. Oxford University Press. pp. 131–158. doi:10.1093/library/19.2.131. OCLC 7881721030. S2CID 165355260. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  10. Back to citation occurrence 10.0 Back to citation occurrence 10.1 Collins, Amanda (1 July 2000). "Renaissance epigraphy and its legitimating potential: Anius of Viterbo, Etruscan inscriptions, and the origins of civilization". Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. 44 (Supplement 75). Oxford University Press: 60. doi:10.1111/j.2041-5370.2000.tb01965.x. ISSN 2398-3264. JSTOR 43767715. OCLC 6437015614. (reprinted in 2011)
  11. Back to citation dated from Viterbo, 8 May 1492 (Rhodes)
  12. Back to citation Colbert left to the Bibliothèque Nationale at Paris a manuscript of the thirteenth century, supposed to contain fragments of the writings of two of these writers, i.e. Berosus and Megasthenes.
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