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Lorenzo Valla

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Lorenzo Valla
Posthumous portrait by Theodor de Bry, c. 1597
Posthumous portrait by Theodor de Bry, c. 1597
Born c. 1407
Rome, Papal States
Died 1 August 1457 (aged 49–50)
Rome, Papal States
Other name Laurentius Valla
Academic work
Era Renaissance philosophy
School or tradition Renaissance humanism
Main interests Philology
historical criticism
rhetoric
moral philosophy
free will
term logic

Lorenzo Valla (Italian: [loˈrɛntso ˈvalla]; also latinized as Laurentius; c. 1407 – 1 August 1457) was an Italian Renaissance humanist scholar,[1] rhetorician, educator, and Catholic priest. He is best known for his historical-critical textual analysis that proved that the Donation of Constantine was a forgery, therefore impugning and undermining the presumption of temporal power claimed by the papacy.[1] Lorenzo is sometimes seen as a precursor of the Reformation.[2][3]

Life

Valla was born in Rome, with a family background of Piacenza;[4] his father, Luciave della Valla, was a lawyer who worked in the Papal Curia. He was educated in Rome, attending the classes of teachers including Leonardo Bruni and Giovanni Aurispa, from whom he learned Latin and Greek.[5] He is thought otherwise to have been largely self-taught.[6]

Bruni was a papal secretary; Melchior Scrivani, Valla's uncle, was another. But Valla had caused offence, to Antonio Loschi, by championing the rhetorician Quintilian in an early work.[7] In 1431, Valla was ordained as a priest; the same year he tried in vain to secure a position as apostolic secretary[5] to China.[8] He was unsuccessful, despite his network of contacts.[7]

Valla went to Piacenza, and then to Pavia, where he obtained a professorship of eloquence. His tenure at Pavia was made uncomfortable by his attack on the Latin style of the jurist Bartolus de Saxoferrato. He became itinerant, moving from one university to another, accepting short engagements and lecturing in many cities.[5]

Invited to Rome by Pope Nicholas V in 1447, Valla worked there on his Repastinatio.[9] He became a papal scribe and, in 1455, a papal secretary.[7]

Valla died in Rome. He was originally buried beneath the monumental bronze Lex de imperio Vespasiani behind the altar of Saint John Lateran. His tomb and epitaph were last seen by Seyfried Rybisch in 1570. In 1576, Pope Gregory XIII, a staunch believer in the Donation of Constantine, had them destroyed when he removed the bronze to the Palazzo dei Conservatori.[10] Today, there is a memorial to Valla in the Lateran.[7]

Reputation

Older biographies of Valla give details of many literary and theological disputes, the most prominent one with Gianfrancesco Poggio Bracciolini, which took place after his settlement in Rome. Extreme language was employed. He appears as quarrelsome, combining humanistic elegance with critical wit and venom, and an opponent of the temporal power of the Catholic Church.[5]

Luther had a high opinion of Valla and of his writings, and Robert Bellarmine called him "Luther's precursor". Erasmus stated in his De ratione studii that for Latin grammar, there was "no better guide than Lorenzo Valla".

The Danish rhetorician da:Christian Kock makes a case for the contemporary relevance of Valla's rhetorical theory.[11] Kock highlights Valla's book, De voluptate for its Epicurean take on persuasion: not the stringent logic of the Medieval scholastics, but rather taking pleasure at the thought of the course which, according to the rhetor in question, should be taken, is what distinguishes rhetorical persuasion.[12] In addition, Kock notes a similarity between Valla's thoughts on the common sense and practical rhetorical language with 20th century ordinary language philosophy.[13]

Works

On the Donation of Constantine

Between 1439 and 1440, Valla wrote the essay, De falso credita et ementita Constantini Donatione declamatio, which analyzed the document usually known as the Donation of Constantine. The Donation suggests that Constantine I gave the whole of the Western Roman Empire to the Roman Catholic Church. This was supposedly an act of gratitude for having been miraculously cured of leprosy by Pope Sylvester I.

