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Archdiocese of Cincinnati

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Archdiocese of Cincinnati
Archidiœcesis Cincinnatensis
Cathedral Basilica of Saint Peter in Chains
Cathedral Basilica of Saint Peter in Chains
Location
Country United States
Territory Ohio, including the cities of Cincinnati, Dayton, Springfield, and Hamilton
Ecclesiastical province Cincinnati
Statistics
Area 8,543 sq mi (22,130 km2)
Population
Total
Catholics 		(as of 2013)
3,074,000
471,457 (15.3%)
Parishes 214[1]
Schools 115[2]
Information
Denomination Catholic
Sui iuris church Latin Church
Rite Roman Rite
Established June 19, 1821 (205 years ago)
Cathedral Cathedral Basilica of Saint Peter in Chains
Patron saint Francis de Sales
Current leadership
Pope Leo XIV
Archbishop Robert Gerald Casey
Metropolitan Archbishop Robert Gerald Casey
Vicar General Reverend Steve Angi
Bishops emeritus Joseph R. Binzer
Dennis Marion Schnurr
Map
Website
catholiccincinnati.org

The Archdiocese of Cincinnati (Latin: Archidiœcesis Cincinnatensis) is an archdiocese of the Catholic Church in the State of Ohio. The archbishop is Robert Casey. The mother church is the Cathedral Basilica of St. Peter in Chains in Cincinnati.

Geography

Cincinnati is the metropolis of the Ecclesiastical Province of Cincinnati, which contains all of Ohio.[3] The province contains the archdiocese and its five suffragan dioceses: Cleveland, Columbus, Steubenville, Toledo and Youngstown.

History

1700 to 1800

During the 17th century, present day Ohio was part of the French colony of New France. The Diocese of Quebec had jurisdiction over the region. However, unlike other parts of the future American Midwest, French missionaries made no attempts to found Catholic missions in Ohio.

In 1763, Ohio Country became part of the British Province of Quebec, forbidden from settlement by American colonists. After the American Revolution ended in 1783, Pope Pius VI erected in 1784 the Prefecture Apostolic of the United States, encompassing the entire territory of the new nation. In 1787, the Ohio area became part of the Northwest Territory of the United States. Pius VI created the Diocese of Baltimore, the first diocese in the United States, to replace the prefecture apostolic in 1789.[4][5]

1800 to 1847

In 1808, Pope Pius VII erected the Diocese of Bardstown in Kentucky, with jurisdiction over the new state of Ohio along with the other midwest states.[6]

Cincinnati's first Catholic church, Christ Church, was organized in 1819, just beyond the city boundaries.[7] Soon additional parishes were formed in Hamilton and St. Martin, Brown County. Emmanuel Thienpont pioneered many parishes in the archdiocese.[8]

Pope Pius VII erected the Diocese of Cincinnati on June 19, 1821, taking all of Ohio from the Diocese of Bardstown.[9] The pope named the missionary Edward Fenwick as the first bishop of Cincinnati.[10] Fenwick travelled to Europe in 1823 to raise funding for the new diocese. He returned in 1826 with resources to begin construction of the cathedral and parochial schools He also founded convents for the Sisters of Charity and the first community of Dominican women in the United States, the Dominicans of St. Catharine.[11] The Sisters of Charity opened the St. Peter's Orphan Asylum for girls in 1829.

In 1829, Fenwick established St. Francis Xavier Seminary in Cincinnati. It is the oldest seminary west of the Appalachian Mountains in the United States.[12] In 1831, Fenwick initiated publication of The Catholic Telegraph newspaper.[13] That same year, he opened the Athenaeum in Cincinnati to educate lay workers.[14]

After Fenwick died in 1832, Pope Gregory XVI named John Purcell as the second bishop of Cincinnati. At the time of his installation, the diocese had only one Catholic church to serve thousands of new Catholic German and Irish Immigrants. Purcell founded Holy Trinity Parish in Cincinnati in 1834, the first German language church in the diocese.[15][16] The first Catholic church in Dayton, Emmanuel Church, opened in 1837.[17] It was followed in 1842 by the dedication of St. Mary's Church, the oldest existing parish in Cincinnati.[16]

Purcell began construction of Saint Peter in Chains Cathedral, which was consecrated in 1846.[18] Seeking a larger seminary to replace St. Francis Xavier, Purcell in 1851 constructed Mount St. Mary's of the West Seminary on Price Hill in Cincinnati. To staff the new seminary and school, Purcell invited the Jesuit Fathers into the diocese.[19] He also established St. Aloysius Orphan Asylum for German-speaking boys in 1831.[20]

1847 to 1900

In 1847, Pope Pius IX erected the Diocese of Cleveland, taking northeastern Ohio from the Diocese of Cincinnati[9] However, the border line between the dioceses, set by the Vatican, cut through multiple counties. To simplify administration, Purcell and Bishop Louis Rappe of Cleveland, decided that:

