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Diocese of Orléans

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Diocese of Orléans
Dioecesis Aurelianensis
Diocèse d'Orléans
Orléans Cathedral
Orléans Cathedral
Location
Country France
Territory Loiret
Ecclesiastical province Tours
Metropolitan Archdiocese of Tours
Statistics
Area 6,811 km2 (2,630 sq mi)
Population
Total
Catholics 		(as of 2023)
682,000 (est.)
450,320 (est.)
Parishes 261
Information
Denomination Catholic
Sui iuris church Latin Church
Rite Roman Rite
Established 4th Century (?)
Cathedral Cathedral Basilica of the Holy Cross in Orléans
Patron saint Saint Aignan
Secular priests 72 (Diocesan)
21 (Religious Orders)
35 Permanent Deacons
Current leadership
Pope Leo XIV
Bishop Jacques André Blaquart
Metropolitan Archbishop Vincent Jordy
Map
Website
catholique-orleans.cef.fr

The Diocese of Orléans (Latin: Dioecesis Aurelianensis; French: Diocèse d'Orléans) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in France. The diocese currently corresponds to the Départment of Loiret. The city is 133 kilometers (83 miles) south-southwest of Paris.

The diocese has experienced a number of transfers among different metropolitans. In 1622, the diocese was suffragan of the Archdiocese of Paris; previously the diocese had been a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Sens. From 1966 until 2001 it was under the jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Bourges, but since the provisional reorganisation of French ecclesiastical provinces, it is now subject to the Archdiocese of Tours.

After the Revolution it was re-established by the Concordat of 1802. It then included the Departments of Loiret and Loir et Cher, but in 1822 Loir et Cher was moved to the new Diocese of Blois.

The current bishop is Jacques André Blaquart, who was appointed in 2010. In 2021, in the Diocese of Orleans, there was one priest for every 4,306 Catholics.

Jurisdiction

The present Diocese of Orléans differs considerably from that of the old regime; it has lost the arrondissement of Romorantin which has passed to the Diocese of Blois and the canton of Janville, now in the Diocese of Chartres. It includes the arrondissement of Montargis, formerly subject to the Archdiocese of Sens, the arrondissement of Gien, once in the Burgundian Diocese of Auxerre, and the canton of Châtillon sur Loire, once belonging to the Archdiocese of Bourges.

History

Foundation myth

To Gerbert, Abbot of St. Pierre le Vif at Sens (1046–79), is due a detailed narrative according to which Saint Savinianus and Saint Potentianus were sent to Sens by St. Peter with St. Altinus; the latter, it was said, came to Orléans as its first bishop.[1] Before the ninth century there is no historical trace in the Diocese of Sens of this Apostolic mission of St. Altinus, nor in the Diocese of Orléans before the end of the fifteenth. Christianity was an illegal cult in Roman law until the Edict of Milan.[2]

Diclopitus is the first authentic bishop; he figures among the bishops of Gaul who (about 344) ratified the absolution of St. Athanasius. Other bishops of the early period are: St. Euvertius (who features in the Calendar of the Book of Common Prayer), about 355 to 385, according to M. Cuissard; Anianus (385–453), who invoked the aid of the "patrician" Ætius against the invasion of Attila, and forced the Huns to raise the siege of Orléans [see Gregory of Tours, The History of the Franks II.6-7]; St. Prosper (453–63); St. Monitor (about 472); St. Flou (Flosculus), died in 490; St. Eucherius (717-43), native of Orléans and a monk of Jumièges, who protested against the depredations of Waifre, a companion of Charles Martel, and was first exiled by this prince to Cologne, then to Liège, and died at the monastery of St. Trond.

Cathedral

The cathedral of Sainte Croix, perhaps built and consecrated by Bishop Euvertius in the fourth century, was destroyed by fire in 999, and rebuilt between 1278 and 1329; the Protestants pillaged and destroyed it during the Wars of Religion, from 1562 to 1567; the Bourbon kings restored the cathedral in the 17th century.[3]

In 816, the Emperor Louis the Pious held a council at Aix, at which it was ordered that Canons and Canonesses live together according to a set of rules (canons, regulae), expressed in great detail.[4] In the Roman synod of Pope Eugene II of November 826, it was ordered that Canons live together in a cloister next to the church.[5] In 876, the Council of Pavia decreed in Canon X that the bishops should enclose the Canons: uti episcopi in civitatibus suis proximum ecclesiae claustrum instituant, in quo ipsi cum clero secundum canonicam regulam Deo militent, et sacerdotes suos ad hoc constringant, ut ecclesiam non relinquant et alibi habitare praesumant.[6] The term "canon" (canonicatus) first appears at Orléans next to the signatures of eight persons in a charter of Bishop Isambard in 1038.[7]

The cathedral of Sainte-Croix was served and administered by the Chapter, which was composed of twelve dignities (including the Dean, the Subdean, the Cantor, the five Archdeacons,[8] the Scholasticus, the Subcantor, the Penitentiary, and the Archpriest) and forty six-canons (one of whom was the Theologus).[9] The earliest known dean, Humbert, in 974, bears the old title "abbot", but in 1027, Erfred signs himself decanus, and the title abbot disappears.[10]

Plagues in Orléans

It is recorded that in the early Middle Ages, there were plagues in 590. 874, and 906, and a plague of locusts in 1043. Leprosy was alreeady known in Orléans by 549, when the Fifth Council of Orléans ordered the bishops to take care of the sufferers.[11] Nothing is known about the Black Death in Orléans in 1348–1349; the record of morbidity and mortality kept by the Hotel-Dieu is either missing or was never written.[12] Records do survive testifying to its bloody reappearance in 1414, 1430, 1458 and 1482–1483. In 1430, the plague carried off the hospital's chaplain, and the survivors were not able to find a replacement.[13] In the 16th century, there were twenty-two outbreaks of the plague; in 1529, 2383 burials were reported; in 1530, 2736; in 1531, 3080; in 1532, 2675; in 1533, 2752 burials.[14] In 1562, from August to November, according to a report of Theodore de Béze, the Protestant leader, more than 10,000 persons died in Orléans.[15]

Abbey of Micy

After his victory over the Alamanni, the Frankish king Clovis was bent on the sack of Verdun, but the archpriest there obtained mercy for his fellow-citizens. To St. Euspicius and his nephew St. Mesmin (Maximinus), Clovis also gave the domain of Micy, near Orléans at the confluence of the Loire and the Loiret, for a monastery (508). When Euspicius died, the said St. Maximinus became abbot, and during his rule the religious life flourished there notably. The monks of Micy contributed much to the civilization of the Orléans region; they cleared and drained the lands and taught the semi-barbarous inhabitants the worth and dignity of agricultural work. Early in the eighth century, Theodulfus restored the Abbey of Micy and at his request St. Benedict of Aniane sent fourteen monks and visited the abbey himself.[16]

From Micy monastic life spread within and around the diocese. St. Liphardus and St. Urbicius founded the Abbey of Meung-sur-Loire; St. Lyé (Lætus) died a recluse in the forest of Orléans; Viator of Orleans in Sologne; St. Doulchard in the forest of Ambly near Bourges. Leonard of Noblac introduced the monastic life into the territory of Limoges; St. Almir, St. Ulphacius, and St. Bomer in the vicinity of Montmirail; St. Calais (died before 536) and St. Leonard of Vendœuvre (died about 570) in the valley of the Sarthe; St. Fraimbault, and the aforesaid St. Bomer (died about 560) in the Passais near Laval; St. Leonard of Dunois; St. Alva and St. Ernier in Perche; St. Laumer (died about 590) became Abbot of Corbion. St. Lubin (Leobinus), a monk of Micy, became Bishop of Chartres from 544 to 56. Finally Agilus, Viscount of Orléans (died after 587), was also a protector of Micy.[17]

The last abbot of Micy, Chapt de Rastignac, was one of the victims of the 1792 "September Massacres", at Paris, in the prison of L'Abbaye.[18]

Theodulf

Charlemagne had the church of St. Aignan rebuilt, and reconstructed the monastery of St. Pierre le Puellier.

It is not known when Bishop Theodulfus began to govern, but it is certain that he was already bishop in 798, when Charlemagne sent him into Narbonne and Provence as missus dominicus. Under king Louis le Débonnaire he was accused of aiding the rebellious King of Italy, was deposed and imprisoned four years in a monastery at Angers, but was released when Louis came to Angers in 821, reportedly after hearing Theodulfus sing "All Glory, Laud and Honour." The "Capitularies" which Theodulfus addressed to the clergy of Orléans are considered a most important monument of Catholic tradition on the duties of priests and the faithful. His Ritual, his Penitential, his treatise on baptism, confirmation and the Eucharist, his edition of the Bible, a work of fine penmanship preserved in the Puy cathedral, reveal him as one of the foremost men of his time.[19] His fame rests chiefly on his devotion to the spread of learning. The Abbey of Ferrières was then becoming under Alcuin a centre of learning. Theodulfus opened the Abbey of Fleury to the young noblemen sent thither by Charlemagne, invited the clergy to establish free schools in the country districts, and quoted for them, "These that are learned shall shine as the brightness of the firmament: and they that instruct many to justice, as stars to all eternity" (Dan., xii 3). One monument of his time still survives in the diocese, the apse of the church of Germigny-des-Prés modelled after the imperial chapel, and yet retaining its unique mosaic decoration.