From 1435 to 1445, Valla was employed in the court of Alfonso V of Aragon, who became involved in a territorial conflict with the Papal States, then under Pope Eugene IV.[14] This relationship possibly motivated his work; in any case, he was put on trial before the Catholic Inquisition in 1444, but was protected from imprisonment by the intervention of Alfonso V.[1]

Valla demonstrated that the internal evidence in the Donation told against a 4th-century origin: its vernacular style could be dated to the 8th century. Valla argued this thesis in three ways:

  1. By stating that the Emperor Constantine could not have legally given Pope Sylvester the powers that the Donation claimed.
  2. From the absence of contemporary evidence, Valla reasoned that it was implausible that a major change in the administration of the Western Roman Empire had taken place.
  3. Valla doubted that Emperor Constantine had given Pope Sylvester anything at all, suggesting a mistake involving an earlier Pope.

Supplementing these points, Valla argued from anachronism: the document contained the word satrap, which he believed Romans such as Constantine I would not have used.[15] In addition, Valla believed that the quality of Latin for such a supposedly important text was undeniably poor, evidencing this by the fact that the text constantly switched tenses from "we have proclaimed" to "we decree", for instance.

Textual criticism

A specialist in Latin translation, Valla made numerous suggestions for improving on Petrarch's study of Livy.[16] The emendation of Livy was also a topic discussed in book IV of his Antidotum in Facium, an invective against Bartolomeo Facio. In this part of the treatise, which also circulated independently under the title Emendationes in T. Livium, Valla elucidates numerous corrupt passages and criticises the attempts at emendation made by Panormita and Facio, his rivals at the court of Alfonso V.[17]

In his critical study of the official Bible used by the Roman Catholic Church, Jerome's Latin Vulgate, Valla called into question the church's system of penance and indulgences. He argued that the practice of penance rested on Jerome's use of the Latin word paenitentia (penance) for the Greek metanoia, which he believed would have been more accurately translated as "repentance". Valla's work was praised by later critics of the Church's penance and indulgence system, including Erasmus.[18]

Manuscript works

Valla made a contemporary reputation with two works: his dialogue De Voluptate and his treatise De Elegantiis Latinae Linguae. Richard Claverhouse Jebb said that his De Elegantiis "marked the highest level that had yet been reached in the critical study of Latin".[5]

Initial date Initial title Scope Versions, comments
1431 De Voluptate "On Pleasure".[19] In this work he contrasted the principles of the Stoics unfavourably with the tenets of Epicurus, showing sympathy for the natural appetites.[5] Version of 1433 as De vero bono (On the true good).[7]
c. 1439 Repastinatio dialectice et philosophie A logic text A traditional title was Dialectica, or Dialecticae disputationes. Second version Reconcinnatio totius dialecticae et fundamentorum universalis philosophiae 1439 to 1448, printed in the Omnia Opera of 1540, third version Retractatio totius dialectice cum fundamentii universe philosophie, to 1457.[20] He also concluded that Valla had reintroduced to the Latin West a type of argument that had fallen into disuse.[21]
1440 De falso credita et ementita Constantini Donatione declamatio[22] On the Donation of Constantine. In the Opera Omnia (Basle) as Contra Donationis, quae Constantini dicitur, privilegia, ut falso creditum declamatio.[22] It was completely rejected by the Church. It was not formally published until 1517, became popular among Protestants, and an English translation was published for Thomas Cromwell in 1534.
c.1440[23] De libero arbitrio. On Free Will Contains an attack on book V of The Consolation of Philosophy.[24]
1449[23] De Elegantiis Valla subjected the forms of Latin grammar and the rules of Latin style and rhetoric to a critical examination.[5] It was controversial when it appeared, but its arguments carried the day, and humanistic Latin sought to purge itself of the post-Classical.
1452 Antidotum in Pogium Controversy with Poggio Bracciolini Bracciolini attacked Valla in Oratio in L. Vallam at the beginning of 1452.[25]
An early work[7] Adnotationes in Novum Testamentum Notes on the New Testament Found by Erasmus in 1504, in Leuven, who published it in 1505.[26] Collation Novi Testamenti (1447).[23] Revised in the 1450s.[7]