...the counties of Mercer, Auglaize, Hardin, Marion, Morrow, Knox, Tuscarawas, Carroll, Jefferson, which belong to the diocese of Cincinnati shall constitute the northern boundary of the diocese of Cincinnati. And that all the counties north of those just named, shall compose the diocese of Cleveland. Holmes county, which is for the greater part south of the line above traced, is by mutual consent, assigned to the diocese of Cleveland.[21]

In 1850, Pope Pius IX elevated the Diocese of Cincinnati to an archdiocese with the dioceses of Louisville, Detroit, and Cleveland as its suffragans.[9] Purcell became the first archbishop of Cincinnati. Purcell in 1852 purchased a small hospital in Cincinnati for the Sisters of Charity, who opened St. John's Hotel for Invalids. The first Catholic hospital in the archdiocese, it is today TriHealth Good Samaritan Hospital.[22]

In 1853, Purcell alienated some of Cincinnati's Protestants by arguing that Catholics should not be taxed to support public schools.[23] Later that year, he created controversy when he invited Cardinal Gaetano Bedini, the emissary of Pope Pius IX, to visit Cincinnati. Many German Protestant "Forty-Eighters", who had fled Europe after the failed revolutions of 1848, saw Bedini as a symbol of oppression due to his role in putting down a revolution in the Papal States in 1849. They organized a protest march to Purcell's residence, where Bedini was staying, on Christmas Day 1853. When the demonstrators clashed with police, several were injured and one died.[24]

The Vatican in 1868 erected the Diocese of Columbus from the archdiocese, taking "the territory from the Ohio River to the Scioto River... together with the Counties of Franklin, Delaware and Morrow."[9] The end of Purcell's long tenure as bishop and archbishop was marked by scandal. Many parishioners in the archdiocese, distrustful of banks after the Panic of 1873, had begun depositing funds with the archdiocese for safekeeping. These funds ultimately amounted to $3.6 million. However, the archdiocese fund was hit with a bank run in 1877, rendering it insolvent and unable to pay back all the depositors.[25]

The Franciscan Sisters in 1878 opened St. Elizabeth Hospital, the first Catholic hospital in Dayton.[26] It later became the Franciscan Medical Center, which closed in 2000.[27]

In 1880, Bishop William Elder of the Diocese of Natchez was appointed coadjutor archbishop in Cincinnati by Pope Leo XIII to assist Purcell. After Purcell died in 1883, Elder automatically became archbishop.[28]

Elder became archbishop when the archdiocese was facing severe financial problems. Elder systematically organized the administration of the archdiocese. He reopened Mount Saint Mary Seminary in 1887, which had been closed since 1879.[29] He instituted the office of chancellor and insisted on annual reports from clergy and parishes in order to reduce the archdiocesan debt. In 1891, after 14 years of litigation, a court found that the archdiocese owed $140,000 to parishioners who had lost money during the 1877 bank run. Elder accepted the verdict in 1892 and assessed parishes to repay the debt in full.[25]

1900 to 1970

Bishop Henry K. Moeller of Columbus was named coadjutor archbishop in Cincinnati by Pope Pius X in 1903. When Elder died in 1904, Moeller succeeded him as the fourth archbishop of Cincinnati.[30] During World War I, Moeller successfully petitioned the Vatican for an end to national parishes in the archdiocese and permission to formulate parish boundaries. In 1921, Moeller condemned several popular dances (including the shimmy and camel walk) as well as bare shoulders on women at church social functions.[31] He died in 1925.

Bishop John T. McNicholas of the Diocese of Detroit was appointed the fourth archbishop of Cincinnati by Pope Pius XI in 1925.[32] The 1928 US presidential election, featured the first Catholic to win a major party nomination, New York Governor Alfred E. Smith. McNicholas addressed accusations that Smith as president would take orders from the Vatican on running the United States. McNicholas declared that "we, as American Catholics, owe no civil allegiance to the Vatican State."[33] In 1944, the Vatican erected the Diocese of Steubenville from portions of the Diocese of Columbus and simultaneously transferred the eastern counties from the Archdiocese of Cincinnati to Columbus.[34]

After McNicholas died in 1950, Pope Pius XII named Bishop Karl Alter of Toledo as the next archbishop of Cincinnati.[35] During his administration, Alter established 98 churches, 94 elementary schools, 14 high schools, 79 rectories, and 55 convents.[36] He also instituted a priests' senate and an archdiocesan school board composed of lay members, and encouraged the formation of parish councils. Alter undertook a restoration of Saint Peter in Chains Cathedral.[36] He discontinued first grade in the parochial schools in 1964 because of high costs and overcrowded classrooms.[37] Alter retired in 1969.

