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List of papal conclaves

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Papal elections since 1276 have taken the form of conclaves, which are elections that follow a set of rules and procedures developed in In nomine Domini (1059), Ubi periculum (1274) and later papal bulls; observance of the conclave varied until 1294, but all papal elections since have followed relatively similar conclave procedures.[1]

Although the cardinals have historically gathered at a handful of other locations within Rome and beyond, only five elections since 1455 have been held outside the Apostolic Palace.[2] Twenty-eight papal elections have been held outside Rome, in: Terracina (1088), Cluny (1119), Velletri (1181), Verona (1185), Ferrara (October 1187), Pisa (December 1187), Perugia (1216, 1264–1265, 1285, 1292–1294, 1304–1305), Anagni (1243), Naples (1254, 1294), Viterbo (1261, 1268–1271, July 1276, August–September 1276, 1277, 1281–1282), Arezzo (January 1276), Carpentras/Lyon (1314–1316), Avignon (1334, 1342, 1352, 1362, 1370), Konstanz (1417) and Venice (1799–1800). Three elections moved between locations while in progress: the elections of 1268–1271, 1292–1294, and 1314–1316.

Papal elections

Elections that elected papal claimants currently regarded by the Catholic Church as antipopes are italicized.
Election Elected pope Location Eligible electors Electors Duration Ref.
1061 papal election Pope Alexander II San Pietro in Vincoli (Rome) 6[3] 6 1 day [1]: 23
1073 papal election Pope Gregory VII San Pietro in Vincoli (Rome) 4 2 1 day[4] [1]: 24–25
1086 papal election Pope Victor III Santa Lucia in Septisolio (Rome) unknown – 1 day[5] [1]: 26
1088 papal election Pope Urban II Santi Pietro e Cesareo (Terracina) 4 1 day[6] [1]: 26
1099 papal election Pope Paschal II Basilica di San Clemente (Rome) – – [1]: 26
1118 papal election Pope Gelasius II Santa Maria in Pallara (Rome) 4 1 day[7] [1]: 26–27
1119 papal election Pope Callixtus II Cluny Abbey (France) 4 –[8] [1]: 27
1124 papal election Pope Honorius II San Pancrazio (Rome) – 1 day[9] [1]: 28–29
1130 papal election Pope Innocent II Santi Andrea e Gregorio (Rome) – –[10] [1]: 29–31
1130 papal election Antipope Anacletus II San Marco (Rome) 41 –[11] [1]: 29–31
1143 papal election Pope Celestine II Basilica of St. John Lateran (Rome) – –[12] [1]: 31
1144 papal election Pope Lucius II (Rome) – – [1]: 31
1145 papal election Pope Eugene III San Cesareo in Palatio (Rome) 43 1 day[13] [1]: 31
1153 papal election Pope Anastasius IV (Rome) – – [1]: 31
1154 papal election Pope Adrian IV Old St. Peter's Basilica (Rome) – 1 day[14] [1]: 31–32
1159 papal election Pope Alexander III Old St. Peter's Basilica (Rome) –[15] – [1]: 32–33
1159 papal election Antipope Victor IV Old St. Peter's Basilica (Rome) 5*[16] 5 1 day[17] [1]: 32–33
1181 papal election Pope Lucius III (Rome) unknown –[18] 1 day[19] [1]: 33
1185 papal election Pope Urban III (Verona) 11 – [1]: 33
October 1187 papal election Pope Gregory VIII (Ferrara) – 1 day[20] [1]: 33–34
December 1187 papal election Pope Clement III (Pisa) 8 1 day[21] [1]: 34
1191 papal election Pope Celestine III (Rome) 31 31 – [1]: 34
1198 papal election Pope Innocent III Septizodium (Rome) – 21 2 ballots[22] [1]: 34