In October 856, the Northmen invaded and surrounded Orléans, which was able to avoid pillage and burning by the payment of a large sum of money. The Northmen turned their attention instead on the abbey of Saint-Micy, which was entirely destroyed. They burned Paris in 857, and returned to Orléans in 865, when they destroyed part of the fortifications, pillaged the city, and put it to the torch. The churches went up in flames, except for the cathedral. They then turned on the abbey of Saint-Benedict in Fleury, which they found entirely evacuated; nonetheless, they set fire to all the buildings.[20]

In the cathedral of Orléans on 31 December 987, Hugh Capet had his son Robert (born at Orléans) crowned king.

Pope Innocent II and Bernard of Clairvaux visited Fleury and Orléans in 1130.

Education

Already by the 12th century, the School of Grammar and Rhetoric at Orléans was noted for its quality. In the medieval French poem, "The Battle of the Seven Arts," rhetoric is personified as the Lady of Orléans.[21] There were also teachers of law in the city. Orleans became an unexpected beneficiary of a decree issued by Pope Honorius III on 16 November 1219, prohibiting the teaching and learning of civil law at the University of Paris, on pain of excommunication. Numbeers of students and professors migrated to Orleans.[22] Scholarship in Orléans received another unintended benefit when the Masters of the University of Paris, in opposition to the royal court, the papal legate, and the bishop and clergy of Paris, suspended teaching and closed the university in 1229. Some teachers withdrew to England, to Oxford or Cambridge; others, particularly those in the legal facuolty, to French schools, particularly Orléans and Angers.[23] On 17 January 1235, Pope Gregory IX, in response to an inquiry from the bishop of Orléans, ruled that Honorius III's prohibitions extended only to Paris, and that the bishop was free to exercise his powers and allow the law to be taught and studied in his jurisdiction.[24]

On 27 January 1306, in the bull "Dum Perspicaciter", Pope Clement V (Bertrand de Got, who had been a student at Orléans) raised the studium of Orléans to the status of a university, with the same privileges as enjoyed by the University of Toulouse. The powers over the educational establishment which had once belonged to the Scholasticus of the cathedral Chapter were transferred to the bishop and the Masters.[25] The usual disorders between town and gown reached such an extent that Philip IV of France intervened in 1312, in favor of the magistrates of the city, and suppressed both the university and the "nations" of the students.[26] Abused by the domination of the magistrates, the university engaged in a secession of its own, and withdrew to Nevers in 1316.[27] In 1320, after negotiations with both Pope John XXII and King Philip V of France, the masters and students, with most of their privilege restored, returned to Orléans.[28] By 1337, the university had ten regent professors, presided over by a rector; the scholars were organized into ten "nations": France, Normandy, Champagne, Burgundy, Bourbon, Aquitaine, Picardy, Touraine, Scotland, and Germany.[29]

Later medieval history

The people of Orléans were so impressed by the preaching of the Breton Robert of Arbrissel in 1113 that he was invited by Bishop Jean (II) to found the monastery of La Madeleine for women,[30] which he re-visited in 1117 in the company of Abbot Bernard of Thiron.

The charitable deeds of Louis IX of France at Puiseaux, Châteauneuf-sur-Loire, and Orléans, where he was present at the translation of the relics of St. Aignan (26 October 1259),[31] and where he frequently went to care for the poor of the Hôtel Dieu, are well known. Pierre de Beaufort, Archdeacon of Sully and canon of Orléans, was, as Gregory XI (1371–8), the most recent French pope; he created Cardinal Jean de la Tour d'Auvergne, Abbot of St. Benoît-sur Loire.[32]

Bishop Milo de Chailli died at the papal court in Avignon on 15 March 1321.[33] Pope John XXII took advantage of the fact by exercising a special reservation on the episcopal see of Orléans, and, on 3 April 1321, appointed Roger de Fort, Dean of Bourges, as the new bishop.[34] He was the nephew of Guillaume de Laudun, lector in the Roman Curia, who became archbishop of Vienne on 27 February 1321, and then archbishop of Toulouse in 1327.[35] Bishop Roger de Fort was transferred to the diocese of Limoges by Pope John XXII on 23 December 1327. The pope took the opportunity to appoint a bishop of Orléans a second time, the Benedictine Abbot Jean of Saint-Médard in Soissons.[36]

In 1411, the archbishop of Sens Jean de Montaigu held a synod of the bishops of his province in Orléans to attempt to deal with the conflict between Charles, Duke of Orléans, and Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, both of whom had previously been excommunicated. The sentence against the duke of Burgundy was confirmed.[37]

In 1440, the Chapter of Sainte-Croix was in such financial straits that they had to sell the crozier and mitre of Bishop Guy de Prunelé (1394–1425) to the Chapter of Saint-Martin of Tours.[38]

Jeanne d'Arc

France was saved from English domination through the deliverance of Orléans by Joan of Arc (8 May 1429). She was executed as a relapsed heretic on 30 May 1431. On 21 July 1455, her rehabilitation was publicly proclaimed at Orléans in a solemn procession, and her mother, Isabel Romée, who died in November 1458, lived to see a monument erected in honour of her daughter, at Tournelles, near the Orléans bridge. The monument, destroyed by the Huguenots in 1567, was set up again in 1569, when the Catholics were once more masters of the city. Until 1792, and again from 1802 to 1830, and again from 1842 to the present day, a religious festival in honour of Joan d'Arc is celebrated annually on 8 May at Orléans.

Reformation and Countereformation

After her separation from Louis XII (1498), Joan of France, Duchess of Berry, Duchess of Orléans, established, early in the sixteenth century, the monastery of L'Annonciade at Châteauneuf-sur-Loire. Etienne Dolet (1509–46), a printer, philologian, and pamphleteer, executed at Paris as an atheist, and looked upon by some as a "martyr of the Renaissance", was a native of Orléans.[39]

Cardinal Odet de Coligny, who joined the Reformation about 1560, was Abbot of St. Euvertius,[40] of Fontainejean, Ferrières, and St. Benoît.[41] The Protestant leader, Admiral Coligny (1519–72), the principal victim of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, was born at Châtillon-sur-Loing in the present diocese.

At the beginning of the religious wars, Orléans was disputed between the followers of the Guise family and of the Protestant Condé.[42]

Despite the fact that he was appointed bishop in April 1552, Bishop Jean de Morvillier (1552–1564) was not able to make his formal entry into Orléans until 26 November 1559. The Chapter had complained on 3 November 1552 that they would not receive him because he wore a beard. In 1556, King Henry II intervened, announcing that he was sending the bishop on a diplomatic mission to countries which required that he be bearded. The Chapter finally gave way. In 1560, King Francis II and Queen Mary Stuart came to Orléans to preside over a meeting of the Estates.[43] The king died there on 5 December 1460.

In 1562, while Bishop Morvillier was in Italy, attending the Council of Trent the First French War of Religion (1562–1563) broke out.[44] In the vicinity of Orléans, François, Duke of Guise was assassinated on 24 February 1563.

The Calvinist Jacques Bongars, councillor and ambassador of King Henry IV of France, who collected and edited the chronicles of the Crusades in his "Gesta Dei per Francos", was born at Orléans in 1554, and died in Paris in 1612.[45] The Jesuit Denis Pétau (Dionysius Petavius), a renowned scholar and theologian, was born at Orléans in 1583.[46] Françoise de la Croix (1591–1657), a pupil of Vincent de Paul, who founded the congregation of Augustinian Sisters of Charity of Notre Dame, was born at Petay in the diocese (at the time in the diocese of Chartres).[47] St. Jane de Chantal, superior of the Sisters of the Visitation, visited the Orléans convent of the Visitation late in 1627. Madame Jeanne Guyon, a noted advocate of Quietism, was born at Montargis in 1648.[48]

French Revolution

On 2 November 1789, the National Assembly proclaimed that all ecclesiastical property was confiscated by the State.[49]

Even before it directed its attention to the Church directly, the National Constituent Assembly attacked the institution of monasticism. On 13 February 1790. it issued a decree which stated that the government would no longer recognize solemn religious vows taken by either men or women. In consequence, Orders and Congregations which lived under a Rule were suppressed in France. Members of either sex were free to leave their monasteries or convents if they wished, and could claim an appropriate pension by applying to the local municipal authority.[50]

The National Constituent Assembly ordered the replacement of political subdivisions of the ancien régime with subdivisions called "departments", to be characterized by a single administrative city in the center of a compact area. The decree was passed on 22 December 1789, and the boundaries fixed on 26 February 1790, with the effective date of 4 March 1790.[51] A new department was created, called "Loiret", and its administrative center was fixd at Orléans.[52]

The National Constituent Assembly then, on 6 February 1790, instructed its ecclesiastical committee to prepare a plan for the reorganization of the clergy. At the end of May, its work was presented as a draft Civil Constitution of the Clergy, which, after vigorous debate, was approved on 12 July 1790. There was to be one diocese in each department,[53] requiring the suppression of approximately fifty dioceses.[54] The former diocese of Orléans became the diocese of Loiret.[55] In place of the former ecclesiastical provinces, each headed by an archbishop, the National Assembly decreed ten new metropolitanates in France. The diocese of Loiret (formerly Orléans) was assigned to the metropolitanate of Paris.[56]

