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House of Lorraine

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House of Lorraine
Haus Lothringen
Original arms of the House of Lorraine
Original arms of the House of Lorraine
Parent house Ardennes–Metz which in turn can possibly be a cadet branch of either the Etichonids or the Matfridings
Country Alsace, Austria, Bohemia, Brabant, France, Flanders, Hungary, Lorraine, Luxembourg, Mexico, Modena and Tuscany
Founded 1047
Current head Karl von Habsburg-Lorraine
Titles Holy Roman Emperor
Emperor of Austria
Emperor of Mexico
King of the Romans
King of Bohemia
King of Croatia
King of Hungary
Archduke of Austria
Grand Duke of Tuscany
Duke of Milan
Duke of Brabant
Duke of Lorraine
Duke of Guise
Duke of Alsace
Duke of Bar
Duke of Luxembourg
Duke of Modena
Count of Flanders (see more)
Deposition Lorraine:
1738 – Francis I ceded title in accordance with the Treaty of Vienna, gaining Tuscany
Holy Roman Empire, Luxembourg,
Brabant, and Flanders:
1805 – Francis II & I ceded titles in accordance with the Peace of Pressburg
Parma:
1847 – Marie Louise died with issue
Tuscany:
1859 – Leopold II abdicated due to pressure from Italian nationalists
Mexico:
1867 – Maximilian I executed by Liberal republicans.
Austria, Hungary and Bohemia:
1918 – Charles I & IV relinquished participation in state affairs following the end of World War I
Cadet branches Vaudémont
Guise (extinct)
Habsburg-Lorraine Habsburg-Este
Habsburg-Tuscany
Hohenberg (non-dynastic)

The House of Lorraine (German: Haus Lothringen) was a noble house that ruled over the Duchy of Lorraine (1047–1431, 1473–1737) within the Holy Roman Empire, and also held other feudal domains, such as the County of Vaudémont, the Duchy of Bar, the Duchy of Guise, and various minor possessions. The cadet branch, headed by the Counts of Vaudémont, continued and reacquired the Duchy of Lorraine in 1473, thus establishing the junior ducal line, that ruled over Lorraine until 1737. Its cadet branch, the House of Guise, had a prominent position in political affairs of the Kingdom of France.[1] In 1047, Adalbert, became Duke of Lorraine after his relative, the ruler of Verdun (of the House of Ardenne–Verdun) died. The House of Lorraine is a child house of the House of Ardenne, same as the House of Verdun.

By the marriage of duke Francis of Lorraine to Maria Theresa of Austria in 1736, and with the success in the ensuing War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748), the House of Lorraine was joined to the House of Habsburg and became known as the House of Habsburg-Lorraine (German: Haus Habsburg-Lothringen). Francis, his sons Joseph II and Leopold II, and his grandson Francis II were the last four Holy Roman emperors from 1745 until the dissolution of the empire in 1806. The House of Habsburg-Lorraine inherited the Habsburg Empire, ruling the Austrian Empire and then Austria-Hungary until the dissolution of the monarchy in 1918.

Although its senior agnates are the dukes of Hohenberg, as of 2003 the house was headed by Karl von Habsburg (born 1961), grandson of the last emperor Charles I.[2]

Ancestry

Lineage of the House of Lorraine is certain since the 11th century, but due to the fragmentary nature of historical sources, reliable tracing of its older ancestry proved to be challenging within genealogical studies, particularly in light of various dynastic claims (direct or indirect connections with the Carolingians; common ancestry with the Habsburgs) posed by the junior ducal line during the early modern period.

A controversial origin

The main two theories of the House's origin are:

  • the theory of Etichonid ancestry, which claims that Adalbert of Metz and his brother Gerard were descendants of the Nordgau branch of the Etichonid Dynasty, the same branch from which the House of Habsburg and the House of Zähringen could possibly descend;[3]
  • the theory of Gerardide ancestry, which claims that Adalbert and Gerard descended from the Matfridings which are thought to have been a branch of the Gerardides.

What is better documented is that in 1048 Emperor Henry III gave the Duchy of Upper Lorraine first to Adalbert of Metz and then to his brother Gerard, whose successors (collectively known as the House of Alsace or the House of Châtenois) retained the duchy until the death of Charles the Bold in 1431.[4]

Certainties

Based on documents dating from the 11th century, researchers are able to establish the two generations preceding Gerard of Alsace. The oldest certain generation is a sibling group shown at the top of the family chart below composed of Gerard, Adalbert and Adelaide:[5]

Gerard, Count, probably of Metz, died between 1021 and 1033, married Eve, daughter of Count Sigefroid, ancestor of the Counts of Luxembourg. From this marriage were born two children: Sigfried, died between 1017 and 1020, and Berscinde, abbess of Remiremont;
Adelaide married Henry of Franconia, Count in Wormsgau, and is the mother of Emperor Conrad II the Salic and several other children;
Adalbert was Count of Metz, died in 1037. A donation dated June 12, 1037 in favor of the Abbey of Saint-Mathieu calls him dux and marchio Lotoringie. He married Judith who gave birth to a single son, named Gérard.[5]
Gérard, son of Adalbert, died in 1045. He is called Count of Alsace in a charter of May 1038 where he puts an end to a dispute against the Abbey of Remiremont. He married a Gisèle, who gave birth to Adalbert, Duke of Lorraine in 1047, Gérard, Count of Metz, then Duke of Lorraine in 1047, Conrad, Adalberon, Beatrix, Odelric, Cuno, Oda, abbess of Remiremont from 1048 to 1071, Azelinus, Ida and Adelheid, as stated in the Notitiæ Fundationis Monasterii Bosonis-Villæ (Notice of the founding of the monastery of Bouzonville).[5]
  • v
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    Earliest Certain Ancestors
  • Eva — Gérard
    count of Metz
    († 1021/1033) — Adelinde
    x Henry of Speyer
    count of Speyer (Wormsgau) — Adalbert
    count of Metz
    († 1033) — Judith
  • Siegfried
    († 1017) — Bercinda
    abbess of
    Remiremont — Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor
    emperor
    (990 † 1039) — Gérard
    count
    († 1045) — Gisèle
  • Adalbert
    duke of Lorraine
    (1047-1048) — Gérard of Alsace
    duke of Lorraine
    (1048-1070) — Conrad, Adalberon,
    Beatrix, Odelric, Cuno — Oda
    abbesse de Remiremont
    (1048-1071) — Azelinus, Ida,
    Adelheid
  • Notes:

Etichonid

The Etichonid origin was unanimously recognized from the 18th until the 20th century. For this reason, the marriage between Maria Theresa of Austria and Francis of Lorraine was seen at the time as the reunion of the two branches of the dynasty. The main proponents of this theory have been: Dom Calmet (1672 † 1757),[6] Nicolas Viton de Saint-Allais (1773 † 1842)[7] and more recently Michel Dugast Rouillé (1919 † 1987)[3] and Henry Bogdan.[8]

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    Etichonid origin
  • Etichon-Adalric
    duke of Alsace
    († 690) — Berswinde
  • Adalbert
    duke of Alsace
    († 722) — Etichon II
    count of Nordgau
    († 720)
  • Luitfrid 1st
    duke of Alsace
    († 767) — Albéric 1st
    count of Nordgau
    († 735 ou 760)
  • Luitfrid II
    count of Sundgau
    († 802) — Eberhard 1st
    count of Nordgau
    († 800)
  • Hugues 1st
    count of Tours & Sundgau
    († 837) — Albéric II
    count of Nordgau
    († 816)
  • Luitfrid III
    count of Sundgau
    († 864) — Eberhard II
    count of Nordgau
    († 864)
  • Hugues II
    count of Sundgau
    († 880) — Luitfrid IV
    count of Sundgau
    († 910) — Eberhard III
    count of Nordgau
    († 920)
  • Luitfrid V
    count of Sundgau
    († 925) — Hugh 1st
    count of Nordgau
    († 940)
  • Eberhard IV
    count of Nordgau
    († 972) — Guntram the Rich
  • Hugues II
    count of Nordgau
    († 984) — Adalbert
    count of Metz
    († 1038) — House of Habsburg
    (see Habsburg Family Tree)
  • counts of Nordgau (Etichonid) — Gérard
    count of Alsace
    († 1047)
  • Adalbert
    duke of Lorraine
    (1047-1048) — Gérard d'Alsace
    duke of Lorraine
    (1048-1070)

Gerardide-Matfriding

The main proponents of the Gerardide-Matfriding theory are: Eduard Hlawitschka,[9] George Poull[10] and partially the Europäische Stammtafeln (which however does not take into account the kinship with the Girardides).[5]

The question of the origin of the House of Lorraine was taken up in the 20th Century by Eduard Hlawitschk. He established that Gérard d'Alsace came from the Counts of Metz, but grouped these counts into two family groups: the Matfried of the 9th Century, and the Adalbert/Gérard of the 10th century. The absence of documentation does not allow a formal kinship to be established between the two groups. But he notes that this kinship is very probable because they are of similar status, use the same onomastic background and have concluded matrimonial alliances in the same circles (House of Ardennes, imperial families, etc.).
Eduard Hlawitschka continues his proposal by estimating that the Matfrieds could even be descended from the Gerardide (family of Gérard/Girard, Leuthard, Alard/Adal(h)ard, Beggo/Bégon/Bérenger), counts of Paris at the end of the 8th century and the beginning of the 9th century.[9] His thesis was taken up by the historian George Poull[10] and partially by the Europäische Stammtafeln (which however do not take into account the kinship with the Girardides).[5] Eduard Hlawitschka's thesis, with the Girardide connection, is the one that currently meets with the most support, while the Etichonide thesis seems to be receding (for the agnateic/male lineage, of course; in the cognatic/female lineage, there are obviously relationships, at least with the Eguisheim-Nordgau).
  • Counts of Metz and ancestors of the Dukes of Lorraine.[11]
  • Adalhard of Metz
    Count of Metz
  • Henry the Fowler
    King of Germany — Oda — Gerhard
    Count of Metz — Richer/Richar (d.945)
    Abbot of Prüm, Bishop of Liège — Matfried
    Count of Metz
  • "Ottonian dynasty" — Wigfried
    Archbishop of Cologne — Godfrid
    Count Palantine of Lotharingia — Adalbert (d.944)
    Count of Metz — Bishop Bernoin of Verdun
  • Godfrid
    Duke of Lower Lotharingia — Gebhard
    Possibly father of... — Gerhard, Count of Metz
    Possibly father of... — Adalhard
    Possibly father of...
  • Count Sigfried
    founder of Luxembourg — Richard?
    Count of Metz? Possibly father of...
  • Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor — Cunigunde of Luxembourg — Eva of Luxembourg — Gerhard Mosellensis
    Count of Metz — Adalbert
    Count in Saargau — Adelaide of Metz
  • Sigfried
    died young — Berscinda
    abbess — Gerhard
    Count of Metz — Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor
  • Adalbert, Duke of Lorraine — "Salian dynasty"

Renaissance & Modern

The Renaissance dukes of Lorraine tended to arrogate to themselves claims to Carolingian ancestry, as illustrated by Alexandre Dumas in the novel La Dame de Monsoreau (1846);[12] in fact, as seen above, the only evidence is of some interraltionships with the Carolingians, and some intermarriages with the Saxon Emperors and the Salian Emperors, but not so much as to give them any claims to the Imperial Crown, much less the Crown of France.

This did not stop the Bourbons in the Treaty of Montmartre in 1662 naming the non-Capetian House of Lorraine based on this supposed ancestry as next in line to the French throne after the Bourbons, in preference to the Capetian House of Courtenay, who would have been next by the Salic Law. Based on the terms of the accord, Louis XIV was given control of the Duchy of Lorraine, and Charles IV's family would become princes in the French royal family. However, it failed to take hold and Charles IV publicly repudiated it.[13][14]

The house of Vaudémont continued to rule the independent duchies of Lorraine and Bar. However, Louis XIV's imperialist ambitions (which involved the occupation of Lorraine in 1669–97) forced the dukes into a permanent alliance with his archenemies, the Holy Roman Emperors from the House of Habsburg.

The final status of the duchy was only determined as part of the settlement of the War of Austrian Succession. As part of that, Francis Stephen, now Holy Roman Emperor and husband of Maria Theresa of Austria, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary, surrendered the Duchy of Lorraine to France, to be ruled by the former King of Poland, Stanisław Leszczyński, the father in law of Louis XV of France, during his lifetime, and then to be inherited by France. Francis Stephen and his heirs received the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, and all his wife's Habsburg lands (House of Habsburg-Lorraine).