1216 papal election Pope Honorius III Palazzo delle Canoniche (Perugia) 2[23] –[24] [1]: 34
1227 papal election Pope Gregory IX Septizodium (Rome) 18[25] – [1]: 34–35
1241 papal election Pope Celestine IV Septizodium (Rome) 12 10 (9 after one died)[26] – [1]: 35
1243 papal election Pope Innocent IV (Anagni) 10 8[27] – [1]: 35–36
1254 papal election Pope Alexander IV (Naples) 18 10 2 days[28] [1]: 36
1261 papal election Pope Urban IV Viterbo Cathedral 8 8 95 days[29] [1]: 36
1264–1265 papal election Pope Clement IV Palazzo delle Canoniche (Perugia) 21 18 or 19[30] 116 days[31] [1]: 36–37
1268–1271 papal election Pope Gregory X Viterbo Cathedral
Palace of the Popes in Viterbo 		20 19 (16 after two died and one left due to illness)[32] 1006 days[33]
at least 137 ballots 		[1]: 37–39
January 1276 conclave Pope Innocent V Arezzo Cathedral – 10 1 day[34]
1 ballot 		[1]: 40
July 1276 conclave Pope Adrian V Basilica of St. John Lateran (Rome) – 14 days [1]: 40–41[35]
September 1276 papal election Pope John XXI Palace of the Popes in Viterbo 12 9 1 day
1 ballot 		[1]: 41
1277 papal election Pope Nicholas III Palace of the Popes in Viterbo 7 7 178 days [1]: 41
1280–1281 papal election Pope Martin IV Palace of the Popes in Viterbo – 13 (12 after one was imprisoned by a mob) – [1]: 42
1285 papal election Pope Honorius IV Palazzo delle Canoniche (Perugia) 18 15 – [1]: 42–43
1287–1288 papal election Pope Nicholas IV Santa Sabina (Rome) 15 15 (9 after 6 died during an extremely hot summer) – [1]: 43
1292–1294 papal election Pope Celestine V Basilica of St. Mary Major (Rome)
Santa Maria sopra Minerva (Rome)
Palazzo delle Canoniche (Perugia) 		– 10 (9 after one died, three others eventually left, leaving 6 who picked Celestine V, though the other 3 were recalled to consent) – [1]: 43–45
1294 conclave Pope Boniface VIII Castel Nuovo (Naples) – 1 day[36]
3 ballots 		[1]: 45–46
1303 conclave Pope Benedict XI Basilica of St. John Lateran (Rome) – 1 day[37]
1 ballot 		[1]: 47–48
1304–1305 conclave Pope Clement V Perugia Cathedral (Perugia) 19 (15 after four left due to illness) – [1]: 48–49
1314–1316 conclave Pope John XXII Carpentras Cathedral
Dominican house in Lyon 		23 – [1]: 49–50
1334 conclave Pope Benedict XII Palais des Papes (Avignon) 24 – [1]: 50–51
1342 conclave Pope Clement VI Palais des Papes (Avignon) 19 4 days[38] [1]: 51
1352 conclave Pope Innocent VI Palais des Papes (Avignon) 28 25 2 days [1]: 52–53
1362 conclave Pope Urban V Palais des Papes (Avignon) – 20 7 days[39] [1]: 54
1370 conclave Pope Gregory XI Palais des Papes (Avignon) 19 –[40] [1]: 54–55
1378 conclave Pope Urban VI Old St. Peter's Basilica (Rome) 22 16[41] –[42] [1]: 55–60
1378 Avignon conclave Antipope Clement VII (Fondi) 22 21 –[43] [1]: 55–60
1389 conclave Pope Boniface IX Apostolic Palace (Rome) – 21 –[44] [1]: 60–61
1394 Avignon conclave Antipope Benedict XIII Palais des Papes (Avignon) 14 –[45] [1]: 61
1404 conclave Pope Innocent VII (Rome) – – [1]: 62
1406 conclave Pope Gregory XII (Rome) – – [1]: 62–63
1409 Council of Pisa Antipope Alexander V (Pisa) 26 11 days[46] [1]: 63
1410 Pisan conclave Antipope John XXIII San Petronio Basilica (Bologna) 17 3 days[47] [1]: 63–64
1417 Council of Constance Pope Martin V Konstanz Minster 31 (cardinals)[48] 23 (53 including 30 prelates) 2 days[49]