1970 to present

Bishop Paul Leibold of the Diocese of Evansville succeeded Alter as archbishop, being named by Pope Paul VI in 1969.[38] Leibold strengthened the priests' senate, the pastoral council, and the parish councils. He also launched the archdiocese's sixth synod, Synod '71.[39] In 1958, Sister Mary Ephrem Neuzil, an Ohio nun, claimed to have seen apparitions of Mary, mother of Jesus and messages from St. Joseph. Leibold, who had previously acted as a spiritual advisor to Neuzil, allowed her to publish two pamphlets about her experiences.[40] He also commissioned a wooden plaque with an image of Our Lady of America, a title of Mary, for display at the New Riegel convent.[41] In 1971, Leibold criticized composer Leonard Bernstein's theatrical work Mass, terming it as offensive.[42]

After Leibold died in 1972, Paul VI appointed Bishop Joseph Bernardin, general secretary of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops, as the next archbishop of Cincinnati. During his tenure, Bernardin worked to improve relations between Catholics and Jews and strove for better understanding between the Catholic Church and Protestant denominations. He became archbishop of Chicago in 1982.

To replace Bernardin in Cincinnati, Pope John Paul II selected Auxiliary Bishop Daniel Pilarczyk of Cincinnati in 1982.[43] In 2008, Pope Benedict XVI named Bishop Dennis Schnurr of the Diocese of Duluth as coadjutor archbishop in Cincinnati to assist Pilarczyk. When he retired in 2009, Schnurr automatically replaced him.[44] In 2010, Schnurr revoked archdiocese permission for a "Violence Against Women" event at Seton High School in Cincinnati because one of the speakers supported abortion rights for women. The sponsors disinvited the speaker, but the archdiocese still denied its support for the event.[45]

In May 2020, Schnurr decided not to renew the contract of Jim Zimmerman, a teacher at Archbishop Alter High School in Kettering, because Zimmerman was part of a same-sex marriage. A teacher at the school for 23 years, Zimmerman had been open about his marriage with school officials, other faculty and students. According to Zimmerman, his principal told him that a community member had alerted Schnurr about the marriage. Zimmerman's supporters accused Schnurr of homophobia, which he strongly denied.[46]

In July 2021, Schnurr said that he disapproved of a town hall being held by President Joe Biden at Mount Saint Joseph University in Cincinnati, but admitted he had no power to block it. Schnurr did not explain his reasoning.[47] Schnurr said that he would have never approved this event on archdiocese property.[48]

In October 2021, Schnurr announced a plan for the restructuring of the archdiocese that could close 70% of its churches.[49] Parishes were to be grouped into "parish families" overseen by a single pastor. In the long term, each parish family was expected to merge its parishes into a single parish. Reorganization plans were scheduled to be finalized in 2022.[50]

Pope Francis accepted Schnurr's resignation on February 12, 2025, and named Bishop Robert G. Casey as archbishop of Cincinnati. Schnurr was appointed by Pope Francis to serve as apostolic administrator until Casey's installation.[51][52]

Sexual abuse

In 1991, George Cooley from Guardian Angels Parish in Mount Washington, pleaded guilty to sexually molesting four boys during the 1980s. He was laicized soon after his conviction.[53][54] In November 2003, following a sexual abuse scandal and two-year investigation by the Hamilton County prosecutor's office, Archbishop Pilarczyk entered a plea of nolo contendere regarding five misdemeanor charges of failure to report allegations of child molestation from the 1970s and 1980s.[55] The court fined the archdiocese $10,000.[56][57]

In July 2018, Geoff Drew was accused of sending inappropriate text messages to a 17-year-old boy. In August 2019, Schnurr removed Binzer from his position as head of priest personnel.[58] In May 2020, the Vatican accepted Binzer's resignation as auxiliary bishop in Cincinnati.[59] In August 2019, police arrested Drew and charged him with nine counts of sex abuse while serving as a music teacher at St. Ignatius School.[60] He pleaded guilty in December 2021 and was sentenced to seven years in prison.[61]

Barry Stechschulte in October 2024 resigned from St. Susanna Parish in Mason, Ohio. It had been revealed that in 2012 he had ordered the destruction of a computer hard drive that contained inappropriate pictures of children stored there by someone else. Stechschulte did not report the images to police until 2012. Stechschulte was transferred to a different parish.[62]

Religious orders and congregations

Members of religious orders and congregations staff schools and parishes in the Archdiocese of Cincinnati and serve in a variety of social service roles. Sarah Peter, a prominent Catholic convert and philanthropist, helped finance the relocation of many religious sisters from Europe to Cincinnati during the 19th century.[63]