The Civil Constitution of the Clergy also abolished Chapters, canonries, prebends, and other offices both in cathedrals and in collegiate churches. It also abolished chapters in abbeys and priories of either sex, whether regular or secular.[57]

Of the 129 bishops of French dioceses alive on 1 January 1791, only four took it upon themselves to swear the oath of allegiance to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. One of them was Jarente de Senas d’Orgeval, Bishop of Orléans.[58]

Restoration

The French Directory fell in the coup engineered by Talleyrand and Napoleon on 10 November 1799. The coup resulted in the establishment of the French Consulate, with Napoleon as the First Consul. To advance his aggressive military foreign policy, he decided to make peace with the Catholic Church in France and with the Papacy.[59] In the concordat of 1801 with Pope Pius VII, and in the enabling papal bull, "Qui Christi Domini", the constitutional diocese of Cher and all the other dioceses in France, were suppressed. This removed all the institutional contaminations and novelties introduced by the Constitutional Church, and voided all of the episcopal appointments of both authentic and constitutional bishops.[60] The diocesan structure was then canonically re-established by the papal bull "Qui Christi Domini" of 29 November 1801, including the diocese of Orléans, which was named a suffragan (subordinate) of Paris.[61] The Concordat was registered as a French law on 8 April 1802.[62]

Recent history

In 1850, the diocese of Orléans was divided for administrative purposes into four archdeaconries (Orléans, Montargis, Pithiviers, and Gien) and twenty-nine deaneries; in addition there were five city deaneries. There were 429 priests in a population of 331,633.[63] The cathedral of Saint-Croix was a parish church for c. 8,000 persons.[64]

The Cathedral chapter consisted of 3 dignities (the Dean, the Subdean, and the Archpriest) and nine canons. There were in addition three canons of honor, the bishops of Langres, Tours, and Metz, each of which had an earlier connection to the diocese.[65]

The Church of Orléans was the last in France to give up the Gallican liturgy (1874) and take up the Roman liturgy, as required by the First Vatican Council.[66]

Prior to the Associations Law of 1901,[67] the Diocese of Orléans counted Franciscans, Benedictines, Missionary Priests of the Society of Mary, Lazarists, Missionaries of the Sacred Heart and several orders of teaching Brothers, including the Brothers of the Christian Schools.[68] Among the congregations of women[69] which originated in this diocese must be mentioned: the Benedictines of Our Lady of Calvary, a teaching and nursing order founded in 1617 by Princess Antoinette d'Orléans-Longueville, and authorized in the diocese of Orléans in 1827;[70] and the Capuchin François Leclerc du Tremblay, known as Père Joseph; the Sisters of St. Aignan, a teaching order founded in 1853 by Bishop Dupanloup, with mother-house in Orléans.[71]

Bishop Guy Riobé (1963–1978), took a public stand in opposition to nuclear weapons, which led to an altercation with a member of Georges Pompidou's government. His successor, Jean-Marie Lustiger, who had been born of a Polish Jewish family and had converted to Catholicism, was appointed in 1979, and shortly afterwards was transferred to the archdiocese if Paris; he was named a cardinal by Pope John Paul II on 2 February 1983, and elected a member of the Académie Française on 15 June 1995.

Bishops of Orléans

To 1200

  • Diclopitus (346)[72]
? Eortius (374?)[73]
  • Anianus (Agnan) (c. 451)[74]
  • Prosper (after 451–463?)[75]
  • Eusebius (c. 511)[76]
  • Leontius (c. 533)[77]
  • Antoninus (538)[78]
  • Marcus (c. 541–549)[79]
  • Namatius (c. 581–587)[80]
  • Austrinus (c. 594–604)[81]
  • Liudigislus (c. 614)[82]
  • Audo (c. 650–667)[83]
  • ? Sigobertus (c. 683)[84]
  • Suavaricus (c. 693–697)[85]
  • Eucherius of Orléans (c. 719–738)[86]
  • Deotimius (c. 790)[87]
  • Theodulfus (c. 798–821)[88]
  • Jonas (821 – 843)[89]
  • Agius
  • Walterius (c. 869–891)
  • Trohannus
  • Berno
  • Anselmus
  • Theodericus
  • Ermentheus
  • Arnulfus
  • Manasses
  • Arnulfus (II) (c. 987–1003)[90]
  • Fulco (1003– )[91]
  • Theodericus (II) (1016–1021)[92]
  • Odolricus (1021–1031)[93]
  • Isembardus
  • Hadericus
  • Rainerius (c. 1066–1082)
  • Arnulfus (III)
  • Joannes (1085–1096)[94]
  • Sanctio (1096)[95]
  • Jean (1096–1135 )[96]
  • Elias (1137–1146)[97]
  • Manasses (II) (1146–1185)[98]
  • Henricus (1186–1198)[99]

From 1200 to 1450

  • Hugo de Garlande (1198–1206)[100]
  • Manassas de Seignelay (1207–1221)[101]
  • Philippus de Jojaco (1221–1234)[102]
  • Philip Berruyer (1234–1236)[103]
  • Guilelmus de Bussi (1238–1258)[104]
  • Robert de Courtenay (1258–1279)
  • Egidius de Pa(s)te (1282–1288)
  • Pierre de Mornay (1288–1296)[105]
  • Ferricus (1296–1299)[106]
  • Bertrand de Saint-Denis (1299–1307)[107]
  • Radulfus Grosparmi (1308–1311)[108]
  • Milo de Chailli (1312–1321)
  • Roger le Fort (1321–1328)[109]
  • Jean de Conflans (1328–1349)[110]
  • Philippe de Conflans (1349)[111]
  • Jean de Montmorency (1349–1363)[112]
  • Hugues de Faydit (1363–1371)[113]
  • Jean Nicot (1371–1383) Avignon Obedience[114]
  • Fulco de Chanac (1383–1394) Avignon Obedience[115]
  • Guy de Prunelé (1394–1425?) Avignon Obedience[116]
  • Jean de S. Michel (Carmichael) (1426–1435)[117]
Sede vacante (1435–1438)
  • Guillaume Charrier (1438–1439)[118]
  • Regnault de Chartres (1439–1444) Apostolic Administrator[119]
  • Jean de Gué (1444–1447)[120]
  • Pierre Bureau (1447–1451)[121]

From 1450 to 1650

  • Johannes de Harecuria (1451–1452)[122]
  • Thibault d'Assigny (1452–1473)[123]
  • François de Brillac (1473–1504)[124]
  • Christophe de Brillac (1504–1514)[125]
  • Germain de Gannai (1514–1520)[126]
  • Jean d’Orléans-Longueville (1521–1533)[127]
  • Antoine Sanguin de Meudon (1533–1550)[128]
  • François de Faucon (1550–1551)[129]
  • Pierre du Chastel (1551–1552)[130]
  • Jean de Morvillier (1552–1564)[131]
  • Mathurin de la Saussaye (1564–1584)[132]
  • Denis Hurault (1584–1586)[133]
  • Germain Vaillant de Guelin (1586–1587)[134]
  • Jean de L’Aubespine (1588–1596)[135]
  • Gabriel de L’Aubespine (1604–1630)[136]
  • Nicolas de Netz (1631–1646)[137]

From 1650 to 1800

Sede vacate (1793–1802)[145]

Since 1802

  • Etienne-Alexandre-Jean-Baptiste-Marie Bernier (1802–1806)[146]
  • Claude-Louis Rousseau (1807–1810)[147]
Sede vacante (1810–1819)[148]
  • Pierre-Marin Rouph de Varicourt (1819–1822)[149]
  • Jean Brumauld de Beauregard (1823–1839)[150]
  • François-Nicholas-Madeleine Morlot (1839–1842)[151]
  • Jean-Jacques Fayet (1842–1849)[152]
  • Félix-Antoine-Philibert Dupanloup (1849–1878)[153]
  • Pierre-Hector Coullié (Couillié) (1878–1893)[154]
  • Stanislas-Arthur-Xavier Touchet (1894–1926)[155]
  • Jules-Marie-Victor Courcoux (1926–1951)[156]
  • Robert Picard de La Vacquerie (27 Aug 1951 Appointed – 23 May 1963 Resigned)
  • Guy-Marie-Joseph Riobé (23 May 1963 Succeeded – 18 Jul 1978 Died)
  • Jean-Marie Lustiger (1979–1981)[157]
  • René Lucien Picandet (13 Jun 1981 Appointed – 20 Oct 1997 Died)
  • Gérard Antoine Daucourt (1998–2002)[158]
  • André Louis Fort (28 Nov 2002 Appointed – 27 Jul 2010 Retired)
  • Jacques André Blaquart (27 Jul 2010 Appointed – )

Pilgrimages

The principal pilgrimages of the diocese are: Our Lady of Bethlehem, at Ferrières; Our Lady of Miracles in Orléans city, dating back to the seventh century (Joan of Arc visited the sanctuary on 8 May 1429); Our Lady of Cléry, dating from the thirteenth century, visited by kings Philip the Fair, Philip VI, and especially by Louis XI,[159] who wore in his hat a leaden image of Notre Dame de Cléry and who wished to have his tomb in this sanctuary where Jean de Dunois,[160] one of the heroes of the Hundred Years' War, was also interred.