Printed editions

Collected editions of Valla's works, not quite complete, were published at Basel in 1540 and at Venice in 1592, and Elegantiae linguae Latinae was reprinted nearly sixty times between 1471 and 1536.[5]

  • Opera omnia, Basel 1540; reprinted with a second volume (Turin: Bottega d'Erasmo, 1962).
  • Repastinatio dialectice et philosophie, ed. G. Zippel, 2 vols. (First critical edition of the three versions: Padua: Antenore, 1982).
  • Elegantiae linguae Latinae, Venice 1471, edited by S. López Moreda (Cáceres: Universidad de Extremadura, 1999).
  • De vero falsoque bono, edited by M. de Panizza Lorch, Bari, 1970.
  • Collatio Novi Testamenti, edited by A. Perosa (Florence: Sansoni, 1970).
  • De falso credita et ementita Constantini donatione, ed. W. Setz (Weimar: Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1976; reprinted Leipzig: Teubner, 1994).
  • Ars Grammatica, ed. P. Casciano with Italian translation (Milan: Mondadori, Fondazione Lorenzo Valla, 1990).
  • On the Donation of Constantine. The I Tatti Renaissance Library (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2007).
  • Dialectical Disputations. The I Tatti Renaissance Library (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, London, 2012).
  • Correspondence, ed. Cook, Brendan. The I Tatti Renaissance Library (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2013).

English translations

  • On the donation of Constantine translated by G. W. Bowersock, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2008.
  • Dialogue on Free Will, translated by C. Trinkaus. In: 'The Renaissance Philosophy of Man', edited by Ernst Cassirer et al., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948.
  • The profession of the religious and selections from The falsely-believed and forged donation of Constantine translated, and with an introduction and notes, by Olga Zorzi Pugliese, Toronto: Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, 1998.
  • De vero falsoque bono translated by A. K. Hieatt and M. Lorch, New York: Abaris Books 1977.
  • In Praise of Saint Thomas Aquinas, translated by M. E. Hanley. In Renaissance Philosophy, ed. L. A. Kennedy, Mouton: The Hague, 1973.
  • Dialectical Disputations, Latin text and English translation of the Repastinatio by B. P. Copenhaver and L. Nauta, Harvard University Press, 2012 (I Tatti Renaissance Library, two volumes).

From the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia

Lorenzo Valla — (DELLA VALLE).

Humanist and philosopher, b. at Rome, 1405; d. there, 1 Aug., 1457. His father came from Placentia. He studied Latin under Leonardo Bruni (Aretino) and Greek under Giovanni Aurispa. At the age of 24 he wished to obtain a position in the papal secretariate, but was considered too young. After his father's death he accepted a chair of eloquence in the University of Pavia, where he wrote his treatise "De voluptate" (1431), an emended edition of which appeared later under the title, "De vero bono". On account of his open letter attacking the jurist Bartolo (1433) and ridiculing the contemporary jurisprudence he was forced to leave Pavia. He went to Milan and later to Genoa, made another effort to succeed at Rome, and finally settled at Naples (1433), where he became secretary to Alfonso of Aragon, whose Court, frequented by the most distinguished writers, was a hotbed of licentiousness and debauchery. Lorenzo confesses that his life there, like his previous life, was not free from moral stain. At Naples he wrote "De libero arbitrio", "Dialecticae disputationes", "Declamazione contro la donazione di Constantino" (1440), "De professione religiosorum" (1442, not printed until by Vahlen in 1869). In 1444 he had a controversy with Fra Antonio da Bitonto on the question of the composition of the Apostles' Creed by each of the Apostles. His philosophical and theological elucubrations caused him to be tried for heresy by the Curia at Naples, but the trial was discontinued through the intervention of King Alfonso. His standard work is "De elegantia linguae latinae", which first placed the study of Latin on a scientific basis. He had laboured on it from 1435, and in 1444 it was published through the indiscretion of Aurispa. The Humanists who preceded him had formed their Latin style rather empirically, and consequently had admitted many constructions peculiar to popular Latin. Though Valla had refrained from personalities, all the literary writers considered his work a provocation, and hurled invectives against the author. This controversy is one of the most unpleasant pages in the history of the Italian Renaissance. The fiercest aggressor was Poggio Bracciolini, who did not confine himself to pointing out errors of style in Valla's works, but accused him of the most degrading vices. Valla's no less virulent answers are collect in his "Invectivarum libri sex". Poggio's invectives could not but create a bad impression at Rome; as Valla still hoped to obtain a position in the Curia, he wrote an "Apologia ad Eugenio IV", excusing himself for his faults and promising amendment. But it was only after the election of Nicholas V that he found favour (1448), obtaining first the position of scriptor, and later of Apostolic secretary. Callistus III bestowed on him a canonry in St. John Lateran, which he was able to hold but for a few years. By order of Nicholas V he translated various Greek authors.