Bishops

Bishops of Cincinnati

  1. Edward Fenwick (1822–1832)
  2. John Baptist Purcell (1833–1850), elevated to archbishop

Archbishops of Cincinnati

  1. John Baptist Purcell (1850–1883)
  2. William Henry Elder (1883–1903; coadjutor archbishop 1880–1883)
  3. Henry K. Moeller (1903–1925; coadjutor archbishop 1903)
    - Joseph Chartrand (appointed 1925, did not take effect)
  4. John Timothy McNicholas (1925–1950)
  5. Karl Joseph Alter (1950–1969)
  6. Paul Francis Leibold (1969–1972)
  7. Joseph Bernardin (1972–1982), appointed archbishop of Chicago (cardinal in 1983)
  8. Daniel Edward Pilarczyk (1982–2009)
  9. Dennis Marion Schnurr (2009–2025; coadjutor archbishop 2008–2009)
  10. Robert Gerald Casey (2025–present)

Former auxiliary bishops

Other diocesan priests who became bishops

Education

The archdiocese administers 110 associated parochial schools and diocesan elementary schools.[64][65] As of 2021, over 73,000 students were enrolled in the archdiocese's 115 schools, making it the sixth largest Catholic school system in the United States.[66] In Hamilton County, where most private schools were run by the archdiocese, nearly a quarter of students (36,684 as of 2007) attended private schools, a rate only second to St. Louis County in Missouri.[67]

The 23 Catholic high schools in the region operated under varying degrees of archdiocesan control. Several were owned and operated by the archdiocese, while other interparochial schools were run by groups of parishes under archdiocesan supervision. Most of the interparochial and non-archdiocesan high schools were operated by religious institutes.[68]

Most of the schools' athletic teams belonged to the Greater Catholic League, which consisted of a co-ed division, the Girls Greater Cincinnati League, and a division for all-male schools.[69]

The archdiocese also included 92 parochial and diocesan elementary schools, with a combined enrollment of 30,312, as of 2011 ( ACE Consulting 2011, p. 91). These schools were in the urban and suburban areas of Cincinnati and Dayton, as well as some of the smaller towns within the archdiocesan boundaries. Each parochial school is owned and operated by its parish, rather than by the archdiocese's Catholic Schools Office.

In March 2011, the archdiocese announced its intention of eventually unifying the schools under one school system.[70] As of 2015, the interim superintendent of Catholic Schools was Susie Gibbons.[71]

High schools in the Archdiocese of Cincinnati
Name Founded Sex Location Ownership
Archbishop Alter 1962 Co-ed Kettering Archdiocesan[72]
Badin 1966 Co-ed Hamilton Interparochial[73]
Carroll 1961 Co-ed Dayton Archdiocesan[74]
Catholic Central 1929 Co-ed Springfield Archdiocesan[75]
Chaminade Julienne 1973 Co-ed Dayton Marianists,
Srs. of Notre Dame[76]
DePaul Cristo Rey 2011 Co-ed Cincinnati Srs. of Charity[77]
Elder 1922 Male Cincinnati Interparochial[78]
Bishop Fenwick 1952 Co-ed Middletown Archdiocesan
La Salle 1961 Male Cincinnati Archdiocesan[79]
Lehman Catholic 1970 Co-ed Sidney Archdiocesan[80]
Archbishop McNicholas 1951 Co-ed Cincinnati Interparochial[81]
Mercy McAuley 2018 Female Cincinnati Sisters of Mercy[82]
Moeller 1958 Male Cincinnati Marianist
Mount Notre Dame 1860 Female Reading Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur[83]
Purcell Marian 1980 Co-ed Cincinnati Archdiocesan[79]
Roger Bacon 1928 Co-ed St. Bernard Interparochial[79]
Royalmont Academy 1996 Co-ed Mason Independent[84]
Seton 1854 Female Cincinnati Parochial
St. Rita School for the Deaf 1915 Co-ed Cincinnati Independent[68]
St. Ursula Academy 1910 Female Cincinnati Independent (Ursulines)
St. Xavier 1831 Male Cincinnati Jesuit
Summit Country Day 1890 Co-ed Cincinnati Independent
Ursuline Academy 1896 Female Cincinnati Independent[85]

Media

Publications

The Archdiocese of Cincinnati publishes a monthly magazine, The Catholic Telegraph. Founded as a weekly newspaper in 1831, it is the oldest diocesan newspaper and second oldest Catholic newspaper in the United States. The Telegraph converted to a magazine format in 2020.[86] Its defunct sister newspaper, Der Wahrheitsfreund, was the first German Catholic newspaper in the country.[87]

The national magazine St. Anthony Messenger is published in Cincinnati by the Franciscan Friars with the archdiocese's ecclesiastical approval.