Senior ducal line

The senior ducal line of the House emerged upon acquiring the Duchy of Upper Lorraine in the middle of the 11th century. As a loyal subject of the emperor Henry III, count Adalbert of Metz was appointed as Duke of Upper Lorraine in 1047, but died already in 1048. His brother Gerard (d. 1070) was appointed to succeed him as the new duke, and was in turn succeeded by his direct male descendants, who ruled over the Duchy up to 1431. During that period, the Duchy was one of the most prominent states of the Holy Roman Empire.[15] In 1431, the duke Charles II died without sons or brothers. His closest male relative was Antoine, Count of Vaudémont, from the cadet branch of the House, but the Duchy of Lorraine passed to Charles' daughter Isabella, and her husband René I from the House of Valois-Anjou, thus initiating a Vaudémont-Angevine conflict ower Lorraine that lasted for years.[16]

Junior ducal line

Since the extinction of the senior ducal line in 1431, the cadet branch of the House, headed by Counts of Vaudémont, took ower the family claims and aspirations, engaging in a series of disputes and conflicts with the Angevins over the possession of Lorraine. Those disputes were resolved in 1445, when count Frederick II of Vaudémont married Yolande, daughter of Isabella and René, thus establishing a close connection with the Angevine dukes of Lorraine. In 1470, Yolande's brother, duke John II of Lorraine died and was succeeded by his son Nicholas I, who died already in 1473, without male heirs. Thus, Yolande's and Frederick's son, count René of Vaudémont claimed the Duchy of Lorraine and succeeded in reacquiring it for the family, thus establishing the junior ducal line of the House, and later also adding to his titles that of the Duke of Bar (a domian within the French realm).[17]

During the entire period of their rule in Lorraine (1473–1737), dukes from the junior line were facing constant challenges from both the imperial authority, and the neighboring Kingdom of France, thus leading to a series of political and territorial disputes, conflicts, and arrangements with both sides. In 1542, the Treaty of Nuremberg was reached with the Emperor, securing a high degree of autonomy for the Duchy.[18]

In the same time, the French Wars of Religion saw the rise of a cadet branch of the Lorraine ducal family, the House of Guise, which became a dominant force in French politics and, during the later years of Henry III's reign, was on the verge of succeeding to the throne of France.[19] Mary of Guise, mother of Mary, Queen of Scots, also came from this family. Under the Bourbon monarchy the remaining branch of the House of Guise, headed by the duc d'Elbeuf, remained part of the highest ranks of French aristocracy.

House of Habsburg‑Lorraine

After Emperor Joseph I and Emperor Charles VI failed to produce a son and heir, the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 left the throne to the latter's yet unborn daughter, Maria Theresa. In 1736 Emperor Charles arranged her marriage to Francis of Lorraine who agreed to exchange his hereditary lands for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (as well as the Duchy of Teschen from the Emperor).

At Charles's death in 1740 the Habsburg holdings passed to Maria Theresa and Francis, who was later elected (in 1745) Holy Roman Emperor as Francis I. The Habsburg-Lorraine nuptials and dynastic union precipitated, and survived, the War of the Austrian Succession. Francis and Maria Theresa's daughters Marie Antoinette and Maria Carolina of Austria became Queens of France and Naples-Sicily, respectively, while their sons Joseph II and Leopold II succeeded to the imperial title.

Apart from the core Habsburg dominions, including the triple crowns of Austria, Hungary and Bohemia, several junior branches of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine reigned in the Italian duchies of Tuscany (until 1737–1796, 1814–1860), Parma (1814–1847) and Modena (1814–1859). Another member of the house, Archduke Maximilian of Austria, was Emperor of Mexico (1863–67).

In 1900, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria (then heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne) contracted a morganatic marriage with Countess Sophie Chotek. Their descendants, known as the House of Hohenberg, have been excluded from succession to the Austro-Hungarian crown, but not that of Lorraine, where morganatic marriage has never been outlawed. Nevertheless, Otto von Habsburg, the eldest grandson of Franz Ferdinand's younger brother, was universally regarded as the head of the house until his death in 2011.[20] It was at Nancy, the former capital of the House of Vaudémont, that the former crown prince married Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen in 1951.[2]

List of heads

The following is a list of ruling heads (after 1918 pretenders) of the House of Lorraine, and its successor House of Habsburg-Lorraine, from the start of securely documented genealogical history in the 11th century.

Heads of the senior ducal line

  • Adalbert, Duke of Upper Lorraine r. 1047/8
  • Gérard, Duke of Lorraine, r. 1048–1070
  • Theodoric (Thierry) II r. 1070–1115
  • Simon I, r. 1115–1138
  • Matthias I, r. 1138–1176
  • Simon II, r. 1176–1215
  • Frederick I, r. 1205/6
  • Frederick II, r. 1206–1213
  • Theobald I, r. 1213–1220
  • Matthias II, r. 1220–1251
  • Frederick III, c. 1251–1303
  • Theobald II, r. 1303–1312
  • Frederick IV, r. 1312–1328
  • Rudolph, r. 1328–1346 (killed in the Battle of Crécy)
  • John I, r. 1346–1390
  • Charles II, r. 1390–1431

Charles II died without male heir, the duchy passing to Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine, consort of Naples by marriage to Duke René of Anjou. The duchy passed to their son John II (r. 1453–1470), whose son Nicholas I (r. 1470–1473) died without heir. The title now went to Nicholas' aunt (sister of John II) Yolande.

Heads of the junior ducal line

The junior ducal line of the House of Lorraine was formed by Yolande's marriage to Frederick II, Count of Vaudémont (1428–1470), a member of the cadet (Vaudémont) branch of the senior ducal line, who was descended from John I (Yolande's great-grandfather) via his younger son Frederick I, Count of Vaudémont (1346–1390), Antoine, Count of Vaudémont (c. 1395–1431) and Frederick II, Count of Vaudémont (1417–1470). René inherited the title of Duke of Lorraine upon his marriage in 1473.

  • René II, Duke of Lorraine, r. 1473–1508
  • Antoine, r. 1508–1544
  • Francis I, r. 1544/5
  • Charles III, r. 1545–1608 (his mother Christina of Denmark served as his regent during his minority)
  • Henry II (I), r. 1608–1624 (leaving no sons, both of his daughters became Duchesses of Lorraine by marriage)
    • Nicole (m. Charles IV)
    • Claude (m. Nicholas II)
  • Francis II, (son of Charles III, duke for six days in 1625, abdicated in favour of his son)
  • Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine r. 1624–1675 (briefly abdicated in favour of his brother in 1634)
  • Charles V, r. 1675–1690 (son of Nicholas Francis)
  • Leopold, r. 1690–1729
  • Francis (III) Stephen, Duke of Lorraine, r. 1728–1737, Holy Roman Emperor (as Francis I) r. 1745–1765

Heads of the Habsburg–Lorraine line

The heir of Franz Joseph, Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria, committed suicide in 1889. Franz Joseph was succeeded by his grandnephew, Charles I, son of Archduke Otto Francis, the son of Archduke Karl Ludwig, a younger brother of Franz Joseph.