2 ballots 		[1]: 64–66
1423 Avignon conclave Antipope Clement VIII (Peñíscola) – – –[50] [1]: 67
1431 conclave Pope Eugene IV Santa Maria sopra Minerva (Rome) 20 19 – [1]: 68–69[51]
1439 Council of Florence Antipope Felix V Basel Münster – 32 (among them only 1 cardinal) – [1]: 69
1447 conclave Pope Nicholas V Santa Maria sopra Minerva (Rome) 24 18 3 ballots [1]: 70[51]
1455 conclave Pope Callixtus III Apostolic Palace (Rome) 20 15 – [1]: 71–73[51]
1458 conclave Pope Pius II Apostolic Palace (Rome) – 18 (the favorite, Domenico Capranica, Cardinal of Fermo died shortly before the start of the conclave)[52] 4 days[53]
2 ballots 		[1]: 73–77
1464 conclave Pope Paul II Apostolic Palace (Rome) – 20 1 day
1 ballot[54] 		[1]: 77–79[51]
1471 conclave Pope Sixtus IV Apostolic Palace (Rome) – 18 (2 in pectore cardinals were not admitted to the conclave) 3 days
3 ballots 		[1]: 79–81
1484 conclave Pope Innocent VIII Apostolic Palace (Rome), Sistine Chapel 25 25 – [1]: 81–83
1492 conclave Pope Alexander VI Apostolic Palace (Rome), Sistine Chapel 23 19 4 days[55] [1]: 84–85
September 1503 conclave Pope Pius III Apostolic Palace (Rome) 45 or 47 39 (list)[56] 2 days[57]
2 ballots 		[1]: 86–89
October 1503 conclave Pope Julius II Apostolic Palace (Rome) 44 38 (list) 1 day[58]
1 ballot[59] 		[1]: 89
1513 conclave Pope Leo X Apostolic Palace (Rome), Niccoline Chapel 31 25 2 days [1]: 91–93[51]
1521–1522 conclave Pope Adrian VI Apostolic Palace (Rome) 49 39 11 days[60]
12 ballots 		[1]: 95–98
1523 conclave Pope Clement VII Apostolic Palace (Rome) 41 38 48 days[61] [1]: 98–101
1534 conclave Pope Paul III Apostolic Palace (Rome), Cappella Parva – 35 3 days[62]
2 ballots 		[1]: 102–103[51]
1549–1550 conclave Pope Julius III Apostolic Palace (Rome), Cappella Paolina 54 49 (down to 45 at the end, including one death) 72 days[63]
61 ballots 		[1]: 104, 110
April 1555 conclave Pope Marcellus II Apostolic Palace (Rome) 57 40 (37 at the beginning) 5 days[64]
1 ballot 		[1]: 111–112
May 1555 conclave Pope Paul IV Apostolic Palace (Rome) 56 45 (43 at the beginning) 9 days
3 ballots[65] 		[1]: 112–113
1559 conclave Pope Pius IV Apostolic Palace (Rome), Cappella Paolina 55 48 (40 at the beginning. 51 participated in total, but because of illness no more than 48 ever voted at once. 2 died during conclave.) 103 days[66] [1]: 116–120[51]
1565–1566 conclave Pope Pius V Apostolic Palace (Rome) – 53 (48 at the beginning) 20 days[67] [1]: 121–123
1572 conclave Pope Gregory XIII Apostolic Palace (Rome) – 51 2 days[68] [1]: 125–126
1585 conclave Pope Sixtus V Apostolic Palace (Rome) – 42 3 days
3 ballots[69] 		[1]: 127–130
September 1590 conclave Pope Urban VII Apostolic Palace (Rome) 67 (of a possible 70[70]) 54 7 days [1]: 132–134
October–December 1590 conclave Pope Gregory XIV Apostolic Palace (Rome) 65[71] 52[72] 61 days[73] [1]: 134–135
1591 conclave Pope Innocent IX Apostolic Palace (Rome) – 56 3 days
3 ballots[74] 		[1]: 136
1592 conclave Pope Clement VIII Apostolic Palace (Rome) – 51 (52 entered, 2 died and one latecomer was admitted) 21 days[75] [1]: 136–138
March–April 1605 conclave Pope Leo XI Apostolic Palace (Rome) 69 61 (list) 19 days[76] [1]: 139–142
May 1605 conclave Pope Paul V Apostolic Palace (Rome) 67 59 (list)[77] 9 days[78] [1]: 142