Radio stations

Several area Catholic radio stations, owned by separate entities, serve the archdiocese:

  • WNOP 740 AM licensed to Newport, Kentucky. "Sacred Heart Radio"[88]
  • WPFB 910 AM located in Middletown.[88]
  • WULM 1600 AM located in Springfield "Radio Maria" (based at KJMJ in Alexandria, Louisiana) serving portions of the Dayton area: a fifty-mile radius in the daytime. (ten mile radius at night) plus a sister station:
  • WHJM 88.7 FM licensed in Anna, transmitting from Botkins with a live studio located in Minster. It serves a forty-mile radius within the Upper Miami Valley and southern portions of the Lima area. Radio Maria also streams on the internet
  • WNKN 105.9 FM in Middletown, affiliate station of Relevant Radio[89]
  • WLRU-LP 106.9 FM in Hillsboro

Other stations reach into portions of the archdiocese:

Canonical status and jurisdiction

Archdiocese of Cincinnati is a metropolitan archdiocese of the Catholic Church.[90]

From the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia

The Archdiocese of Cincinnati (Cincinnatiensis) comprises that part of the State of Ohio lying south of 40 degrees, 41 minutes, being the counties south of the northern line of Mercer, Auglaize, Hardin, all west of the eastern line of Marion, Union, and Madison counties, and all west of the Scioto River to the Ohio River, an area of 12,043 square miles. The see was erected 19 June, 1821; the archdiocese created 19 July, 1850.

Early Missionary Life

As early as 1749 a Jesuit, Joseph de Bonnecamp, had traversed Northern and Eastern Ohio with De Blainville, who at the time was taking possession of the Valley of the Ohio in the name of France. In 1751 another Jesuit, Armand de la Richardie, established a mission station at Sandusky. In 1795 Rev. Edmund Burke (afterwards first Bishop of Halifax) spent a short time among the Indians along the Maumee, but with little success. In 1790 a colony of French settlers located at Gallipolis on the Ohio, and Dom Peter Joseph Didier, a Benedictine monk, built a church, but growing discouraged left after a few years. The Rev. Stephen T. Badin visited Gallipolis in 1796. Bishop Flaget of Bardstown had charge at this time of Kentucky and Tennessee and the territory divided to-day into the States of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Ohio. In company with Father Badin he made a tour of Northern Ohio, passing through Chilicothe, Lancaster, and Somerset. The country was nothing but primeval forest. He met the first Catholics at what is to-day known as Somerset, and in response to their earnest appeal he asked the Dominicans to come to their spiritual aid. In this way Father Fenwick, in later years the first Bishop of Cincinnati, was commissioned to take charge. It was here that he met John Fink, and in the latter's house, on the spot now occupied by the Somerset High School, the Sacrifice of the Mass was first offered for the asembled thirteen families. Some two years later Father Fenwick visited Somerset a second time, and secured from the Dittoe family a tract of three hundred acres for the Dominican Order on condition that a church and monastery be erected as early as possible. The buildings, at first small and primitive, have since been replaced by the more beautiful and commodious structure of St. Joseph's Priory. It was early in 1811 that the first attempt was made to organize a congregation in Cincinnati. The Catholics interested in the work met on 13 December in the house of Joseph Fabler, but no definite action was taken. Bishop Flaget was passing through Cincinnati in 1814 on one of his episcopal visitations. The city, which to-day numbers within its corporate limits 400,000 people, and is one of the great centres of art, commerce, education, and religion, was at the time practically a wilderness dotted here and there with a small number of log-cabins reared by the sturdy settlers. On this occasion he met the representatives of the Catholic families of Cincinnati. Their names, recorded in the early annals of the church, were Michael Scott, Patrick Reilly, Edward Lynch, Patrick Gohegan, John McMahon, John White, P. Walsh, and Robert Ward. Mr. Scott was one of the earliest Catholic settlers in Ohio, coming from Baltimore in 1805 and eventually moving to Cincinnati. It was in his house that Bishop Flaget, on the occasion of his first visit, celebrated the first Mass in Cincinnati; on this occasion the bishop urged the erection of a church as soon as means would permit. Their faith, courage, and spirit of sacrifice can be truly appreciated when one remembers the obstacles which confronted them, and the spirit of religious bigotry with which they were obliged to contend. A city ordinance forbade the erection of a Catholic church within the city limits. An appeal for assistance to the Catholics in the East met with a ready and generous response, property was secured on the north-west corner of Vine and Liberty Streets, and with logs cut in the timberland of William Reilly, in Mayslick, Ky., rafted to Cincinnati, and carted by oxen to the site outside the corporate limits, they constructed in 1822 the first Catholic Church in Cincinnati, a plain, barn-like structure. On the recommendation of Bishop Flaget, Ohio was made a diocese 19 June, 1821, with Cincinnati as the see.