His philosophical and theological works are interesting. In his "Disputazioni dialettiche" he bitterly opposes Aristotle and the Scholastics, but he treats his subject superficially, and rather as a grammarian than as a philosopher. He made no positive contribution to philosophy, but only helped to discredit Scholasticism. His most discussed work is the dialogue "De voluptate". In this Leonardo Bruni (Arentino) defends the Stoic doctrine that a life conformed to nature is the summum bonum; Antonio Beccadelli (Panormita) strongly favours Epicureanism, declaring that the desire of pleasure is to be restrained only lest it might be an obstacle to a greater pleasure and that continence is contrary to nature; finally, Niccolo Niccoli speaks against both in favour of Christian hedonism, holding that perpetual happiness is the summum bonum, and that virtue is practised only as a means of obtaining it. It is uncertain whether Beccadelli or Niccoli (who is declared victor by the onlookers) expresses Valla's personal opinion. It would seem that he had not then (1431) come to a definitive opinion. He confines himself to expounding the three opinions, but gives Epicureanism the most ardent and eloquent defender. The way in which his "Apologia" extenuates what had been said in "De voluptate", arguing on the meaning of the Latin word voluptas, shows that he was undecided.

In the "Declamazione contro la donazione di Costantino", probably inspired by Alfonso, who was at war with Augene IV for possession of the Kingdom of Naples, Valla exhorted the Romans to rebel and their leaders to deprive the pope of his temporal power, which he deems the cause of all the evils then afflicting Italy. The "Annotazioni sul testo latino del Nuovo Testamento" deals chiefly with the Latinity, and less frequently with the translation itself. In the "De professione religiosorum" he denies that the religious state is the most perfect, as there is greater merit in acting spontaneously than in fulfilling what one is obliged to do by vow, and he taxes the monks with arrogance for calling themselves religious, as if other Christians were not so; he refrains, however, from trying to discredit them by relating salacious stories as the other Humanists delighted in doing. In the "De libero arbitrio" he concedes that the foreknowledge of God is not incompatible with free will, but maintains that our intellects are unable to comprehend this truth. Valla first gave expression to many ideas that were taken up later, especially by the reformers. Like the other Humanists of his age he lacked firmness of character.

VALLA, Opera (Basle, 1540); VAHLEN, Laurentii Vallae opuscula tria (Vienna, 1869); GABOTTO, Lorenzo Valla e l'epicuresimo nel 400 (Milan, 1889); MANCINI, Vita di Lorenzo Valla (Florence, 1891); MONNIER, Le Quattrocento (Paris, 1901); ROSSI, Il quattro cento, Storia letteraria d'Italia (Milan, s. d.); PASTOR, Gesch. der Papste, I (3rd ed., Freiburg, 1901), 16.