See also

Canonical status and jurisdiction

Roman Catholic Diocese of Orléans is a diocese of the catholic church of the Catholic Church.[161]

From the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia

Diocese of Orléans — (AURELIANUM)

This Diocese comprises the Department of Loiret, suffragan of Paris since 1622, previously of Sens. After the Revolution it was re-established by the Concordat of 1802, when it included the Departments of Loiret and Loir et Cher, but in 1822 Loir et Cher was included in the new Diocese of Blois. The present Diocese of Orléans differs considerably from that of the old regime; it has lost the arrondissement of Romorantin which has passed to the Diocese of Blois and the canton of Janville, now in the Diocese of Chartres. It includes the arrondissement of Montargis, formerly subject to Sens, the arrondissement of Gien, once in the Diocese of Auxerre, and the canton de Châtillon sur Loire, once belonging to Bourges. To Gerbert, Abbot of St. Pierre le Vif at Sens (1046-79), is due a detailed narrative according to which Saints Savinianus and Potentianus were sent to Sens by St. Peter with St. Altirius; the latter, it was said, came to Orléans as its first bishop. Before the ninth century there is no historical trace in the Diocese of Sens of this Apostolic mission of St. Altinus, nor in the Diocese of Orléans before the end of the fifteenth. Diclopitus is the first authentic bishop; he figures among the bishops of Gaul who (about 344) ratified the absolution of St. Athanasius. Other bishops of the early period are: St. Euvertius, about 355 to 385, according to M. Cuissard; St. Aignan (Anianus) (385-453), who invoked the aid of the "patrician" Ætius against the invasion of Attila, and forced the Huns to raise the siege of Orléans; St. Prosper (453-63); St. Monitor (about 472); St. Flou (Flosculus), died in 490; St. Eucherius (717-43), native of Orléans and a monk of Jumièges, who protested against the depredations of Waifre, a companion of Charles Martel, and was exiled to Cologne by this prince, then to Liège, and died at the monastery of St. Trond.

Of the eighth-century bishops, Theodulfus was notable. It is not known when he began to govern, but it is certain that he was already bishop in 798, when Charlemagne sent him into Narbonne and Provence as missus dominicus. Under Louis le Débonnaire he was accused of aiding the rebellious King of Italy, was deposed and imprisoned four years in a monastery at Angers, but was released when Louis came to Angers in 821. The "Capitularies" which Theodulfus addressed to the clergy of Orléans are considered a most important monument of Catholic tradition on the duties of priests and the faithful. His Ritual, his Penitential, his treatise on baptism, confirmation, and the Eucharist, his edition of the Bible, a work of fine penmanship preserved in the Puy cathedral, reveal him as one of the foremost men of his time (see P. L., CV, 187). His fame rests chiefly on his devotion to the spread of learning. The Abbey of Ferrières was then becoming under Alcuin a centre of learning. Theodulfus opened the Abbey of Fleury to the young noblemen sent thither by Charlemagne, invited the clergy to establish free schools in the country districts, and quoted for them, "These that are learned shall shine as the brightness of the firmament: and they that instruct many to justice, as stars to all eternity" (Dan., xii 3). One monument of his time still survives in the diocese, the apse of the church of Germigny modelled after the imperial chapel, and yet retaining its unique mosaic decoration. Other noteworthy bishops are: Jonas (821-43), who wrote a treatise against the Iconoclasts, also a treatise on the Christian life and a book on the duties of kings (for these texts see P. L., CVI, 117); St. Thierry II (1016-21); Blessed Philip Berruyer (1234-6); Blessed Roger le Fort (1321-8); Cardinal Jean de Longueville (1521-33), who received Queen Eleanor, sister of Charles V, in the cathedral of Orléans, and King Francis I in the church of St. Aignan of Orléans; Cardinal Antoine Sanguin (1534-52). who received Charles V at Orléans in 1539; Bernier (1802-6); Fayer (1843-9), member of the Constituent Assembly of 1848; Dupanloup (1849-78). For the Abbeys of Fleury and Ferrières see FLEURY and FERRIÈRES.

After his victory over the Alamanni, Clovis was bent on the sack of Verdun, but the archpriest there obtained mercy for his fellow-citizens. To St. Euspicius and his nephew St. Mesmin (Maximinus), Clovis also gave the domain of Micy, near Orléans at the confluence of the Loire and the Loiret, for a monastery (508). When Euspicius died, St. Maximinus became abbot, and during his rule the religious life flourished there notably, and the monastery counted many saints. From Micy monastic life spread. St. Liphardus and St. Urbicius founded the Abbey of Meung-sur-Loire; St. Lyé (Lætus) died a recluse in the forest of Orléans; St. Viatre (Viator) in Sologne; St. Doulchard in the forest of Ambly near Bourges. St. Leonard introduced the monastic life into the territory of Limoges; St. Almir, St. Ulphacius, and St. Bomer in the vicinity of Montmirail; St. Avitus (died about 527) in the district of Chartres; St. Calais (died before 536) and St. Leonard of Vendœuvre (died about 570) in the valley of the Sarthe; St. Fraimbault and St. Constantine in the Javron forest, and the aforesaid St. Bomer (died about 560) in the Passais near Laval; St. Leonard of Dunois; St. Alva and St. Ernier in Perche; St. Laumer (died about 590) became Abbot of Corbion. St. Lubin (Leobinus), a monk of Micy, became Bishop of Chartres from 544-56. Finally Ay (Agilus), Viscount of Orléans (died after 587), a protector of Micy, was also a saint. The monks of Micy contributed much to the civilization of the Orléans region; they cleared and drained the lands and taught the semi-barbarous inhabitants the worth and dignity of agricultural work. Early in the eighth century, Theodulfus restored the Abbey of Micy and at his request St. Benedict of Aniane sent fourteen monks and visited the abbey himself. The last abbot of Micy, Chapt de Rastignac, was one of the victims of the "September Massacres", at Paris, 1792, in the prison of L'Abbaye.

The schools of Orléans early acquired great prestige; in the sixth century Gontran, King of Burgundy, had his son Gondebaud educated there. After Theodolfus had developed and improved the schools, Charlemagne, and later Hugh Capet, sent thither their eldest sons as pupils. These institutions were at the height of their fame from the eleventh century to the middle of the thirteenth. Their influence spread as far as Italy and England whence students came to them. Among the medieval rhetorical treatises which have come down to us under the title of "Ars" or "Summa Dictaminis" four, at least, were written or re-edited by Orléans professors. In 1230, when for a time the doctors of the University of Paris were scattered, a number of the teachers and disciples took refuge in Orleans; when Boniface VIII, in 1298, promulgated the sixth book of the Decretals, he appointed the doctors of Bologna and the doctors of Orléans to comment upon it. St. Yves (1253-1303) studied civil law at Orléans, and Clement V also studied there law and letters; by a Bull published at Lyons, 27 January, 1306, he endowed the Orléans institutes with the title and privileges of a University. Twelve of his successors granted the new university many privileges. In the fourteenth century it had as many as five thousand students from France, Germany, Lorraine, Burgundy, Champagne, Picardy, Normandy, Touraine, Guyan, Scotland. Among those who studied or lectured there are quoted: in the fourteenth century, Cardinal Pierre Bertrandi; in the fifteenth, John Reuchlin; in the sixteenth, Calvin and Théodore de Bèze, the Protestant Anne Dubourg, the publicist François Hotmann, the jurisconsult Pierre de l'Etoile; in the seventeenth, Molière (perhaps in 1640), and the savant Du Cange; in the eighteenth, the jurisconsult Pothier.

Among the notable saints of the diocese are: St. Baudilus, a Nîmes martyr (third or fourth century); the deacon St. Lucanus, martyr, patron of Loigny (fifth century); the anchorite St. Donatus (fifth century); St. May, abbot of Val Benoît (fifth century); St. Mesme, virgin and (perhaps) martyr, sister of St. Mesmin (sixth century); St. Felicule, patroness of Gien (sixth century); St. Sigismund, King of Burgundy, who, by order of the Merovingian, Clodomir, and despite the entreaties of St. Avitus, was thrown (524) into a well with his wife and children; St. Gontran, King of Orléans and Burgundy (561-93), a confessor; St. Loup (Lupus), Archbishop of Sens, born near Orléans, and his mother St. Agia (first half of the seventh century); St. Gregory, former Bishop of Nicopolis, in Bulgaria, who died a recluse at Pithiviers (1004 or 1007); St. Rose, Abbess of Ervauville (died 1130); Blessed Odo of Orléans, Bishop of Cambrai (1105-13); the leper St. Alpaix, died in 1211 at Cudot where she was visited by Alix of Champagne, widow of Louis VII; St. Guillaume (died 1209), Abbot of Fontainejean and subsequently Archbishop of Bourges; the Dominicans, Blessed Reginald, dean of the collegiate church of St. Aignan, Orléans (died 1220); the Englishman St. Richard, who studied theology at Orléans in 1236, Bishop of Chichester in 1244, a friend of St. Edmund of Canterbury; St. Maurus, called to France by St. Innocent, Bishop of Mans, and sent thither by St. Benedict; resided at Orléans with four companions in 542; St. Radegonde, on her way from Noyon to Poitiers in 544, and St. Columbanus, exiled from Luxeuil at the close of the sixth century, both visited Orléans. Charlemagne had the church of St. Aignan rebuilt and reconstructed the monastery of St. Pierre le Puellier. In the cathedral of Orléans on 31 December, 987, Hugh Capet had his son Robert (born at Orléans) crowned king. Innocent II and St. Bernard visited Fleury and Orléans in 1130.