Family tree

Table Version

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    Genealogy of the House of Lorraine
  • — Gerard the Wonderful
    (c. 1030 – 14 April 1070)
    Count of Metz, 1047 to 1048
    Duke of (Upper)Lorraine, 1048–1070 succeeding his brother Adalbert
    [21] — 1st use arms of Lorraine on a Seal by Frederick I
  • Gebhard of Supplinburg — Hedwig of Formbach — Theodoric II the Valiant
    (d. 30 Dec 1115)
    Duke of (Upper)Lorraine, 1070 — Gertrude of Flanders, d. of Robert I, Count of Flanders — Gerard
    (1057- c. 1108)
    Count of Vaudémont, c. 1070 — Vaudemont Branch
  • Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor, 1133
    (1075 – 1137) — Simon I
    (1076 - 1139)
    Duke of Lorraine,1115 — Diedrik/Thierry
    (1099 – 1168)
    Count of Flanders,1128 — Henry I (died 1165), Bishop of Toul — Hugh I
    (d. 1155)
    Count of Vaudémont, 1118 — Ulric, count of Dagsbourg and Eguisheim
  • Matthias/Matthew I
    (c. 1119 - 1176)
    Duke of Lorraine, 1138 — Robert, lord of Floranges — Philip I
    (1143 – 1191)
    Count of Flanders, 1168 — Margaret I
    (c. 1145 – 1194)
    Countess of Flanders,1191 m. Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut of the orig. House of Flanders — Gerard II
    (d. 1188)
    Count of Vaudémont, 1155 — Ulric († 1166), seigneur de Deuilly — Eudes (d. 1197), Bishop of Toul
  • Simon II
    (1140 – 1207)
    Duke of Lorraine,1176–1205(abd.) — Frederick I
    (c. 1143 – 1206)
    C. of Bitche
    Duke of Lorraine,1205–1206 — Matthias
    (died 1208)
    count of Toul — Theoderic
    (died 1181)
    bishop of Metz, (1174–1179) — Counts of Flanders — Hugh II
    (d. 1242)
    Count of Vaudémont, 1188-1242 — Geoffroy/Theodoric
    d. > 1248
    seigneur de Deuilly and Clefmont, ~1189 - 1239 — Gérard
    († 1219)
    bishop of Metz
  • Frederick II
    (c. 1165 – c. 1213)
    Duke of Lorraine, 1206 — Henry the Lombard, who built the castle of Bayon — Philip (died 1243), lord of Gerbéviller — Matthias (1170–1217), bishop of Toul[22] — Theodoric the Devil, lord of Autigny, m. Gertrude, d. of Matthieu II of Montmorency le Grand, Constable of F. — * Hugh III
    († 1244),Count of Vaudémont,1242-1243 — Theodric/Geoffroy, seigneur de Gondrecourt — Gérard
  • Theobald I
    (b. c. 1191, d. 17 February 1220)
    Duke of Lorraine,1213 — Matthias II
    (b. c. 1193, d. 9 February 1251)
    Duke of Lorraine, 1220 — Renaut, Count of Castres — Jacques, Bishop of Metz — Lords of Chatelet — Henry I
    ( 1232 - 1278)
    Count of Vaudémont, 1243
  • Frederick III
    (1240 – 1303)
    Duke of Lorraine, 1251 — Henry II
    († 1299)
    Count of Vaudémont, 1279 — Jacques († 1299), seigneur de Blainville et de Bettingen — Gui († 1299), chanoine à Toul
  • Theobald/Thiébaud II
    (1263 – 1312)
    Duke of Lorraine, 1303 — Matthias (d. 1282), lord of Beauregard — Frederick (died 1299), bishop of Orléans (1297–1299) — Frederick (died c. 1320), lord of Plombiéres, Romont, and Brémoncourt — Henry III
    (~1275 – 1348)
    Count of Vaudémont, 1299
  • Frederick IV the Fighter
    (1282 - 1329)
    Duke of Lorraine, 1312 — Matthias (died c. 1330), lord of Darney, Boves, Blainville, and Florennes, married Mathilde of Flanders. — Hugh (d. after 20 March 1337), his successor in Rumigny, Martigny, and Aubenton. — Henry IV
    († 1346 Crecy)
    heir Count of Vaudémont — Marguerite
    († 1333)
    m. 1323 Anseau, sire de Joinville (1265 † 1343)
  • Rudolph the Valiant
    (1320 – 1346 Battle of Crécy)
    Duke of Lorraine, 1328 — Frederick, c. of Lunèville — Theobald — Albert — Henry V
    ( 1327 -1365)
    Count of Vaudémont, 1348
  • John I
    (1346 – 1390)Duke of Lorraine, 1346
  • Charles II
    (1365–1431)[23]
    Duke of Lorraine, 1390 — Frederick I (1369–1415 Agincourt)[23]
    Count of Vaudémont, 1393 — Margaret of Joinville (1354–1418)
    Countess of Vaudémont, 1365


  • 3rd House of Anjou — Isabella
    (1400 – 1453)
    suo jure
    Duchess of Lorraine, 1431 — René the Good
    (1409 – 1480)
    Duke of Anjou, Count of Provence,1434-1480; King of Naples, 1435-1442 — Anthony
    (c. 1400 – 1458)
    Count of Vaudémont, 1418 —

    Lorraine-Vaudémont
  • John II (1424 – 1470)
    Duke of Lorraine, 1453
    Duke of Calabria, 1435, titular, 1442 — Louis (1427 – 1444), Marquis of Pont-à-Mousson and Lieutenant General of Lorraine — Nicholas, (1428 – 1430), twin with Yolande,
    Duke of Bar — Margaret (1430 – 1482)
    married King Henry VI of England, by whom she had a son, Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales — Yolande (2 November 1428 – 23 March 1483) — Frederick/Ferry II
    (c. 1428 – 31 August 1470)
    Count of Vaudémont, 1458 — John of Lorraine-Vaudémont (d. 1473), Count of Harcourt and Aumale,[24] & Baron of Elbeuf. — Henri of Lorraine-Vaudémont (d. 1505), B. of Thérouanne (1447–1484), & B. of Metz (1484–1505)[24]
  • Nicholas II
    (1448 – 1473)
    Duke of Lorraine, 1470
    Duke of Calabria, titular, 1470 — René II
    (1451 – 1508
    Count of Vaudémont, 1470
    Duke of Lorraine, 1473
    Duke of Bar, 1483 —