1621 conclave Pope Gregory XV Apostolic Palace (Rome) 69 or 70 58 2 days[79]
1 ballot[80] 		[1]: 143–145
1623 conclave Pope Urban VIII Apostolic Palace (Rome) – 54 19 days[81] [1]: 147–149
1644 conclave Pope Innocent X Apostolic Palace (Rome) [1]: 153–154
1655 conclave Pope Alexander VII Apostolic Palace (Rome) [1]: 155–157
1667 conclave Pope Clement IX Apostolic Palace (Rome) [1]: 157–159
1669–1670 conclave Pope Clement X Apostolic Palace (Rome) [82] [1]: 159–161
1676 conclave Pope Innocent XI Apostolic Palace (Rome) [1]: 161–162
1689 conclave Pope Alexander VIII Apostolic Palace (Rome) [1]: 163–164
1691 conclave Pope Innocent XII Apostolic Palace (Rome) [1]: 164–166
1700 conclave Pope Clement XI Apostolic Palace (Rome) [1]: 167
1721 conclave Pope Innocent XIII Apostolic Palace (Rome) [1]: 168–170
1724 conclave Pope Benedict XIII Apostolic Palace (Rome) [1]: 170–171
1730 conclave Pope Clement XII Apostolic Palace (Rome) [1]: 171–173
1740 conclave Pope Benedict XIV Apostolic Palace (Rome) [1]: 173–175
1758 conclave Pope Clement XIII Apostolic Palace (Rome) [1]: 175–176
1769 conclave Pope Clement XIV Apostolic Palace (Rome) [1]: 176–178
1774–1775 conclave Pope Pius VI Apostolic Palace (Rome) [1]: 179–180
1799–1800 conclave Pope Pius VII San Giorgio Monastery (Venice) 45 35 105 days[83] [1]: 182–184
1823 conclave Pope Leo XII Quirinal Palace (Rome) 53 49 27 days[84] [1]: 186–187
1829 conclave Pope Pius VIII Quirinal Palace (Rome) 58 50 36 days[85] [1]: 188–189
1830–1831 conclave Pope Gregory XVI Quirinal Palace (Rome) 54 45 51 days[86]
83 ballots 		[1]: 189–190
1846 conclave Pope Pius IX Quirinal Palace (Rome) 62 50 3 days[87]
4 ballots 		[1]: 191–193
1878 conclave Pope Leo XIII Apostolic Palace (Rome), Sistine Chapel 64 61 3 days[88]
3 ballots 		[1]: 195–199
1903 conclave Pope Pius X Apostolic Palace (Rome), Sistine Chapel 64 62 (list) 5 days[89]
7 ballots 		[1]: 201–204
1914 conclave Pope Benedict XV Apostolic Palace (Rome), Sistine Chapel 65 57 (list) 4 days[90]
10 ballots 		[1]: 206–208
1922 conclave Pope Pius XI Apostolic Palace (Rome), Sistine Chapel 60 53 (list) 5 days[91]
14 ballots 		[1]: 209–210
1939 conclave Pope Pius XII Apostolic Palace (Vatican City), Sistine Chapel 62 62 (list) 2 days[92]
3 ballots 		[1]: 212–213
1958 conclave Pope John XXIII Apostolic Palace (Vatican City), Sistine Chapel 53 51 (list) 4 days[93]
11 ballots 		[1]: 215–218
1963 conclave Pope Paul VI Apostolic Palace (Vatican City), Sistine Chapel 82 80 (list) 3 days[94]
6 ballots 		[1]: 219–222
August 1978 conclave Pope John Paul I Apostolic Palace (Vatican City), Sistine Chapel 114 111 (list) 2 days[95]
4 ballots 		[1]: 223–227
October 1978 conclave Pope John Paul II Apostolic Palace (Vatican City), Sistine Chapel 111 111 (list) 3 days[96]
8 ballots 		[1]: 223–227
2005 conclave Pope Benedict XVI Apostolic Palace (Vatican City), Sistine Chapel 117 115 (list) 2 days[97]
4 ballots 		[98]
2013 conclave Pope Francis Apostolic Palace (Vatican City), Sistine Chapel 117 115 (list) 2 days[99]
5 ballots 		[100][101]
2025 conclave Pope Leo XIV Apostolic Palace (Vatican City), Sistine Chapel 135 133 (list) 2 days[102]
4 ballots 		[103]

See also

Literature

  • Baumgartner, Frederic J. (2003). Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-29463-8.