The people of Orléans were so impressed by the preaching of Blessed Robert of Arbrissel in 1113 that he was invited to found the monastery of La Madeleine, which he re-visited in 1117 with St. Bernard of Thiron. The charitable deeds of St. Louis at Puiseaux, Châteauneuf-sur-Loire, and Orléans, where he was present at the translation of the relics of St. Aignan (26 October, 1259), and where he frequently went to care for the poor of the Hôtel Dieu, are well known. Pierre de Beaufort, Archdeacon of Sully and canon of Orléans, as Gregory XI (1371-8), was the last pope that France gave to the Church; he created Cardinal Jean de la Tour d'Auvergne, Abbot of St. Benoît-sur Loire. Blessed Jeanne de Valois was Duchess of Orléans and after her separation from Louis XII (1498) she established, early in the sixteenth century, the monastery of L'Annonciade at Châteauneuf-sur-Loire. Etienne Dolet (1509-46), a printer, philologian, and pamphleteer, executed at Paris and looked upon by some as a "martyr of the Renaissance", was a native of Orléans. Cardinal Odet de Coligny, who joined the Reformation about 1560, was Abbot of St. Euvertius, of Fontainejean, Ferrières, and St. Benoît. Admiral Coligny (1519-72) (see SAINT BARTHOLOMEW'S DAY) was born at Châtillon-sur-Loing in the present diocese. At the beginning of the religious wars Orléans was disputed between the Guises and the followers of the Protestant Condé. In the vicinity of Orléans Duke Francis of Guise was assassinated 3 February, 1562.

The Calvinist, Jacques Bongars, councillor of Henry IV, who collected and edited the chronicles of the Crusades in his "Gesta Dei per Francos", was born at Orléans in 1554. The Jesuit, Denis Petav (Petavius), a renowned scholar and theologian, was born at Orléans in 1583. St. Francis of Sales came to Orléans in 1618 and 1619. Venerable Mother Françoise de la Croix (1591-1657), a pupil of St. Vincent de Paul, who founded the congregation of Augustinian Sisters of Charity of Notre Dame, was born at Petay in the diocese. The Miramion family, to which Marie Bonneau is celebrated in the annals of charity under the name of Mme de Miramion (1629-96), belonged by marriage, were from Orléans. St. Jane de Chantal was superior of the Orléans convent of the Visitation in 1627. Mme Guyon, celebrated in the annals of Quietism (q. v.), was born at Montargis in 1648. France was saved from English domination through the deliverance of Orléans by Joan of Arc (8 May, 1429). On 21 July, 1455, her rehabilitation was publicly proclaimed at Orléans in a solemn procession, and before her death in November, 1458, Isabel Romée, the mother of Joan of Arc, saw a monument erected in honour of her daughter, at Tournelles, near the Orléans bridge. The monument, destroyed by the Huguenots in 1567, was set up again in 1569 when the Catholics were once more masters of the city. Until 1792, and again from 1802 to 1830, finally from 1842 to the present day, a great religious feast, celebrated 8 May of every year at Orléans in honour of Joan of Arc, attracted multitudes. The Church of Orléans was the last in France to take up again the Roman liturgy (1874). The Sainte Croix cathedral, perhaps built and consecrated by St. Euvertius in the fourth century, was destroyed by fire in 999 and rebuilt from 1278 to 1329; the Protestants pillaged and destroyed it from 1562 to 1567; the Bourbon kings restored it in the seventeenth century.

The principal pilgrimages of the diocese are: Our Lady of Bethlehem, at Ferrières (q. v.); Our Lady of Miracles at Orléans, dating back to the seventh century (Joan of Arc visited its sanctuary 8 May, 1429); Our Lady of Cléry, dating from the thirteenth century, visited by Philip the Fair, Philip VI, and especially by Louis XI, who wore in his hat a leaden image of Notre Dame de Cléry and who wished to have his tomb in this sanctuary where Dunois, one of the heroes of the Hundred Years' war was also interred. Prior to the Associations Law of 1901 the Diocese of Orléans counted Franciscans, Benedictines, Missionary Priests of the Society of Mary, Lazarists, Missionaries of the Sacred Heart, and several orders of teaching Brothers. Among the congregations of women which originated in this diocese must be mentioned: the Calvary Benedictines, a teaching and nursing order founded in 1617 by Princess Antoinette d'Orléans-Longueville, and the Capuchin Leclerc du Tremblay known as Père Joseph; the Sisters of St. Aignan, a teaching order founded in 1853 by Bishop Dupanloup, with mother-house in Orléans. At the beginning of the twentieth century the religious congregations of this diocese conducted: 1 crèche; 77 infant schools; 2 institutions for the deaf and dumb; 10 orphanages; 2 houses for penitent women, 12 religious houses for the care of the sick in their own homes; 2 houses of retreat; 27 hospitals or asylums; 1 poor house. In 1905 (last year of the Concordat) the diocese had 371,019 inhabitants; 41 pastorates; 293 succursal parishes; 23 vicariates subventioned by the State.

Gallia Christiana, VIII (1744), 1408-1513; Instrumenta, 479-546; DUCHESNE, Fastes Episcopaux, 453-60; CUISSARD, Les premiers évêques d'Orléans (Orléans, 1887); DUCHATEAU, Hist. du diocèse d'Orléans (ibid., 1888); BIMBENET, Hist. de la ville d'Orléans (3 vols., ibid., 1884-7); BAUNARD, Vie des saints et personages illustres de l'église d'Orléans (3 vols., ibid., 1862-3); COCHARD, Les saints de l'église d'Orléans (ibid., 1879); CUISSARD, Théodulfe, évêque d'Orléans, sa vie et ses œuvres (ibid., 1892); SÉJOURNÉ, Les reliques de St. Aignan, évêque d'Orléans (ibid., 1905); CUISSARD; Les chanoines et dignitaires de la cathédrale d'Orléans (ibid., 1900); DELISLE, Les écoles d'Orléans au douzième et au treizème siècles (Paris, 1869); BIMBENET, Hist. de l'université d'Orléans (Orléans, 1853); FOURNIER, Les statuts et privilèges des Universités françaises, I (Paris, 1890); JAROSSAY, Hist, d'un monastère orléanais, Micy St. Mesmin, son influence religieuse et sociale (Orléans, 1901).