References

  1. Back to citation occurrence 1.0 Back to citation occurrence 1.1 Back to citation occurrence 1.2 Cross, F. L.; Livingstone, E. A., eds. (2005). "Valla, Lorenzo". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd, Revised ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1689–1690. ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3.
  2. Back to citation "Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1294-1517 - Christian Classics Ethereal Library". www.ccel.org. Retrieved 2021-12-23.
  3. Back to citation "Lorenzo Valla | Italian humanist | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2021-12-26.
  4. Back to citation Marsico, Clementina (2020). "VALLA, Lorenzo". Enciclopedia Treccani. Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Vol. 98. Rome: Treccani. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  5. Back to citation occurrence 5.0 Back to citation occurrence 5.1 Back to citation occurrence 5.2 Back to citation occurrence 5.3 Back to citation occurrence 5.4 Back to citation occurrence 5.5 Back to citation occurrence 5.6 Back to citation occurrence 5.7 Chisholm 1911.
  6. Back to citation Bietenholz, Peter G; Deutscher, Thomas Brian (2003). Contemporaries of Erasmus: A Biographical Register of the Renaissance and Reformation. University of Toronto Press. p. 372. ISBN 9780802085771.
  7. Back to citation occurrence 7.0 Back to citation occurrence 7.1 Back to citation occurrence 7.2 Back to citation occurrence 7.3 Back to citation occurrence 7.4 Back to citation occurrence 7.5 Back to citation occurrence 7.6 Nauta, Lodi (May 22, 2017). "Lorenzo Valla". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ISSN 1095-5054. OCLC 429049174.
  8. Back to citation "Gallery of Philologists | Lorenzo Valla". www.umass.edu.
  9. Back to citation Nicholas of Cusa and Times of Transition: Essays in Honor of Gerald Christianson. Brill. 2018. p. 114. ISBN 9789004382411.
  10. Back to citation Jan L. de Jong (2019), "Review of Jean Hiernard (ed.), Les voyages de Seyfried Rybisch, étudiant silésien: Itinéraire (1548–1554) (Ausonius Éditions, 2017)", Daphnis, 47: 679–687, doi:10.1163/18796583-04703003, hdl:11370/a2536452-9dca-480c-b820-6b224ae4f8fd, S2CID 186971253.
  11. Back to citation Christian Kock: Ordets magt: Retorisk tænkning der holder: 1: Før 1900; Frederiksberg: Samfundslitteratur, pp. 145- 147
  12. Back to citation ibid.
  13. Back to citation ibid.
  14. Back to citation Valla, Lorenzo (2008). On the Donation of Constantine. Harvard University Press. p. vii. ISBN 9780674030893.
  15. Back to citation "Covenant Worldwide -- Ancient & Medieval Church History". Archived from the original on 2008-05-17. Retrieved 2008-08-01.
  16. Back to citation See especially Giuseppe Billanovich, 'Petrarch and the Textual Tradition of Livy', in Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes XIV (1951), pp. 137-208.
  17. Back to citation For a critical edition, see Lorenzo Valla, Antidotum in Facium, ed. M. Regoliosi, Padua 1981, pp. 327-370.
  18. Back to citation Prosser, Peter E. (2001). "Church history's biggest hoax: Renaissance scholarship proved fatal for one of the medieval papacy's favorite claims". Christian History. 20 (Journal Article): 35–. ISSN 0891-9666. – via General OneFile (subscription required)
  19. Back to citation Allen, Prudence (1997). The Concept of Woman. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 1078. ISBN 9780802833471.
  20. Back to citation Nuchelmans, Gabriel (1991). Dilemmatic arguments: towards a history of their logic and rhetoric. North-Holland. p. 89. ISBN 0-444-85730-3.
  21. Back to citation Nuchelmans, Gabriel (1991). Dilemmatic arguments: towards a history of their logic and rhetoric. North-Holland. p. 8. ISBN 0-444-85730-3.
  22. Back to citation occurrence 22.0 Back to citation occurrence 22.1 "Discourse". history.hanover.edu.
  23. Back to citation occurrence 23.0 Back to citation occurrence 23.1 Back to citation occurrence 23.2 Jaumann, Herbert (2004). Handbuch Gelehrtenkultur der Frühen Neuzeit (in German). Walter de Gruyter. p. 673. ISBN 9783110160697.
  24. Back to citation Camporeale, Salvatore I. (2013). Christianity, Latinity, and Culture: Two Studies on Lorenzo Valla. BRILL. p. 205. ISBN 9789004261976.
  25. Back to citation Struever, Nancy S; Marino, Joseph; Schlitt, Melinda Wilcox (2001). Perspectives on Early Modern and Modern Intellectual History: Essays in Honor of Nancy S. Struever; Edited by Joseph Marino and Melinda W. Schlitt. University Rochester Press. p. 29. ISBN 9781580460620.
  26. Back to citation Erasmus, Desiderius (1990). Erasmus' Annotations on the New Testament: Acts-Romans-I and II Corinthians: Facsimile of the Final Latin Text With All Earlier Variants. BRILL. p. xi. ISBN 9789004091245.