References

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  2. Back to citation Baumgartner, Frederic J. (2003). ""I Will Observe Absolute and Perpetual Secrecy:" The Historical Background of the Rigid Secrecy Found in Papal Elections". Catholic Historical Review. Vol. 89, Issue 2. pp. 165–181.
  3. Back to citation In the early days of the College of Cardinals, a total of seven cardinal-bishop positions existed, assuming all positions are filled at the time of an election, this represents the maximum number of potential electors. (Baumgartner, p. 27) By 1150, two of these posts had been combined, and until 1913 there were a total of 6 cardinal-bishops. In 1586 Sixtus V. revised the size of the college, these rules would stand until 1958. (Baumgartner, p. 131, compare footnote for the 1590 conclave)
  4. Back to citation According to the official protocol, Gregory was selected by an assembly in St. Peter that included cardinals and priests of the church, with the consent of attending bishops and by the acclamation of the crowd. It is unclear if the new 1059 rules were followed during his election. (Baumgartner p.24)
  5. Back to citation The election took place on 24 May 1086. However, the newly elected Desiderius initially refused the position, only accepting it at the Synod of Capua in March 1087. He was crowned on 9 May 1087.
  6. Back to citation Probably the first conclave that closely followed the 1059 rules. The group that elected Urban II was larger than that which had previously elected Victor III.
  7. Back to citation The first election under the 1059 rules for which a detailed account exists. Four cadinal-bishops along with 45 other non-voting cardinals were present when Gelasius II was elected unanimously.
  8. Back to citation Gelasius II was accompanied by 4 cardinal-bishops to France, where Gelasius died. The 4 cardinals elected his chosen successor. This marks the first election and coronation of a pope far away from Rome, and confirms the 1059 provision that a small number of cardinals could elect a pope under special circumstances.
  9. Back to citation Following the death of Callixtus, the Pierleoni and Frangipani families fought over the papal election. The cardinals initially elected Celestine II (not to be confused with the later pope Celestine II), but under duress by the Frangipani renounced his election, and the Frangipani-supported Honorius II was chosen by acclaim. Honoris then renounced this irregular acclamation, and was elected using the proper procedure the next day, after the remaining electors had been either bought off or threatened by Frangipani forces.
  10. Back to citation Innocent II was elected by a small group of cardinals supporting Haimeric, the cardinal instrumental in the election of Honorius.
  11. Back to citation Anacletus was chosen by a majority of the 41 cardinals opposed to Haimeric. This marks a departure from the previous election under the 1059 rules, in which only the cardinal-bishops were eligible to vote. Despite Anacletus' stronger support among the cardinals, he failed to be recognized by the northern European monarchs, and died before his opponent innocent. Anacletus successor Victor submitted to Innocent within a year of his election, both have since been considered antipopes.
  12. Back to citation elected "entirely consistent with the decree of 1059". Unclear if that means that only the small group of cardinal-bishops voted or the entire College of Cardinals.
  13. Back to citation elected unanimously
  14. Back to citation elected unanimously
  15. Back to citation Alexander III received a majority of votes which was opposed by at least 5 other cardinals that went on to elect Victor IV as antipope. His electorate probably numbered around the 40, based on the preceding elections.