References

  1. Back to citation Pelletier, pp. 1-4.
  2. Back to citation Louis Duchesne, Early History of the Christian Church, translated from the 4th edition, Volume 1 (London: John Murray 1909), pp. 276-281.
  3. Back to citation Gallia christiana VIII, p. 1409.
  4. Back to citation Foulques de Villaret, p. 6. Jacques Sirmond, Concilia Antiqua Galliae (in Latin) Volume 2 (Paris: S. Cramoisy 1629), p. 393, Canon CXXIII"...Ergo, sicut subditis necessaria corporis tribuunt, ita nihilominùs studere debet vt iidem religiosissimè ordinem canonicum feruent, & prælatis suis ac magistris honorem debitum humiliter impendant, ut horis canonicis diuinum officium deuotissimè expleant: intus, forísque non solum habitu & actu, sed etiam ipso incessu irreprehensibiles existant. Vt non otio vacent, non vaniloquiis inseruiant, non detractionibus, & ceteris vitiorum illecebris incumbant: sed potiùs aut orationi, aut lectioni, aut quibuslibet Ecclesiæ, aut certè propriis vtilitatibus vacent; aut etiam doctrinis sanis, & diuersarum artium erudiantur disciplinis: ita videlicet, vt nullus in congregatione inutilis, aut otiosus existens, stipendia Ecclefiæ inofficiosè accipiat. Vt quotidiè ad collationem veniant, vbi & hac institutionem, & aliarum Scripturarum sanctarum lectiones perlegant, & pro admissis veniam postulent, & sententiam pro qualitate admissi suscipiant: vbi etiam de communi profectu & vtilitate Ecclesiæ pertractent. Vt omnes in dormitorio, nisi quem infirmitas aut senectus id facere prohibuerit, dormiant. in refectorio quotidiè vnà reficiantur: nifi fortè quem necessitas abesse compulerit, & hoc non sine licentia magistri fiat....'
  5. Back to citation J.D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima (in Latin) Volume 14 (Venice: A. Zatta 1762), p. 1003, Canon VII: "Necessaria etenim res extitit, ut juxta ecclesiam claustra constituantur in quibus clerici disciplinis ecclesiasticais vacent. Itaque obnibus unum sit refectorium ac dormitorium seu ceterae officinae ad usus clericorum necesseriae. Ministriae vero post episcopum super eos tales eligantur, quorum vita et doctrina illos potius exornent quam dehonestent."
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  8. Back to citation These were the archdeacons of: Baugency, Beauce, Pithiviers, Sologne, and Sully. Cuissard, pp. pp. 253-255. The Archdeacon of Orléans was directly dependent and appointed by the bishop as his most important assistant.
  9. Back to citation Gallia christiana VIII, p. 1409. Foulques de Villaret (p. 10) makes the number of canons forty-nine.
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  11. Back to citation Cuissard (1898), p. 109. Charles De Clercq, Concilia Galliae, A. 511 - A. 695, (in Latin), (Turnholt: Brepols 1963), p. 156: "21. Et licet propitio Deo omnium Domini sacerdotum uel quorumcumque haec cura possit esse fidelium, ut aegentibus necessaria debeant ministrare, specialiter tamen de leprosis id pietatis causa conuenit, ut unusquisque episcoporum, quos ingolas hanc infirmitatem incurrisse tam territorii sui quam ciuitatis agnouerit, de domo ecclesiae iuxta possibilitatem uictui et uestitui necessaria subministret, ut non his desit misericordiae cura.
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  15. Back to citation Cuissard (1898), p. 114: "...estans mors en peu de mois, du 5 aoust au 7 novembre,, plus de dix mille personnes, dont il y avoit une partie de ceux de la Religion, qui avoient esté chassés de Paris, Blois, Tours, Gyen et plusieurs autres lieux; comme aussi moururent trois ministres, à savoir le Plessis, Badius, avec toute sa famille, sans en excepter un seul, et Cosson."
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  24. Back to citation Marcel Fournier, Les statuttes et privilèges des universités françaises (in French and Latin), Volume I (Paris:Larose et Forcel 1890), p. 2 no. 2: "A nobis tua fraternitas postulavit, ut cum prohibitum sit, ne leges legantur Parisius, et in Aurelianensi civitate plures legum doctores et scolares etiam commorentur, utrum id tolerare valeas per nostras te litteras edocere benignius dignaremur. Nos igitur tuam super hoc prudentiam commendantes mandamus, quatinus scolares prefatos, archidiaconis, decanis, archipresbyteris et aliis personis ecclesiasticis curam animarum habentibus dumtaxat exceptis, libere leges ibidem audire ac docere permittas."
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  50. Back to citation Duvergier, Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, règlemens avis du Conseil d'état, Volume 1, p. 118: "La loi constitutionnelle du royaume ne reconnaitra plus de voeux monastiques solennels des personnes de l'un ni de l'autre sexe: en conséquence, les ordres et congrégations réguliers dans lesquels on fait de pareils voeux sont et demeureront supprimés en France, sans qu'il puisse en être établi de semblables à l'avenir." Michael Burleigh, Earthly Powers: The Clash of Religion and Politics in Europe, from the French Revolution to the Great War (New York: Harper Collins 2006), p. 54.
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  52. Back to citation Duvergier, p. 107: "43. LOIRET. L'assemblée de ce département se tiendra à Orléans. Il est divisé en sept districts, dont les chefs lieux sont Orléans, Beaugency, Neuville, Pithiviers, Montargis, Gien, Bois-Commun."
  53. Back to citation "Civil Constitution," Title I, "Article 1. Chaque département formera un seul diocèse, et chaque diocèse aura la même étendue et les mêmes limites que le département."
  54. Back to citation Ludovic Sciout, Histoire de la constitution civile du clergé (1790-1801): L'église et l'Assemblée constituante, (in French and Latin), Vol. 1 (Paris: Firmin Didot 1872), p. 182: Art. 2 "...Tous les autres évêchés existant dans les quatre-vingt-trois départements du royaume, et qui ne sont pas nommément compris au présent article, sont et demeurent supprimés."
  55. Back to citation Duvergier, p. 242, col. 2.
  56. Back to citation Duvergier, p. 243, col. 1: "L'arrondissement de la métropole de Paris comprendra les évêchés des départemens de Paris, de Seine-et-Oise, d'Eure-et-Loir, du Loiret, de l'Yonne, de l'Aube, de Seine-et-Marne."
  57. Back to citation Duvergier, Vol. 1, p. 285: Article I, "20. Tous titres et offices, autres que ceux mentionnés en la présente constitution, les dignités, canonicats, prébendes, demi-prébendes, chapelles, chapellenies, tant des églises cathédrales que des églises collégiales, et tous chapitres réguliers et séculiers de l'un et de l'autre sexe, les abbayes et prieurés en règle ou en commende, aussi de l'un et de l'autre sexe, et tous autres bénéfices et prestimonies généralement quelconques, de quelque nature et sous quelque dénomination que ce soit, sont, à compter du jour de la publication du présent décret, éteints et supprimés, sans qu'il puisse jamais en être établi de semblables."
  58. Back to citation Pisani, pp. 18, 72. The other juring bishops were Talleyrand of Autun, Savine of Viviers, and Cardinal Loménie de Brienne.
  59. Back to citation Hippolyte Taine, The Origins of Contemporary France. The Modern Régime, Volume 1 (H. Holt, 1890), p. 153.
  60. Back to citation J.B. Duvergier (ed.), Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, réglemens et avis du Conseil d'état, (in French and Latin), Volume 13 (Paris: A. Guyot et Scribe, 1826), pp. 371-372, col. 2: "L'église archiepiscopale de Paris avec ses suffragans, les évêchés de Chartres, Meaux, Orléans et Blois."
  61. Back to citation Duvergier, Vol. 13, p.374: "L'église métropolitaine et archiepiscopale de Paris, et les nouveaux évêchés de Versailles, Meaux, Amiens, Arras, Cambrai, Soissons, Orléans et Troyes, que nous lui assignons pour suffragans." p. 383.
  62. Back to citation Duvergier, Vol. 13, p.318. The law was published by an arrété of 18 April 1802.
  63. Back to citation Victor Pelletier (ed.), Annuaire général du Diocèse d'Orléans, pour l'an 1851, (in French), (Orléans: A. Gatineau 1850), p. xxii, pp. 1, 8.
  64. Back to citation Annuaire général du Diocèse d'Orléans, pour l'an 1851, p. 8.
  65. Back to citation Annuaire général du Diocèse d'Orléans, pour l'an 1851, p. 5. There were also 66 honorary canons who resided in the diocese, and 16 who were non-residentiary, including the parish priest of Domremy.
  66. Back to citation Duchateau, pp. 442-443. F. Legrange, Vie de Mgr. Dupanloup, Évêque d'Orléans, (in French) Volume 3, 7th edition (Paris: C. Poussielgue, 1894), p. 321. Prosper Guéranger, Institutions liturgiques, (in French), second edition, Volume 4 (Paris: Sociéte générale de librairie catholique 1885), pp. 241-583.
  67. Back to citation Frank Maloy Anderson, The Constitutions and Other Select Documents Illustrative of the History of France, 1789-1907, 2nd edition (Minneapolis: Wilson 1908), pp. 659-662. J.-B. Duvergier, Collection complète des lois, décrets d'intérêe général, traités internationaux, arrêtés, circulaires, instructions, etc, (in French), Volume 101 (Paris: 1901), pp. 260-285.
  68. Back to citation Annuaire général du Diocèse d'Orléans, pour l'an 1851, p. 223.
  69. Back to citation Annuaire général du Diocèse d'Orléans, pour l'an 1851, pp. 223-227.
  70. Back to citation Émile Keller, Les congrégations religieuses en France, leurs oeuvres et leurs services, (in French), (Paris:Poussielgue 1880), pp. 338.
  71. Back to citation Émile Keller, pp. 340, 341.
  72. Back to citation Diclopitus: Duchesne, p. 460, no. 1.
  73. Back to citation A bishop named Eortius attended the council of Valence in 374. His diocese is not named, and thus it is not certain that he belongs to Orléans, due to the uncertainty of the dates of many of the early bishops of Orléans; the name Evurcius belongs to the fourth position in the catalogue, and his life is a fiction of the 9th century. Gallia christiana VIII, pp. 1410-1411. Duchesne, p. 460, no. 4.