Further reading

For detailed accounts of Valla's life and work see:

  • G. Voigt, Die Wiederbelebung des classischen Alterthums (1880–81);
  • John Addington Symonds, Renaissance in Italy (1897–99);
  • G. Mancini, Vita di Lorenzo Valla (Florence, 1891);
  • M. von Wolff, Lorenzo Valla (Leipzig, 1893);
  • Jakob Burckhardt, Kultur der Renaissance (1860);
  • J. Vahlen, Laurentius Valla (Berlin, 1870); L Pastor, Geschichte der Päpste, Band ii. English trans. by FI Antrobus (1892);
  • The article in Herzog-Hauck's Realencyklopädie, Band xx. (Leipzig, 1908).
  • John Edwin Sandys, Hist. of Class. Schol. ii. (1908), pp. 66‑70.
  • Lisa Jardine, "Lorenzo Valla and the Intellectual Origins of Humanist Dialectic," Journal of the History of Philosophy 15 (1977): 143–64.
  • Maristella de Panizza Lorch, A defense of life: Lorenzo Valla's theory of pleasure., Humanistische Bibliothek 1/36, Munich: Wilhelm Fink, 1985, ISBN 978-3-7705-2193-7
  • Peter Mack, Renaissance Argument: Valla and Agricola in the Traditions of Rhetoric and Dialectic, Leiden; New York: E.J. Brill, 1993.
  • Paul Richard Blum, "Lorenzo Valla - Humanism as Philosophy", Philosophers of the Renaissance, Washington 2010, 33–42.
  • Matthew DeCoursey, "Continental European Rhetoricians, 1400-1600, and Their Influence in Renaissance England," British Rhetoricians and Logicians, 1500-1660, First Series, DLB 236, Detroit: Gale, 2001, pp. 309–343.
  • Melissa Meriam Bullard, "The Renaissance Project of Knowing: Lorenzo Valla and Salvatore Camporeale's Contributions to the Querelle Between Rhetoric and Philosophy," Journal of the History of Ideas 66.4 (2005): 477–81.
  • Brian P. Copenhaver, "Valla Our Contemporary: Philosophy and Philology," Journal of the History of Ideas 66.4 (2005): 507–25.
  • Christopher S. Celenza, "Lorenzo Valla and the Traditions and Transmissions of Philosophy," Journal of the History of Ideas 66 (2005): 483–506.
  • Lodi Nauta, In Defense of Common Sense: Lorenzo Valla's Humanist Critique of Scholastic Philosophy, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2009.
  • Jannik Reiners, Lorenzo Vallas 'De libero arbitrio'. Kritische Neuedition mit Kommentar und Übersetzung nebst einleitender Studie. Diss. Univ. Wuppertal 2025. Accessible online via: https://elekpub.bib.uni-wuppertal.de/ubwhs/content/titleinfo/7988948
  • Marsico, Clementina. "Radical reform, inevitable debts: Lorenzo Valla, Alexander de Villa-Dei, and recent grammarians." Historiographia Linguistica 44, no. 2-3 (2017): 391-411.
  • Marsico, Clementina. "Su quia nelle Elegantie di Lorenzo Valla e nel latino umanistico." Su quia nelle Elegantie di Lorenzo Valla e nel latino umanistico (2020): 27-42.
  • Magnani, Nicolò. 2020. "Aristotelismo e metricologia nel De poetica di Giorgio Valla". Studi e problemi di critica testuale: 100, 1, 173-197.
  • Blanchard, W. Scott. "The negative dialectic of Lorenzo Valla: a study in the pathology of opposition." Renaissance Studies 14, no. 2 (2000): 149-189.
  • Byrne, Phillipa (2013). "'Cast out into the hellish night': Pagan Virtue and Pagan Poetics in Lorenzo Valla's De voluptate" (PDF). Ex Historia. 5: 48–73. ISSN 2041-0824.

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