  • House of Lorraine — Antoine II the Good
    (1489–1544)[25]
    Duke of Lorraine, 1508 —

    House of Guise — Claude (1496–1550)
    count, 1508, & first Duke of Guise, 1528[25] — Jean, Cardinal of Lorraine and Bishop of Metz (1498–1550)[25] — Louis, Count of Vaudémont (1500–1528) — François, Count of Lambesc (1506–1525)[26]
  • Francis I
    (1517–1545)[26]
    Duke of Lorraine & Bar, 1544 — Nicholas[26]
    (1524–1577)
    Count of Vaudémont, 1548
    Prince, 1563 & Duke of Mercœur, 1569 — Mary of Guise (1515–1560); m. 2. King James V of Scotland, mother of Mary, Queen of Scots[25] — François[25]
    (1519– murd. 1563)
    Duke of Guise, 1550 — Charles (1524–1574), D. of Chevreuse, A. of Reims, and Cardinal of Lorraine.[25] — Louis I, Cardinal of Guise (1527–1578)[25] — Claude, Duke of Aumale (1526–1573)[25] — François de Lorraine, Grand Prior (18 April 1534, Joinville – 6 March 1563)[25] — René, Marquis of Elbeuf (1536–1566)[25]
  • Charles III the Great
    (1543 – 1608)
    Duke of Lorraine & Bar, 1545 — Philippe Emmanuel of Lorraine, Duke of Mercœur (1558–1602).[27] — Charles de Lorraine (1561 – 1587), Cardinal de Vaudémont,[27] Bishop of Toul and of Verdun — Henri (1570 – 1600), Marquis of Mouy and Count of Chaligny — Henri[28]
    (1550–murd.1588)
    Duke of Guise, 1563 — Charles[28] (1554–1611)
    Duke of Mayenne, 1573 — Louis II, Cardinal of Guise (1555–murd.1588), Archbishop of Reims[28] — Dukes of Aumale, ext. 1761 — Lords, Marquesses and Dukes of Elbeuf, ext. 1763
    C. of Harcourt-Armagnac, ext. 1747
  • Henry II of Lorraine[29]
    (1563–1624)
    Duke of Lorraine & Bar, 1608 — Charles (1567–1607), Cardinal of Lorraine and Bishop of Metz (1578–1607), Bishop of Strasbourg (1604–1607)[29] — Francis II of Lorraine[29]
    (1572–1632)
    Duke of Lorraine & Bar, 1624 — Counts of of Chaligny, ext. 1672 — Dukes of Guise, Chevreuse, Joyeuse, ext. 1675 — Dukes of Mayenne, ext. 1621
  • Nicole
    (1608 – 1657)
    Duchess of Lorraine & Bar, 1624-25
    consort Duchess of Lorraine, 1625-34 — Claude-Françoise
    (1612 - 1648)
    Duchess Consort of Lorraine — Charles IV
    (1604 – 1675)
    Duke of Lorraine & Bar, 1625-34, 1661-75 — Nicholas Francis
    (1609 – 1670)
    Duke of Lorraine & Bar, 1634-1634, (French Occupation 1634-61)
  • Charles Henri de Lorraine
    (1649–1723)
    Prince of Vaudémont and of Commercy
    Spanish General — Ferdinand Philippe, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine, jure matris Duke of Bar (1639 – 1659) — Charles V Léopold (1643 – 1690)
    Duke of Lorraine & Bar, 1675–1690, (French Occupation 1670 - 1697)
    Generalfeldmarschall of Austrian Army
    reconquerer of Hungary
  • Charles Thomas, Prince of Vaudémont
    (1670 – 1704)
    Generalfeldmarschall of Austrian Army — Leopold
    (1679–1729)
    Duke of Lorraine & Bar, 1690–1729 — Charles Joseph (1680–1715)
    Prince-Bishop of Olomouc — Joseph Emanuel (1685 – 1705) — François Antoine (1689 – 1715)
  • Léopold (1699 - 1700), first crown prince — Louis (1704 - 1711), second crown prince — Léopold Clement Charles (25 April 1707 - 4 June 1723), third crown prince — Francis Stephen (1708 - 1765)
    Duke of Lorraine & Bar, 1729-37
    Grand Duke of Tuscany, 1737
    Holy Roman Emperor, 1745 — Maria Theresa of Austria
    Queen of Bohemia and Hungary, Archduchess of Austria
    — Maria Anna (1718 – 1744) s. of Maria Theresa, gov. of the Austrian Netherlands — Charles Alexander Emmanuel (1712 - 1780), governor of the Austrian Netherlands and Austrian army commander.
  • House of Habsburg-Lorraine
    Holy Roman Emperors, Archduke of Austria, King of Bohemia, King of Hungary, Emperor of Austria —
  • Notes:

Male-line family tree

List of male-line members of the House of Lorraine

Male, male-line, legitimate, non-morganatic members of the house who either lived to adulthood, or who held a title as a child, are included. Heads of the house are in bold.

Armorial

The below shows the main coats of arms of the House of Lorraine.