  74. Back to citation Anianus (Aignan, Agnan) assisted the Roman general Flavius Aetius in the defense of the city against Attila the Hun in the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains in 451. Duchesne, p. 460, no. 5.
  75. Back to citation Prosper was the successor of Anianus, and the recipient of a letter from Bishop Sidonius Apollinaris of Clermont (469–after 481). Gallia christiana VIII, p. 1412. Duchateau, p. 15. Duchesne, p. 460, no. 10.
  76. Back to citation Bishop Eusebius attended the first council of Orléans in 511. Duchateau, pp. 20-22. Duchesne, p. 461, no. 13.
  77. Back to citation Bishop Leontius was present at the second council of Orléans in 533, presided over by Honorius of Bruges. Duchateau, p. 22. Duchesne, p. 461, no. 14.
  78. Back to citation Bishop Antoninus took part in the third council of Orléans in 538. Duchateau, pp. 22-24. Duchesne, p. 461, no. 15.
  79. Back to citation Bishop Marcus took part in the fourth council of Orléans (541), and in the fifth council of Orleans (549). Gallia christiana VIII, p. 1414-1415. Duchateau, pp. 24-25. Duchesne, p. 461, no. 16.
  80. Back to citation Bishop Namatius attended the council of Mâcon in 581, and again in 585. He was an ambassador of King Guntram (561–592) to the Bretons in 587, and died during the return journey. Duchesne, p. 461, no. 20.
  81. Back to citation Austrinus is mentioned by Gregory of Tours, who died in 594, and is noted by the Chronicle of Fredegar for an event of 604. Duchesne, p. 462, no. 21.
  82. Back to citation Bishop Liudigislus attended the council of Paris in 614. Duchesne, p. 462, no. 22.
  83. Back to citation Bishop Audo attended the council of Chalon-sur-Saône in 650, and subscribed documents in 660, 664, and 667. Duchesne, p. 462, no. 23.
  84. Back to citation Duchesne, p. 462, no. 25.
  85. Back to citation Suavericus: Gallia christiana VIII, p. 1417. Duchesne, p. 462, no. 26.
  86. Back to citation Eucherius was said to have been the nephew of Bishop Suavaricus. Around 732, he was arrested by Charles Martel (c. 732), and exiled, first to Cologne and then to Saint-Trond. He died six years later. Gallia christiana VIII, p. 1417-1419. Duchesne, pp. 462-463, no. 31.
  87. Back to citation Deotimius: Gallia christiana VIII, p. 1419. Duchesne, p. 463, no. 35.
  88. Back to citation Theodulfus: Gallia christiana VIII, pp. 1419-1423. Duchesne, p. 463, no. 36.
  89. Back to citation Jonas wrote a treatise against the Iconoclasts, also a treatise on the Christian life, and a book on the duties of kings. For these texts see: J.P. Migne (ed.), Patrologia Latina, (in Latin) Vol. CVI (Paris 1864), pp. 117-394; for the latter: Jonas d'Orléans, Le Métier de roi. ed. A. Dubreucq. Paris: Editions du Cerf, 1995 [Sources Chretiennes, No. 407]. Gallia christiana VIII, pp. 1423-1424. Duchesne, p. 463, no. 37.
  90. Back to citation Arnulfus died in December 1003. Gallia christiana VIII, pp. 1429-1430.
  91. Back to citation Fulco (I): Gallia christiana VIII, pp. 1430-1431.
  92. Back to citation Theodericus (Thierry): Gallia christiana VIII, pp. 1431-1433.
  93. Back to citation Odolricus: Gallia christiana VIII, pp. 1434-1437.
  94. Back to citation Johannes: Gallia christiana VIII, p. 1441.
  95. Back to citation Sanctio was sent to Rome, and ordained a priest by Pope Gregory VII in 1079. He was elected and deposed in 1096. Gallia christiana VIII, pp. 1441-1443.
  96. Back to citation Jean, Archdeacon of Orléans was elected bishop on 28 December 1096, in proceedings which were denounced as simonical and intrusive. He was consecrated on 1 March 1098. He died on 4 May 1135. Gallia christiana VIII, pp. 1443-1448.
  97. Back to citation (H)elias was consecrated a bishop by Pope Innocent II on 15 April 1137. He was deposed by Pope Eugenius III in 1146, for accepting money to consecrate a church. Gallia christiana VIII, pp. 1448-1450.
  98. Back to citation Bishop Manassas died on 28 September (or 26 October) 1185. Gallia christiana VIII, pp. 1450-1455.
  99. Back to citation Henri was the son of Count Robert of Dreux, the brother of King Louis VII of France; he was also the brother of Bishop Philip of Beauvais. Henri died on 25 April 1198, during a trip to Rome, where he hope to receive aid in releasing his brother Bishop Philip who had been imprisoned by King Richard I of England. Gallia christiana VIII, pp. 1455-1457.
  100. Back to citation Hugues: Eubel, Hierarchia catholica I, p. 118.
  101. Back to citation Manasses: Eubel, Hierarchia catholica I, p. 118.
  102. Back to citation Philippe de Joue: Eubel, Hierarchia catholica I, p. 118.
  103. Back to citation Philip was transferred to the diocese of Bourges on 10 March 1236. He died on 9 January 1261. Gallia christiana VII, pp. 1464-1465. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica I, p. 118, 138.
  104. Back to citation Guillaume: Gallia christiana VIII, pp. 1465-1467. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica I, p. 118.
  105. Back to citation Pierre de Mornay was appointed Bishop of Auxerre on 4 February 1296, by Pope Boniface VIII. He died on 29 May 1306. Eubel I, pp. 118, 120.
  106. Back to citation Ferricus: Gallia christiana VIII, p. 1470.
  107. Back to citation Bishop Bertrand died on 1 August 1307. Gallia christiana VII, pp. 1470-1471. Eubel I, pp. 118.
  108. Back to citation Raoul de Grosparmi had been a royal cleric and law expert. He had been Dean of the cathedral Chapter when elected bishop of Orléans in mid-January 1308. He died on 18 September 1311. Duchateau, pp. 175-178. Eubel I, p. 118.
  109. Back to citation Bishop Roger was transferred to the diocese of Limoges on 17 January 1328. In 1343, he was transferred to the archdiocese of Bourges. Gallia christiana VIII, pp. 1472-1473. Duchateau, pp. 179-180. Eubel I, pp. 118, 301.
  110. Back to citation Jean was the son of Hugues, Lord of Conflans and Gizencourt. He had been abbot of the monastery of S. Medard in Soissons. As bishop-elect, he made his engagements with the papal treasury on 26 January 1328. He ceased his episcopate on 15 April 1349, resigning in favor of Philippe de Conflans. Gallia christiana VIII, p. 1474. Duchateau, pp. 181-182. Eubel I, p. 118.
  111. Back to citation Philippe made his arrangements with the papal treasury on 8 June 1349, but died while still bishop-elect, on 7 August 1349. Gallia christiana VIII, p. 1474. Eubel I, p. 118.
  112. Back to citation Jean de Montemorantiaco: Duchateau, pp. 183-184. Eubel I, p. 118.
  113. Back to citation Hugues de Fay had been Dean of the cathedral Chapter of Saint-Croix and professor of Civil and Canon Law at the University of Orléans. Bishop Hugues was transferred to the diocese of Arras on 16 June 1371. Duchateau, pp. 184-186.
  114. Back to citation Jean Nicot de tramilguer had been a canon of the collegiate church of Saint-Aignan. He died on 10 March 1383. Duchateau, pp. 186-188. Eubel I, p. 118.
  115. Back to citation Fulco was the brother of Cardinal Raymond de Chanac (1350–1373) and Bertrand de Chanac, former archbishop of Bourges (1374–1382) and Patriarch of Jerusalem (1382–1385), who became a cardinal of the Avignon Obedience on 12 July 1385. Bishop Fulco died on 1 March 1394. Duchateau, pp. 187-188. Eubel I, pp. 19 no. 16; 28 no. 20; 118, 139.
  116. Back to citation De Pruinis was appointed bishop of Orléans by Pope Clement VII on 13 June 1394. He died in 1425, either on 2 May or on 15 September. Gallia christiana VIII, p. 1477. Duchateau, pp. 188-191. Eubel I, p. 118.
  117. Back to citation John Carmichael of Douglasdale (Jean de St Michel), a Scot by birth, was a Doctor in utroque iure and a canon of the cathedral of Orléans. He was a supporter of Jeanne d'Arc, and participated in the coronation of King Charles VII of France at Reims on 17 July 1429. He participated in the Council of Basel in 1433. David Hume, The history of the house of Douglas and Angus, Volume I (Edinburgh: E. L. Hunter, 1743), p. 244. J.H. Baxter, "A Scottish Bishop of Orleans," in: The Scots Magazine Vol. 11 (Dundee: John Lang 1929), pp. 241-250. Gallia christiana VIII, pp. 1477-1478. Eubel I, p. 118; II, p. 99.
  118. Back to citation Guillaume was appointed by Pope Eugenius IV on 21 July 1438. He was transferred to the diocese of Agde on 9 January 1439. Gallia christiana VIIi, pp. 1477-1478. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica II, p. 111.
  119. Back to citation Reginald was Archbishop of Reims and Chancellor of the King of France. He was appointed to administer the diocese of Orléans by Pope Eugenius IV on 9 Jan 1439. He was named a cardinal on 18 December 1439. He died on 4 Apr 1444. Gallia christiana VIII, p. 1478. Honoré Fisque, La France pontificale. Metropole de Reims (Paris: E. Repos 1864), pp. 139-143. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica II, pp. 7, no. 4; 111.
  120. Back to citation Jean de Gué had been Cantor in the cathedral Chapter of Orléans. He was named by Eugenius IV on 20 April 1444. He died on 7 October 1447. Gallia christiana VIII, pp. 1478-1479. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica II, p. 111.
  121. Back to citation Pierre Bureau: (20 Nov 1447 Appointed – 10 Dec 1451 Appointed, Bishop of Béziers). Gallia christiana VIII, p. 1479. Eubel II, p. 111.
  122. Back to citation Jean was Patriarch of Alexandria and Archbishop of Narbonne, and was assigned the diocese of Orléans in commendam. He died shortly thereafter, never having visited the diocese. Gallia christiana VII, p. 1479. Eubel II, pp. 96, 111, 220.