Bishops

Edward Fenwick

Edward Fenwick, a native of Maryland and a member of the Dominican Order, was appointed the first Bishop of Cincinnati, and made Administrator Apostolic of Michigan and the eastern part of the North-western Territory. He was consecrated by Bishop Flaget in St. Rose's Church, Washington County, Kentucky, 13 January, 1822, and arriving in Cincinnati the same year he took up his residence at the junction of Ludlow and Lawrence Streets in a small house which served as an episcopal palace and a place of worship. His cathedral, the log-church on the outskirts of the city, was several miles distant and at times almost inaccessible. The prohibitive ordinance had in the meantime been withdrawn, and the little edifice was placed on rollers and moved by oxen through the streets of Cincinnati to the site now occupied by the College of St. Francis Xavier. Shortly before, the diocese being without priests, churches, or schools, Bishop Fenwick made a trip to Europe in quest of aid. Having received generous assistance from the nobility of France and the reigning pontiff, he purchased upon his return the ground on Sycamore Street (the present site of St. Francis Xavier's church), and on 19 May, 1825, the corner-stone of the old St. Peter's Cathedral was laid. The completed edifice was dedicated by Bishop Fenwick 17 December, 1826. The Athenæum, dedicated to St. Francis Xavier, was opened 11 May, 1829, with Rev. H. Montgomery as rector, four theological and six preparatory students. Among the many gifts which the bishop had received in Europe was a printing press, and from this went forth in October, 1831, the first edition of "The Catholic Telegraph", one of the oldest Catholic papers in the United States. At this time the clergy were few; the diocese extended from the Ohio River to the Lakes; the Catholics, limited in number, were scattered over the most distant points, and the bishop was compelled to visit his flock by stage, on horseback, or on foot. Cholera was raging throughout his diocese in 1832, and on 26 September of the same year he was stricken and died at Wooster. His remains were brought to Cincinnati and deposited in the old cathedral, now St. Francis Xavier's, 11 February, 1833. In 1846 they were transferred to the new cathedral, where they now repose. When he assumed charge of the diocese, in 1822, his flock numbered fifty families, the churches did not exceed five, and his clergy were the few pioneers brought from Europe; when he died, in 1832, the Catholic population had grown to seven thousand. The churches throughout the diocese and the clergy had increased proportionately; a cathedral and seminary had been erected.

(2) John Baptist Purcell

John Baptist Purcell was consecrated second Bishop of Cincinnati, 13 October, 1833, in the Baltimore cathedral, Archbishop Whitfield being the consecrating prelate. Immediately after his consecration Bishop Purcell attended the Second Provincial Council of Baltimore, and then with borrowed funds set out for his see. Upon his arrival in Cincinnati, 14 November, 1833, he found there only one church - St. Peter's Cathedral. Four Sisters of Charity had arrived in Cincinnati 27 October, 1829, to take charge of the first cathedral school, and with six orphans under their care started the first asylum for orphans in the diocese. The diocese was growing and clergy were needed. The seminary was removed from the city to Brown County in 1839; but in 1845 it was brought back to the city, and the seminarists continued their studies in the Jesuit college under Father Nota up to 1848, when they were transferred to the episcopal residence, under the supervision of the Rev. David Whelan. On 27 January, 1847, Michael and Patrick Considine conveyed to the bishop a tract of five acres on Price Hill for a new seminary, of which the corner-stone was laid on 19 July, 1848. The centre wing was solemnly blessed and opened 2 October, 1851, under the name of Mount St. Mary's of the West. From this institution went forth for a half-century the clergy of the Middle West. Its history is inseparably interwoven with the history of the diocese, and its students cherished with feelings of reverence the names of its presidents, Fathers Hallinan, Quinlan, Barry, Rosecrans, Pabisch, Hecht, Byrne, Murray, and Mackey, all men of great learning and deep piety. In 1904 it was transferred to its present site. Cedar Point, Hamilton County, Ohio. The first German parish church, the Holy Trinity, was erected in 1834, and the Rev. John Martin Henni, afterwards the first Archbishop of Milwaukee, was the first pastor. In 1837 he founded the "Wahrheitsfreund", the first German Catholic paper in the United States. In 1907 it was merged with the "Ohio Waisenfreund". Bishop Purcell was always an ardent advocate of Catholic education and a pioneer in the defence of parochial schools. The progress of Catholicity was such in the thirties as to cause alarm in certain quarters. Lyman Beecher's "Plea for the West" had gone forth, and the sentiment it moulded found expression in the Purcell-Campbell debate. The Ohio College of Teachers was in session, and the occasion was seized by the Rev. Alexander Campbell to accuse the Catholic Church of being an enemy to enlightenment. He issued a challenge for an open debate; it was accepted, though reluctantly, by Bishop Purcell. The debate commenced 13 January, 1837, in the Campbellite church, and continued for seven days. Much of the existing prejudice was removed, and the numerous conversions to Catholicity following the controversy were ample proof that the Church and its doctrines had been ably and eloquently defended by the young Bishop of Cincinnati. From this time an impetus was given to the spread of Catholicity in Cincinnati and throughout the diocese. The fertility and wealth of the Ohio Valley had become known; many immigrated from the Eastern States, and Ohio received a large proportion of the Europeans whom unsatisfactory conditions at home induced to cross the sea to seek their fortunes in the New World.