Chiefs of the Family

Figure Prince et blasonnement
Duke of Lorraine from Simon II (v.1140-1207) à Charles II (1364–1431). The blason was:
d'or à la bande de gueules chargée de trois alérions d'argent.[30]
The Counts of Vaudémont from Antoine (1400–1458) à Ferry II (1428–1470) originally used a blue label: Blasonnement: d'or à la bande de gueules chargée de trois alérions d'argent (Lorraine) (see below)[31]
However, when Charles II dies without male heirs they removed the blue label as senior male agnates of the house of Lorraine.
It was originally three eaglets whose legs and trunk gradually atrophied to become the current alerion at the end of the 15th century. It is elsewhere from this century that this heraldic term dates.
centré René II (1451–1508) - Arms quartered those of his parents, utilized 1473 to 1500.
Blasonnement: écartelé, en 1 et 4 d'or à la bande de gueules chargée de trois alérions d'argent (Lorraine) et en 2 et 4 coupé, le chef tiercé en pal d'un fascé de gueules et d'argent de huit pièces (Hongrie), d'azur semé de fleurs de lis d'or et au lambel de gueules (Anjou-Sicile) et d'argent à la croix potencée d'or cantonnée de quatre croisettes du même (Jérusalem) et en pointe parti d'azur semé de fleurs de lis d'or à la bordure de gueules (Anjou) et d'azur semé de croisettes recroisetées au pied fiché d'or et à deux bars adossés du même (Bar).[32]
Duke of Lorraine de René II (1451–1508), arms after 1500, and of Antoine the Good (1489–1544), until 1538.
Blasonnement: coupé le chef parti de trois traits, en 1 fascé de gueules et d'argent de huit pièces (Hongrie), en 2 d'azur semé de fleurs de lis d'or et au lambel de gueules (Anjou-Sicile), en 3 d'argent à la croix potencée d'or cantonnée de quatre croisettes du même (Jérusalem) et en 4 d'or à quatre pals de gueules (Aragon) et la pointe parti d'azur semé de fleurs de lis d'or à la bordure de gueules (Anjou) et d'azur semé de croisettes recroisetées au pied fiché d'or et à deux bars adossés du même (Bar), sur-le-tout d'or à la bande de gueules chargée de trois alérions d'argent (Lorraine).[31]
Duke of Lorraine of Antoine (1489–1544), after 1538, and François III (1708–1765), in 1737. The bottom 2 quarters are inherited from Philip of Guelders (1467–1544), Lorraine's claims to the duchies of Guelders and Juliers were limited to this heraldic addition.
Blasonnement: coupé d'un trait et parti de trois, en 1 fascé de gueules et d'argent de huit pièces (Hongrie), en 2 d'azur semé de fleurs de lis d'or et au lambel de gueules (Anjou-Sicile), en 3 d'argent à la croix potencée d'or cantonnée de quatre croisettes du même (Jérusalem), en 4 d'or à quatre pals de gueules (Aragon), en 5 d'azur semé de fleurs de lis d'or à la bordure de gueules (Anjou), en 6 d'azur au lion contourné à queue fourchée d’or, armé, lampassé et couronné de gueules (Gueldre), en 7 d'or au lion de sable armé et lampassé de gueules (Juliers) et en 8 d'azur semé de croisettes recroisetées au pied fiché d'or et à deux bars adossés du même (Bar), sur-le-tout d'or à la bande de gueules chargée de trois alérions d'argent (Lorraine)[33]
Grand Duke of Tuscany Francis I Stephen (1708–1765), as part of the end of the War of Austrian Succession, the Duchy of Lorraine was exchanged for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. For his and Maria Theresa of Austria's descendants see House of Habsburg-Lorraine and Armorial of the Habsburgs.
Blasonnement: coupé d'un trait et parti de trois, en 1 fascé de gueules et d'argent de huit pièces (Hongrie), en 2 d'azur semé de fleurs de lis d'or et au lambel de gueules (Anjou-Sicile), en 3 d'argent à la croix potencée d'or cantonnée de quatre croisettes du même (Jérusalem), en 4 d'or à quatre pals de gueules (Aragon), en 5 d'azur semé de fleurs de lis d'or à la bordure de gueules (Anjou), en 6 d'azur au lion contourné à queue fourchée d’or, armé, lampassé et couronné de gueules (Gueldre), en 7 d'or au lion de sable armé et lampassé de gueules (Juliers) et en 8 d'azur semé de croisettes recroisetées au pied fiché d'or et à deux bars adossés du même (Bar), sur-le-tout parti d'or à la bande de gueules chargée de trois alérions d'argent (Lorraine) et d'or à six tourteaux mis en orle, cinq de gueules et celui en chef d'azur chargé de trois fleurs de lis d'or (Toscane/Medici).[34]

Branches cadettes

Figure Prince et blasonnement
centré Counts of Vaudémont from XIe centuryto 1348. From Gérard (v.1057-1108), younger son of Gérard d'Alsace (v.1030-1070). This line also founded the house of Joinville.
Blasonnement: burelé d'argent et de sable de dix pièces (Vaudémont).[31]
Seigneurs de Deuilly du xiie siècle à 1419. Issus de Geoffroy, fils cadet de Gérard II de Vaudémont. Cette lignée se fondit dans la maison du Châtelet.
Blasonnement: burelé d'or et de sable de dix pièces (Deuilly).
centré



centré 		Counts of Flanders au xiie siècle. Issue of Thierry, Count of Flanders (v1100-1168), 2nd son of Theodoric II, Duke of Lorraine, he inherited Flanders through is his mother Gertrude.his son Philip I, Count of Flanders (v.1143-1191) adopted the black lion on gold arms emblematic of Flanders. His line, through his daughter, merged into the original House of Flanders in the person of the Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut.
Blasonnement: d'or au lion de sable armé et lampassé de gueules (Flandre).
A partir de la seconde moitié du xive siècle, on attribua rétrospectivement aux prédécesseurs de Philippe d'Alsace un écu gironné d'or et d'azur à l'écu de gueules brochant (Flandre ancien).
centré Count of Boulogne through Mathieu d'Alsace (v1137-1173), younger son of Thierry, Count of Flanders (v1100-1168). He married the heiress of the House of Blois which had inherited the county from the original House of Flanders which bred the original Kings of Jerusalem. Through his daughter Ide (v.1160-1216), the county passed to the house of Dammartin.
Blasonnement: d'or à trois tourteaux de gueules (Boulogne)
centré Seigneurs de Florange du xiie au xive siècle. Issue of Robert, younger son of Simon I, Duke of Lorraine (v.1076-1139). This line merged into the houses of Lenoncourt and Chambley.
Blasonnement: d'or au lion de sable armé et lampassé de gueules et à la bordure du même (Florange).
Counts of Toul in xiiie century. Issue of Mathieu, younger son of Matthias I, Duke of Lorraine (v.1110-1176), who became Count of Toul through his wife Béatrice de Dampierre. In debt, his grandson Eudes sold the county in 1261.
Blasonnement: le sceau du comte Eudes montre un lion mais les émaux sont inconnus.
centré Seigneurs de Montreux en Ferrette from xiiie to the xvie century. Issue of Robert, younger son of Ferry de Toul, who inherited the fief via his mother Agnès de Ferrette.
Blasonnement: d'or au lion de sable lampassé de gueules et à la bordure engrelée du même (Montreux).
counts of Vaudémont from 1393to 1473
d'or à la bande de gueules chargée de trois alérions d'argent, brisé d'un lambel d'azur.[31]
dukes of Guise of the House of Guise(Lorraine)
coupé et parti en 3, au premier fascé de gueules et d'argent, au second d'azur semé de lys d'or et au lambel de gueules, au troisième d'argent à la croix potencée d'or, cantonnée de quatre croisettes du même, au quatrième d'or aux quatre pals de gueules au cinquième parti d'azur semé de lys d'or et à la bordure de gueules, au sixième d'azur au lion contourné d'or, armé, lampassé et couronné de gueules, au septième d'or au lion de sable armé et lampassé de gueules, au huitième d'azur semé de croisettes d'or et aux deux bar d'or. Sur le tout d'or à la bande de gueules chargé de trois alérions d'argent le tout brisé d'un lambel de gueules.[31]
Claude II de Lorraine (1496–1550), Duke d'Aumale, Duke of Mayenne,and pair de France, seigneur de Saint-Dizier, chevalier de Saint-Michel
écartelé, en 1 et 4 coupé et parti en 3, au premier fascé de gueules et d'argent, au second d'azur semé de lys d'or et au lambel de gueules, au troisième d'argent à la croix potencée d'or, cantonnée de quatre croisettes du même, au quatrième d'or aux quatre pals de gueules au cinquième parti d'azur semé de lys d'or et à la bordure de gueules, au sixième d'azur au lion contourné d'or, armé, lampassé et couronné de gueules, au septième d'or au lion de sable armé et lampassé de gueules, au huitième d'azur semé de croisettes d'or et aux deux bar d'or. Sur le tout d'or à la bande de gueules chargé de trois alérions d'argent le tout brisé d'un lambel et d'une bordure de gueules; et en 2 et 4 d'azur aux trois fleurs de lys d'or et au bâton péri de gueules(Bourbon-Condé).[31]