  123. Back to citation Thibault had been archdeacon of Orleans. Gallia christiana VII, pp. 1479-1480. Eubel II, p. 111.
  124. Back to citation Brilhac: (3 Nov 1473 Appointed – 22 Dec 1504 Appointed, Archbishop of Aix) Eubel II, p. 111.
  125. Back to citation Christophe had been Bishop of Aix (1500–1504). On 19 January 1504, he was appointed bishop of Orléans. On 3 July (or 4 February) 1514, he was appointed Archbishop of Tours by Pope Leo X. He died on 31 July 1520. Eubel III, pp. 102, 124, 321.
  126. Back to citation Germain had been a canon of Bourges, and then Bishop of Cahors (1509–1514). He was appointed bishop of Orléans on 3 July 1514. He died on 8 March 1520. Eubel III, pp. 124, 160.
  127. Back to citation Jean d'Orléans had already been archbishop of Toulouse (1503–1533). He was granted a second diocese, that of Orléans, on 26 June 1521, by Pope Leo X. He died on 24 September 1533. Eubel III, p. 124.
  128. Back to citation Antoine de Meudon: (6 Nov 1533 Appointed – 20 Oct 1550 Resigned). Eubel III, p. 124 with note 7.
  129. Back to citation Faucon: (20 Oct 1550 Appointed – 12 Oct 1551 Appointed, Bishop of Mâcon). Eubel III, p. 124 with notes 8 and 9.
  130. Back to citation Pierre had been Grand Aumonier to King Francis I of France. He was Bishop of Tulle, (1539–1544) and then Bishop of Maçon (1544–1550). He was transferred to the diocese of Orléans on 12 October 1551, by Pope Julius III. He died on 3 February 1552. Eubel III, pp. 124 with note 10; 238 with note 8; 322.
  131. Back to citation Morvillier was a royal councilor. (27 Apr 1552 Appointed – 1564 Resigned). He died on 28 October 1577. Eubel III, pp. 124 with note 11 and note 12.
  132. Back to citation Mathurinus had been Archdeacon of Orléans, and held a doctorate in Civil and Canon Law. He was approved as bishop of Orléans in the papal consistory of 6 September 1564, by Popw Pius IV. In old age, he was appointed a coadjutor, Denis Hurault, on 26 January 1582. Methurin died on 9 February 1584. Eubel III, pp. 124 with notes 13 and 14.
  133. Back to citation Pierre was a priest of Chartres. He was appointed bishop of Hippo Regius (Africa) and coadjutor bishop of Orléans on 26 January 1582. He succeeded to the episcopal throne on 9 February 1584. He resigned in 1586. Eubel III, p. 124.
  134. Back to citation Vaillant: (27 Oct 1586 Appointed – He died on 15 September 1587. Eubel III, p. 124.
  135. Back to citation Jean d'Aubespine was a priest of Paris and nephew of the bishop of Limoges, He succeeded his uncle as bishop of Limoges on 22 August 1583. He was transferred to Orléans on 16 March 1588. and died on 23 February 1596. Eubel III, p. 124 with note 17; 222.
  136. Back to citation L'Aubespine: (15 Mar 1604 Appointed – 15 Aug 1630 Died) Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, p. 102 with note 2.
  137. Back to citation Netz: (27 Jan 1631 Appointed – 20 Jan 1646 Died) Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, p. 102 with note 3.
  138. Back to citation Elbène: (21 Jan 1647 Appointed – 20 May 1665 Died). Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, p. 102 with note 4.
  139. Back to citation Coislin: (29 Mar 1666 Confirmed – 5 Feb 1706 Died). Jean, p. 290. Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, p. 102 with note 5.
  140. Back to citation Fleuriau: (15 Nov 1706 Confirmed – 9 Jun 1733 Died). Jean, p. 291. Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica V, p. 106 with note 3.
  141. Back to citation Nicolas de Paris was the nephew, coadjutor, and successor of Bishop Louis-Gaston Fleuriau. (9 Jun 1733 Succeeded – 10 Jan 1754 Resigned). Jean, p. 291, no. 106. Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica V, p. 106 with note 4.
  142. Back to citation Montmorency: (14 Jan 1754 Confirmed – 28 Feb 1758 Resigned). Jean, p. 291, no. 107. Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VII, p. 107 with note 2.
  143. Back to citation Jarente de La Bruyère (13 Mar 1758 Confirmed – 28 May 1788 Died). Jean, pp. 291-292. Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VII, p. 107 with note 3.
  144. Back to citation Jarente de Senas d’Orgeval was a cousin of his predecessor. (28 May 1788 Succeeded – 22 Nov 1793 Resigned). Pisani, pp. 72-74. Jean, p. 292, no. 109. Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VII, p. 107 with note 4.
  145. Back to citation Jarente resigned, apostasized, married, moved to Paris and became a librarian. Pisani, p. 73.
  146. Back to citation Bernier was born at Daon-sur-Mayenne (Anjou), and held a doctorate in theology. In 1790, he was named curé of the parish of Saint-Germain-en-Laud, but the hostility of the Jacobins forced him to leave. He returned at the outbreak of the revolt in the Vendée in 1793, and became one of its leaders, successfully negotiating a peace with First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte in 1799. He helped Napoleon to negotiate the Concordat of 1801 with the Papacy, and was one of its signatories. He was named bishop of Orléans by Napoleon on 9 April 1802, canonically instituted on 10 April, and consecrated a bishop by Cardinal Giovanni Battista Caprara, the papal legate, on 11 April. In 1803, he reinstituted the Feast of Saint Jeanne d'Arc. In 1804, he helped negotiate the terms for the crowning of the Emperor Napoleon I. He died on 1 October 1806, of a cancerous stomach tumor. Cochard, pp. 426-427. Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VII, p. 96.
  147. Back to citation Rousseau had been bishop of Coutance from 1802 until his appointment to the diocese of Orléans on 22 March 1807. He died on 7 October 1810. Cochard, p. 428. Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VII, pp. 96, 160.
  148. Back to citation Sede vacante; During most of this time, Pope Pius VII was a prisoner of Napoleon, living under guard either at Fontainbleau or at Navona; he refused to carry out any papal functions under such conditions. Cochard, p. 428.
  149. Back to citation Varicourt was nominated by King Louis XVIII on 8 August 1817, but was not preconised (approved) by Pope Pius VII until 24 August 1819. He died on 9 December 1822, at the age of 67. Cochard, p. 429. Hierarchia catholica VII, pp. 96.
  150. Back to citation Beauregard had been Vicar-General of Luçcon. He was nominated bishop of Orléans on 23 January 1823, by King Louis XVIII, and approved by Pope Pius VII on 10 March 1823. On 22 January 1839, at the age of 89, he submitted his resignation, though he retained administration of the diocese until the arrival of his successor. He died in Poitiers on 27 November 1841. Memoires de J. Brumauld de Beauregard précédés de sa vie, écrite sur des notes et des documents authentiques, (in French) (Poitiers: Saurin), Volume 1 (1842). Volume 2 (1842). Cochard, pp. 429-431. Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VII, pp. 96.
  151. Back to citation Morlat: 10 March 1839 Appointed. Named Archbishop of Tours on 28 Jun 1842. Named a cardinal on 7 March 1853, by Pope Pius IX. Named archbishop of Paris on 26 January 1857, and confirmed by Pius IX on 19 March 1857. He died on 29 December 1862. Cochard, p. 431. Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VII, pp. 96, 381; VIII, pp. 51, 441.
  152. Back to citation Fayet was nominated by King Louis Philippe on 10 October 1842, and approved by Pope Gregory XVI on 27 January 1843. He was consecrated on 26 February by the Archbishop of Paris, Archbishop Denis-Auguste Affre. He died on 4 April 1849. Cochard, pp. 431-433. Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VII, pp. 96.
  153. Back to citation Dupanloup: (16 Apr 1849 Appointed – 11 Oct 1878 Died). Cochard, pp. 433-439. Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VIII, p. 132.
  154. Back to citation Coullié (Couillié) was named titular Bishop of Sidon and coadjutor bishop of Orléans (nominated by the French government on 12 October 1878) by Pope Pius IX on 29 September 1876. He was consecrated bishop of Sidon on 19 November 1876. He succeeded to the episcopal throne on the death of Bishop Dupanloup on 11 October 1878. On 14 June 1893, he was appointed Archbishop of Lyon, and was named a cardinal in 1897 by Pope Leo XIII. He died on 12 September 1912. Cochard, pp. 439-440. Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VIII, pp. 53, 133, 354, 518. Harris M. Lentz III, Popes and Cardinals of the 20th Century. A Biographical Dictionary ( 2015), p. 51.
  155. Back to citation (29 Jan 1894 Appointed – 23 Sep 1926 Died. Cochard, pp. 440-442.
  156. Back to citation (20 Dec 1926 Appointed – 28 Mar 1951 Died)
  157. Back to citation Lustiger: (10 Nov 1979 Appointed – 31 Jan 1981 Appointed, Archbishop of Paris). Lustiger became a Cardinal in 1983 and Member of the Académie française, Fauteuil no. 4 (1995–2007). Martin Bräuer, Handbuch der Kardinäle, 1846-2012, (in German) (Berlin: De Gruyter 2014), pp. 16, 496, 663. Henri Tincq, Aron Jean-Marie Lustiger. Le cardinal prophète. Paris: Éditions Grasset, 2012.
  158. Back to citation Daucourt had been coadjutor bishop and then bishop of Troyes (1991–1998). He was appointed bishop of Orléans on 2 July 1998. On 18 June 2002 Bishop Daucourt was appointed Bishop of Nanterre. He resigned the bishopric of Nanterre on 14 November 2013, at the age of 72.
  159. Back to citation Murielle Gaude-Ferragu, D' Or et de cendres: La mort et les funérailles des princes dans le royaume de France au bas Moyen Âge, (in French), (Villeneuve d'Ascq: Presses Univ. Septentrion, 2005), p. 142, 118-119, 250.
  160. Back to citation Gaude-Ferragu, p. 204.
  161. Back to citation Roman Catholic Diocese of Orléans, official website

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