Communities of sisterhoods were invited to share the burden of supplying the growing needs of religion. The Sisters of Charity arrived in Cincinnati in 1829; the Sisters of Notre-Dame in 1840; the Ursulines in 1845; the Sisters of the Good Shepherd in 1857; the Sisters of Mercy and St. Francis in 1858; the Little Sisters of the Poor in 1868; and the Religious of the Sacred Heart in 1869. To these were added religious orders of men. The Jesuits established a house in 1840; and there followed in succeeding years the Fathers of the Precious Blood (Sanguinists), the Franciscans, the Passionists, the Fathers of the Holy Cross, and the Brothers of Mary. The corner-stone of the present St. Peter's Cathedral was laid in 1841; it was consecrated in 1845. The personality of the bishop was strong and magnetic, and attracted all classes to him. The first German orphan asylum for boys was opened in 1839, and that for girls in 1843. Eventually they were combined, and the German Orphan Asylum at Bond Hill is the successful outgrowth of both. Under the auspices of the St. Peter Benevolent Association for Orphans, formed 25 December, 1833, St. Joseph's Orphan Asylum was opened on 24 July, 1855. It is a monument to the generosity of the people and ministers to the needs of the four hundred inmates. Sixteen churches were built in the city and the immediate neighbourhood; the parochial schools were equally numerous. The Catholic population now exceeded 50,000, and it was deemed necessary to erect a second diocese for the northern half of the state, at Cleveland, of which, on 10 October, 1847, the Rev. Amadeus Rappe was consecrated the first bishop. Not long afterwards Cincinnati was made an archiepiscopal see (19 July, 1850).

In 1853 a wave of Know-Nothingism was sweeping over the country. Philadelphia and Louisville had been the scenes of riotous outbreaks. The Most Rev. Cajetan Bedini, titular Archbishop of Thebes, who had been appointed nuncio to the court of Brazil, and had been commissioned to investigate certain causes of complaint at Buffalo and Philadelphia, arrived at Cincinnati in Juine, 1853. Prior to his coming popular prejudice was appealed to, his character was maligned, and crimes imputed to him of which he was innocent. On his arrival in Cincinnati the smouldering spirit of Know-Nothingism was fanned into a flame. On Christmas night, 1853, while the guest of the Archbishop of Cincinnati, a mob determined upon his death marched to the cathedral, threatening to burn it. The loyalty of the people to their archbishop, who counselled prudence and forbearance, put to shame and disarmed the spirit of revolt, while the action of the mob, disgracing the hospitality of Cincinnati by insulting an unoffending visitor of one of her citizens, was abhorred by every lover of law and order. Archbishop Hughes was the champion of the Church in the East and the vigilant guardian of her interests; Archbishop Purcell was the power which moulded her destiny in the West. His tongue and pen were always active in her defence. Broadminded and devoted to truth, he was loved by all, irrespective of creed. Convinced that he was right, he never swerved from the path which duty marked out for him to follow. Able and wise and fearless as a churchman, he was none the less loyal as a citizen. When the clouds of civil war were gathering, he proclaimed himself an advocate of the Union in opposition to the sentiments of a large number of his people, hoisted the flag upon the cathedral spire, and delivered an address, classic in thought and expression, which breathed the spirit of the patriot and lover of peace. He was signally honoured by Pius IX; and on the silver jubilee of his priesthood and episcopacy, in 1851 and 1858, on his return from the Vatican Council, and on the occasion of the golden jubilee of his priesthood in 1876, the clergy and laity, non- Catholic and Catholic, vied with each other in their demonstrations of devotion to this patriarch of the West, who had laboured incessantly for half a century in the vineyard of the Lord.

Father Edward Purcell, the archbishop's brother, had conducted for years a private system of banking. Simple in its beginning and easy of control, it assumed in the course of years proportions which passed, it may be, beyond the grasp and management of an individual. The crisis and financial reverses came in 1879, it is not know how. In his eagerness to compensate the creditors, Archbishop Purcell attempted to assume the responsibility of the bankruptcy. The courts decided that the obligation was not diocesan, that Father Purcell was individually responsible, and that churches and institutions were liable for borrowed monies only. This indebtedness (of churches and institutions), amounting to some $200,000, was paid. The event hastened the death of Father Edward Purcell, and that of his brother followed on 4 July, 1883, at St. Martin's, Brown County, Ohio, where his remains now rest. The sorrow was universal. Some, it is true, in the hour of their losses, were disposed to blame, but the majority of citizens, Catholic and Protestant, believed firmly in the honesty of purpose of the deceased archbishop and his brother, whose only faults, if such they may be called, were their forgetfulness of self and their willingness to aid their struggling people. The diocese, which in 1833 comprised the State of Ohio, had grown from infancy to full manhood-400 churches and 100 chapels raised their crosses heavenward. The Catholic population amounted to 450,000, more than 85,000 being in Cincinnati alone. He found one church in Cincinnati upon his arrival; there were now upwards of thirty. The original diocese (embracing Cincinnati, Cleveland, and Columbus) employed the services of 400 clergymen, 52 religious communities, 3 theological seminaries, 3 colleges, 25 academic institutions for girls, 22 orphan asylums, 1 protectory for boys, 6 hospitals, 40 charitable institutions, and 266 parochial schools. The Archdiocese of Cincinnati at the time of his death had 180,000 Catholics.