On the facade of the auditoire de Joinville: Accolé de Lorraine et Bourbon.
He was the son of Claude Ier de Lorraine, duc de Guise and Antoinette of Bourbon.
ducs de Mayenne
écartelé, en 1 et 4: coupé et parti en 3, au premier fascé de gueules et d'argent, au second d'azur semé de lys d'or et au lambel de gueules, au troisième d'argent à la croix potencée d'or, cantonnée de quatre croisettes du même, au quatrième d'or aux quatre pals de gueules au cinquième parti d'azur semé de lys d'or et à la bourdure de gueules, au sixième d'azur au lion contourné d'or, armé, lampassé et couronné de gueules, au septième d'or au lion de sable armé et lampassé de gueules, au huitième d'azur semé de croisettes d'or et aux deux bar d'or. Sur le tout d'or à la bande de gueules chargé de trois alérions d'argent le tout brisé d'un lambel de gueules; en 2 et 3 contre-écartelé en 1 et 4 d'azur, à l'aigle d'argent, becquée, languée et couronnée d'or (Este, Dukes of Ferrara) et en 2 et 3 d'azur, à trois fleurs de lys d'or, à la bordure endentée de gueules et d'or.[31]
Duke d'Aumale
écartelé, en 1 et 4 coupé et parti en 3, au premier fascé de gueules et d'argent, au second d'azur semé de lys d'or et au lambel de gueules, au troisième d'argent à la croix potencée d'or, cantonnée de quatre croisettes du même, au quatrième d'or aux quatre pals de gueules au cinquième parti d'azur semé de lys d'or et à la bourdure de gueules, au sixième d'azur au lion contourné d'or, armé, lampassé et couronné de gueules, au septième d'or au lion de sable armé et lampassé de gueules, au huitième d'azur semé de croisettes d'or et aux deux bar d'or. Sur le tout d'or à la bande de gueules chargé de trois alérions d'argent le tout brisé d'un lambel et d'une bordure de gueules; et en 2 et 4 d'azur aux trois fleurs de lys d'or et au baton péri de gueules(Bourbon-Condé).[31]
marquis et ducs d'Elbeuf
coupé et parti en 3, au premier fascé de gueules et d'argent, au second d'azur semé de lys d'or et au lambel de gueules, au troisième d'argent à la croix potencée d'or, cantonnée de quatre croisettes du même, au quatrième d'or aux quatre pals de gueules au cinquième parti d'azur semé de lys d'or et à la bourdure de gueules, au sixième d'azur au lion contourné d'or, armé, lampassé et couronné de gueules, au septième d'or au lion de sable armé et lampassé de gueules, au huitième d'azur semé de croisettes d'or et aux deux bar d'or. Sur le tout d'or à la bande de gueules chargé de trois alérions d'argent le tout brisé d'un lambel de gueules et d'une bordure de gueules.[31]
comtes d'Harcourt
coupé et parti en 3, au premier fascé de gueules et d'argent, au second d'azur semé de lys d'or et au lambel de gueules, au troisième d'argent à la croix potencée d'or, cantonnée de quatre croisettes du même, au quatrième d'or aux quatre pals de gueules au cinquième parti d'azur semé de lys d'or et à la bourdure de gueules, au sixième d'azur au lion contourné d'or, armé, lampassé et couronné de gueules, au septième d'or au lion de sable armé et lampassé de gueules, au huitième d'azur semé de croisettes d'or et aux deux bar d'or. Sur le tout d'or à la bande de gueules chargé de trois alérions d'argent le tout brisé d'un lambel de gueules et d'une bordure de gueules chargée de huit besans d'or.[31]
ducs de Mercœur
coupé et parti en 3, au premier fascé de gueules et d'argent, au second d'azur semé de lys d'or et au lambel de gueules, au troisième d'argent à la croix potencée d'or, cantonnée de quatre croisettes du même, au quatrième d'or aux quatre pals de gueules au cinquième parti d'azur semé de lys d'or et à la bourdure de gueules, au sixième d'azur au lion contourné d'or, armé, lampassé et couronné de gueules, au septième d'or au lion de sable armé et lampassé de gueules, au huitième d'azur semé de croisettes d'or et aux deux bar d'or. Sur le tout d'or à la bande de gueules chargé de trois alérions d'argent le tout brisé d'un lambel d'azur.[31]
Louise de Lorraine (1553 † 1601), fille de Nicolas, duc de Mercœur, mariée en 1575 à Henri III (1551 † 1589), roi de France
mi-parti de France, qui est d'azur aux trois fleurs de lys d'or et de Lorraine, qui est coupé et parti en 3, au premier fascé de gueules et d'argent, au second d'azur semé de lys d'or et au lambel de gueules, au troisième d'argent à la croix potencée d'or, cantonnée de quatre croisettes du même, au quatrième d'or aux quatre pals de gueules au cinquième parti d'azur semé de lys d'or et à la bourdure de gueules, au sixième d'azur au lion contourné d'or, armé, lampassé et couronné de gueules, au septième d'or au lion de sable armé et lampassé de gueules, au huitième d'azur semé de croisettes d'or et aux deux bar d'or. Sur le tout d'or à la bande de gueules chargé de trois alérions d'argent.
ducs de Chevreuse
Ecartelé: au I et au IV coupé et parti en 3, au premier fascé de gueules et d'argent, au second d'azur semé de lys d'or et au lambel de gueules, au troisième d'argent à la croix potencée d'or, cantonnée de quatre croisettes du même, au quatrième d'or aux quatre pals de gueules au cinquième parti d'azur semé de lys d'or et à la bourdure de gueules, au sixième d'azur au lion contourné d'or, armé, lampassé et couronné de gueules, au septième d'or au lion de sable armé et lampassé de gueules, au huitième d'azur semé de croisettes d'or et aux deux bar d'or. Sur le tout d'or à la bande de gueules chargé de trois alérions d'argent le tout brisé d'un lambel de gueules; au II et au III contre-écartelé 1 et 4, parti de gueules, à l'écusson d'argent, aux rais d'escarboucle d'or, brochantes sur le tout et d'or à la fasce échiquetée de gueules et d'argent de trois tires (Duchy of Cleves et 2 et 3 d'azur à trois fleurs de lys d'or à la bordure componée d'argent et de gueules (de la Marck).[31]

