Luigi Lambruschini
| His Eminence Luigi Lambruschini B. | |
|---|---|
| Prefect of the Congregation for Rites | |
| |
| Church | Roman Catholic Church |
| Appointed | 8 June 1847 |
| Term ended | 12 May 1854 |
| Predecessor | Ludovico Micara |
| Successor | Costantino Patrizi Naro |
| Other posts | Prefect of the Congregation for Studies (1834–54) Cardinal-Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina (1847–54) Vice-Dean of the College of Cardinals (1847–54) |
| Previous posts | Secretary of the Extraordinary Congregation for the Ecclesiastical Affairs of the Catholic World (1815–16) Archbishop of Genoa (1819–30) Apostolic Nuncio to France (1826–31) Titular Archbishop of Beirut (1830–31) Cardinal-Priest of San Callisto (1832–42) Archivist of the Vatican Secret Archives (1834–53) Librarian of the Vatican Apostolic Library (1834–53) Cardinal-Bishop of Sabina (1842–47) Camerlengo of the College of Cardinals (1844–45) |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 1 January 1799 by Giovanni Luca Solari |
| Consecration | 3 October 1819 by Giulio Maria della Somaglia |
| Created cardinal | 30 September 1831 by Pope Gregory XVI |
| Rank | Cardinal-Priest (1832–42) Cardinal-Bishop (1842–54) |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Emmanuele Niccolò Lambruschini 6 March 1776 Sestri Levante, Republic of Genoa |
| Died | 12 May 1854 (aged 78) Rome, Papal States |
| Buried | San Carlo ai Catinari |
| Parents | Bernardo Lambruschini Pellegrina Raggi |
Luigi Lambruschini (6 March 1776 – 12 May 1854) was an Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church in the mid nineteenth century. He was a member of the Clerics Regular of St. Paul and served in the diplomatic corps of the Holy See.
Biography
Early life
The youngest of ten children, he was born in Sestri Levante, then part of the independent Republic of Genoa, to Bernardo and Pellegrina Raggi Lambruschini, and baptized Emmanuele Nicolo. His older brother, Giovanni Battista Lambruschini became bishop of the Diocese of Orvieto.[1]
Lambruschini attended a Jesuit school in Santa Margherita Ligure, and then the Oratorio di San Bartolomeo in Bordighera, run by the Order of the Barnabites. He entered the order in 1793, and after a novitiate, pronounced solemn vows in November 1794, taking the name of Luigi.[2] He was then to Macerata for further study, took minor orders in Rome in 1797, and was ordained a priest back home in Sestri Levante in January 1799. He then taught Barnabite seminarians rhetoric, philosophy and mathematics, first in Bologna, then in San Severino Marche and, from May 1801, in Macerata.[1]
Diplomatic career
He attended the Congress of Vienna in 1815 as secretary to Cardinal Ercole Consalvi.[3] As secretary of the Congregation of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, he took part in concluding concordats with various states, including Tuscany, Naples, and Bavaria. According to Umberto Benigni, "Next to Consalvi and Pacca, Lambruschini was among the greatest diplomats of the Holy See in the nineteenth century."[3] In 1816, Lambruschini became vice-general of the Barnabite order.[2]
In 1819, Lambruschini was appointed Archbishop of Genoa. It was rumored that his promotion was to be attributed to the desire of Secretary of State Consalvi to remove from Rome a clergyman who, having acquired too much influence on the pope, was now an obstacle to his own plans for government.[1] In 1826, he was named as Apostolic Nuncio to the Kingdom of France by Pope Pius VII, but was forced to flee his diplomatic post following the 1830 revolution that toppled the Bourbon monarchy and brought House of Orleans pretender Louis-Phillippe to the French throne.[3]
He was made a cardinal in 1831, given the titular church of San Callisto on 24 February 1832.[4] For the next four years, Cardinal Lambruschini held various curial posts until in January 1836 he was appointed Secretary of State to Pope Gregory XVI. His appointment was seen as a compromise between those who hoped for reform and the zealanti who wished to see dissent more forcefully suppressed; although it was said that the Cardinal was "liberal chiefly in his employment of spies and prisons".[5]
He was the leading conservative candidate in the 1846 papal conclave. Though he received a majority of the votes initially, it was clear that he could not achieve the required two-thirds majority. He was eventually defeated by the liberal candidate, Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti, the Archbishop (personal title) of Imola, who became Pope Pius IX.
Lambruschini was a particularly hated figure among the masonic republicans during the 1848 Revolutions that temporarily deposed Pope Pius IX. His house was ransacked and he was forced to flee for his life, disguised as a stablehand. He returned following the Pope's restoration. He died in Rome on 12 May 1854 and was buried in the Barnabite church of San Carlo ai Catinari, Rome.[2]
Lambruschini Family
The Lambruschini family is a very large family. The Cardinal had several brothers. Some descendants of these brothers stayed in Italy, others moved to France, Portugal the United States and even South America (Peru, Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay).
Relatives and Descendants of the Lambruschini Family
- Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans King of France (1773-1850) was cousin of the Cardinal Lambruschini.
- Giovanni Battista Lambruschini was the Bishop of Orvieto.
- Raffaello Lambruschini was an Italian politician, religious, agronomist, and educator.
- Bartolomeo Lambruschini married Bianca Nicolini (her family built The Basilica of Santa Croce in Florence).
- Stefano Lambruschini was a priest.
- Ferdinando Lambruschini was the Archbishop of Perugia.
- Raul Leal, Portuguese poet and philosopher
- Ericka Koehler, American-Peruvian educator, digital marketer, and writer.
- Sheilla Castro, Peruvian lawyer.