(3) William Henry Elder

William Henry Elder, Bishop of Natchez, Mississippi, was transferred to the titular See of Avara and made coadjutor to the Archbishop of Cincinnati, with the right of succession, 30 January, 1880, and succeeded to the See of Cincinnati 4 July, 1883. He had been the first to extend his sympathy and to volunteer assistance to his predecessor in the hour of his affliction. He entered upon his episcopal duties during the crucial period of the financial failure. Its settlement was brought about largely through the prudence and wisdom of his administration. He received from Reuben R. Springer the generous bequest of $100,000, and in 1887 he reopened Mount St. Mary's Seminary of the West, which had been closed for eight years. In 1890 he founded St. Gregory's Preparatory Seminary at Cedar Point, Hamilton County, the Very Rev. J. C. Albrinck being its first rector. In 1904 it was transferred to Cincinnati and made a day college. Saintly and retiring, the archbishop exercised an influence silent but effective by the unostentatious sanctity of his life. Judicious at critical moments, he ruled wisely. A true lover of souls, he could be found in the confessional up to the close of his eighty- fifth year. He adhered closely to the laws of the Church, and exacted a similar fidelity in others. Two provincial councils were called, in 1883 and 1888. Several synods were convened and regulations framed, creating system and smoothness in the working of the archdiocese. The zeal of his predecessor characterized his efforts in behalf of Catholic education. Charitable institutions were placed upon a firm basis, and the administration of parishes made more methodical. He was loved by all during life, and was mourned by all at his death, 31 October, 1904.

(4) Henry Moeller

Henry Moeller, consecrated Bishop of Columbus, Ohio, 25 August, 1900, was promoted to the archiepiscopal See of Areopolis and made coadjutor to Archbishop Elder, with the right of succession, 27 April, 1903. He had been for twenty years Chancellor of the Archdiocese of Cincinnati, previous to his appointment to the See of Columbus.

Causes of Growth

Up to 1829 there was practically no immigration to the West. In after years the fertility and wealth of the country lying between the Eastern mountains and the Mississippi directed thither the tide of incoming Europeans. The Irish famine of 1848, and political disturbances in Germany about the same time, sent large numbers of Irish and Germans to America. Friends had preceded them, and glowing accounts of the agricultural possibilities of Ohio attracted many to the Ohio Valley. Steamboat facilities after 1830 and railroads after 1838 contributed largely to increase the population. The Civil War did not retard materially the progress of religion.

Pioneer Priests

The following are worthy of mention: Revs. E. Fenwick, S. T. Badin, J. J. Young, E. Thienpont, J. B. Lamy, Joseph P. Machebeuf, Frederic Rese, J. Ferneding, J. Reed, J. H. Luers, H. D. Juncker, Martin J. Henni, H. Kundig, B. Toebbe, W. Cheymol, J. J. Mullon, Thos. Bolger, and the Jesuits Joseph de Bonnecamp and Armand de la Richardie. Eight of these priests were raised to the episcopate. Among the laymen of distinction, the Fink and Dittoe families in the early years of the Church in Ohio deserve to be remembered. In subsequent years the following merit special mention: Patrick and Michael Considine, John and Joseph Slevin, Stephen Boyle, Chas. Conahan, Joseph and Patrick Rogers, Joseph Butler, Joseph Heman, J. P. Carberry, Dr. Bonner, Col. McGroarty, James F. Meline, N. H. Hickman, Joseph Kline, B. VerKamp, F. A. Grever, Reuben R. Springer, Patrick Poland, Joseph Nurre, H. Himmelgarn, Joseph Niehaus, and Nicholas Walsh. Mrs. Sarah Peter was active in the founding of convents.

SHEA, Hist. Cath. Church in the United States (New York, 1889-1892); O'GORMAN, Roman Catholic Church in the United States (New York, 1895); KELLY AND KIRWIN, History of Mt. St. Mary's Seminary of the West (Cincinnati, 1894); HOUCK, A History of Catholicity in Northern Ohio (Cleveland, 1902); The Catholic Telegraph (Cincinnati) files; REUSS, Bib. Cycl. of the Cath. Hierarchy of the U. S. (Milwaukee, 1898); Catholic Directory (1908).

M.P. O'BRIEN

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