References

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  20. Back to citation Brook-Shepherd also notes that morganatic alliances were not forbidden by ancient Magyar laws. See Brook-Shepherd 179.
  21. Back to citation In 959, Lorraine was divided into two districts, Lower and Upper Lorraine, each governed by a margrave, under Bruno. Upon Bruno's death in 965, these two margraves were recognised as dukes of Lower Lorraine (Lower Lotharingia was most of today's Belgium less the County of Flanders, Luxembourg and part of the Rhineland]) and Upper Lorraine, respectively. The two duchies remained separate, following separate pathways, except for the period between 1033 and 1044.the Dukes of Lower LorraineDisintegrates. Title passes to the (house of) the Duke of Brabant, who until 1795 kept the title "Duke of Lothier"..
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  31. Back to citation occurrence 31.00 Back to citation occurrence 31.01 Back to citation occurrence 31.02 Back to citation occurrence 31.03 Back to citation occurrence 31.04 Back to citation occurrence 31.05 Back to citation occurrence 31.06 Back to citation occurrence 31.07 Back to citation occurrence 31.08 Back to citation occurrence 31.09 Back to citation occurrence 31.10 Back to citation occurrence 31.11 Rietstap, Johannes Baptist (1861). Armorial général, contenant la description des armoiries des familles nobles et patriciennes de l'Europe: précédé d'un dictionnaire des termes du blason. G.B. van Goor. p. 653.
  32. Back to citation Choux, Abbé Jacques (1964), "Les Armes de Lorraine", Le Pays lorrain: 1–44
  33. Back to citation Rietstap, Johannes Baptist (1861). Armorial général, contenant la description des armoiries des familles nobles et patriciennes de l'Europe: précédé d'un dictionnaire des termes du blason. G.B. van Goor. p. 653. “Lorraine (Duche). Coupé d'un trait, parti de trois autres, qui font huit quartiers: au 1 fascé de gu. et d'arg., d'azur semé de le huit pièces (Hongrie); au 2 d'azur semé de fleurs-de-lis d'or: au lambel de cinq pendants de gu. en chef (Naples): au 3 d'arg. À la croix de Jérusalem d'or(Jerusalem); au 4 d'or à quatre pals de gu. (Aragon); au 5 d'azur seme de fleur:-de-lis d'or; a la bord. de gu. (Valois-Anjou); au 6 d'azur au lion cont. d'or, cour. du méme (Gueldre); au 7 d'or au lao da sa., pour. D'or (Juliers); au 8 d'zure a deux bars adosses d'or acc. de quatre croisettes du même, 1 en chef. en flancs et 1 en p. (Bar). Sur le tout d'or à la de trois alérions d'arg., poses dans le sens de la bande (Lorraine). Cq cour." C: une aigle d'arg. cour. d'or, la tête posée de front. Manteau armorié sur les courtines des armes de lécu. S.: deux aigles reg. de sa., cour. d'or, le vol ab. coll. de patenotres.”
  34. Back to citation Posse, Otto (1909–1913). Die Siegel der deutschen Kaiser und Könige. Vol. v. 3 (1493 - 1711). Dresden: Wilhelm Baensch.

Bibliography

Sources

  • Carroll, Stuart (2009). Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199229079.
  • George, Hereford Brooke (1875). Genealogical Tables Illustrative of Modern History. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Guenee, Bernard (1987). Between Church and State: The Lives of Four French Prelates in the Late Middle Ages. The University of Chicago Press.
  • Kibler, William W; Zinn, Grover A., eds. (2011) [1995]. Medieval France: An Encyclopedia. New York and London: Routledge.
  • Pixton, Paul B. (1995). The German Episcopacy and the Implementation of the Decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council, 1216-1245. E.J. Brill.
  • Wellman, Kathleen (2013). Queens and Mistresses of Renaissance France. Yale University Press.
  • Wilson, Peter (2016). Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
— Royal house —
House of Lorraine
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Preceded by
House of Habsburg
Archduchy of Austria
1780–1804 		Archduchy elevated to the Empire of Austria
Kingdom of Bohemia
1780–1918 		Kingdom abolished
Duchy of Burgundy and the Burgundian Netherlands
1780–1795 		Duchy abolished
Kingdom of Hungary
1780–1849 		Incorporated into the Empire of Austria

Austro-Hungarian Compromise recreates the Kingdom of Hungary separate from the Empire of Austria in 1867
Kingdom of Hungary
1867–1918 		Kingdom abolished
New title Empire of Austria
1804–1918 		Empire abolished
Preceded by
House of Medici 		Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1765–1801 		Grand Duchy abolished

Became the Kingdom of Etruria, a territory of the House of Bourbon
Preceded by
House of Bonaparte 		Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
1815–1866 		Kingdom abolished

Italy united under the House of Savoy
Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1814–1859 		Grand duchy abolished

Incorporated into the United Provinces of Central Italy
Preceded by
House of Iturbide
Deposed in 1823; a republic was created in the interim 		Empire of Mexico
1864–1867 		Empire abolished
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