Works
- A Polemical Treatise on the Immaculate Conception of Mary, 1842[6]
See also
From the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia
Luigi Lambruschini — Cardinal, b. at Sestri Levante, near Genoa, 6 March, 1776, d. at Rome, 12 May, 1854. As a youth he entered the Order of the Barnabites, in which he held many important offices. On account of his learning he was made consultor of several Roman Congregations, and in 1815 accompanied Cardinal Consalvi to the Congress of Vienna in the capacity of secretary. After his return to Rome he was made secretary of the Congregation of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, then recently instituted by Pius VII, and thus took a great part in concluding concordats with various states, especially with Naples and Bavaria. In 1819 he was appointed Archbishop of Genoa and governed the archdiocese with prudence and zeal. His eloquent sermons attracted large audiences, and his pastoral letters exhibit much spiritual unction. In 1827 Leo XII sent him as nuncio to Paris, but the Revolution of July, 1830, compelled him to interrupt his mission. On his return to Rome he was made a cardinal (1831) by Gregory XVI, who, on the resignation of Cardinal Bernetti, appointed Lambruschini Secretary of State. This appointment aroused much discontent among the Romans, but it was soon evident that Lambruschini was the proper man for the post. His character and disposition accorded perfectly with those of the pope: in the ecclesiastico-political relations with other nations both were persuaded that it was time to abandon the conciliatory policy inaugurated by Benedict XIV, a conviction that was soon justified by events. The occasion was the Cologne question, which had arisen in 1837 out of the imprisonment of Mgr. Droste-Vischering, Archbishop of Cologne. The diplomatic documents exchanged at this time between the Holy See and the Prussian Government, and published in 1838, are models of clear exposition, close argument, and elegant form. Gorres described the series as a "calm, vigorous, masculine, and substantial polemic". Lambruschini's firm stand caused the recall of Bunsen, the. Prussian minister at Rome. Next to Consalvi and Pacca, Lambruschini was among the greatest diplomats of the Holy See in the nineteenth century. As regards the internal policy of the Pontifical States, he, like Gregory XVI, was opposed to the constitutional form, and certainly, if we consider the arrogance of Liberalism under Gregory, neither the pope nor his secretary can be charged with serious error.
In the first ballot of the conclave of 1846, Lambruschini received a majority of the votes, but not enough for election. When Pius IX was chosen, Lambruschini recognized that he could not follow the policy of the new pope, who favored constitutionalism. He accordingly resigned his office for that of secretary of Briefs, and later that of prefect of rites. In the Revolution of 1848 he was the object of especial hatred; his dwelling was plundered, his bed cut to pieces with daggers, and he himself was scarcely able, disguised as a stableman, to join Pius IX at Gaeta. As the Suburbicarian Bishop of Porto and Santa Rufina he restored the cathedral of Porto. He was also commendatory Abbot of Farfa, where he founded a seminary. He was buried in the college of the Barnabites at Catinari, where he had spent a great part of his religious life. He published "Opere spirituali" in three volumes (Rome, 1838) and later a small work in defense of the Immaculate Conception.
Giambattista Lambruschini
Brother of the preceding, d. at Orvieto, 24 Nov., 1826. He was vicar-general of Genoa, whence he was expelled by Napoleon in 1800, when he went to Rome. Appointed Bishop of Orvieto in 1807, he was deported to France for not taking the oath. In 1814 he returned to Orvieto.
Raffaele Lambruschini
Nephew of Luigi and Giambattista, b. at Genoa, 14 August, 1788; d. 8 March, 1873, at Figline in Tuscany. As a priest he was first with his uncle Giambattista at Orvieto. Being suspected of Liberal ideas, he returned to Figline, where he devoted himself to the natural sciences, especially agriculture, and in 1827 founded the "Giornale Agrario Toscano". He also established an educational institution, and published (1836-44) the "Guida dell' educatore", as well as several pedagogical and scholastic works. In 1848 he was elected to the Parliament of the republic, and in 1860 was appointed senator of the realm. He was also consul of the Accademia della Crusca and (1868-69) professor at the Institute of Higher Studies at Florence.
SCHLECHT in Kirchliches Handlexikon (Munich, 1907), s.v.; BROSCH, Gesch. des Kirchenstaats, II (1883).
References
- Back to citation occurrence 1.0 Back to citation occurrence 1.1 Back to citation occurrence 1.2 "Biographical Dictionary of Italians, 63, pp. 218-223, Institute of the Italian Encyclopedia". Archived from the original on 2019-01-04. Retrieved 2019-01-04.
- Back to citation occurrence 2.0 Back to citation occurrence 2.1 Back to citation occurrence 2.2 "Miranda, Salvador. "Lambruschini, C.R.S.P., Luigi", The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Florida International University". Archived from the original on 2018-09-21. Retrieved 2019-01-04.
- Back to citation occurrence 3.0 Back to citation occurrence 3.1 Back to citation occurrence 3.2 Benigni, Umberto. "Luigi Lambruschini." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 3 January 2019
- Back to citation Cardinal Title S. Callisto GCatholic.org
- Back to citation Lease, Gary. “Denunciation as a Tool of Ecclesiastical Control: The Case of Roman Catholic Modernism.” The Journal of Modern History, vol. 68, no. 4, 1996, pp. 819–830 JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2946721
- Back to citation Lambruschini, Luigi. A Polemical Treatise on the Immaculate Conception of Mary, New York, D.&J. Sadlier & Co., 1855
Bibliography
- Manzini, Luigi M. (1960). Il cardinale Luigi Lambruschini (in Italian). Biblioteca apostolica vaticana. ISBN 9788821000270.