  16. Back to citation Victor IV was chosen by a group of five cardinals loyal to the Holy Roman Emperor who objected to the election of Alexander III.
  17. Back to citation elected unanimously
  18. Back to citation The first conclave following the Third Lateran Council, which declared that all cardinals, not just the 6 (previously 7) cardinal-bishops were eligible to elect the pope. This had already been the de facto practice during some conclaves of the previous decades. Because Lucius III was chosen unanimously, the new rules requiring a two-thirds majority did not come into play yet.
  19. Back to citation elected unanimously
  20. Back to citation elected unanimously
  21. Back to citation elected unanimously
  22. Back to citation elected unanimously
  23. Back to citation Innocent III died accompanied by only two other cardinals. The rest of the college tasked them with deciding on his successor, with one of the two being chosen, presumably without a formal vote taking place between the two.
  24. Back to citation presumably one day
  25. Back to citation The 18 cardinals tasked three of them with finding a candidate, the first refused and the second was chosen, it is unclear if a formal vote took place.
  26. Back to citation Two cardinals had been captured by Emperor Frederick II. Because the electors were locked in while voting this can be considered the first conclave, though this did not become standard practice for another 3 decades. Celestine IV died 17 days into his pontificate, and the it took almost a year and a half for the cardinals to come together for the next conclave.
  27. Back to citation Two of the cardinals were still captured, one died during the previous conclave, the other became Celestine IV and died.
  28. Back to citation 11 December 1254 to 12 December 1254
  29. Back to citation 26 May 1261 to 29 August 1261
  30. Back to citation compare article
  31. Back to citation 12 October 1264 to 5 February 1265
  32. Back to citation One cardinal was in France and could not participate.
  33. Back to citation 1 December 1268 to 1 September 1271
  34. Back to citation According to Baumgartner it took only an hour.
  35. Back to citation Walsh, Michael J. (2003). The Conclave. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 8. ISBN 1-58051-135-X.
  36. Back to citation The 1294 conclave is the first of which contemporary documents describing the process survive
  37. Back to citation elected unanimously
  38. Back to citation elected unanimously
  39. Back to citation 22 September 1362 to 28 September 1362. Clement VI's brother was elected on the first day but refused the office on health grounds.
  40. Back to citation After receiving the votes of all 15 French cardinals, Gregory IX, nephew of Clement VI, was elected unanimously on the next ballot.
  41. Back to citation 7 April 1378 to. 6 cardinals stayed in Avignon. Among those cardinals in Rome 11 were French, 4 Italian and 1 Spanish. A large roman mob surrounded the Vatican palace during the conclave, putting the cardinals under pressure to elect a Roman, or at least Italian, pope.
  42. Back to citation Elected unanimously.
  43. Back to citation Urban VI antagonized the cardinals so much that they declared the papacy vacant and proceeded to elected a new pope in Avignon. Urban had the support of the Roman populace and created new cardinals loyal to him. For the next 4 decades the papacy was split between Rome and Avignon.
  44. Back to citation Elected unanimously.
  45. Back to citation Elected unanimously, excluding Benedict himself, who at first refused the throne but the acquiesced.
  46. Back to citation Elected unanimously.
  47. Back to citation Elected unanimously.
  48. Back to citation The Council of Constance instituted a maximum limit of 24 cardinals. Since Martin V recognized all the cardinals appointed by the various Antipopes, that number was only reached by 1426.
  49. Back to citation 8 November 1417 to 9 November 1417. Cardinal Colonna received 15 votes on the second ballot, one short of the required two thirds majority. He was then selected by accession, unanimously.
  50. Back to citation After Clements death, a single die-hard cardinal elected a successor named Benedict XIV, who died in 1447.
  51. Back to citation occurrence 51.0 Back to citation occurrence 51.1 Back to citation occurrence 51.2 Back to citation occurrence 51.3 Back to citation occurrence 51.4 Back to citation occurrence 51.5 Back to citation occurrence 51.6 Chambers, DS. 1978. "Papal Conclaves and Prophetic Mystery in the Sistine Chapel". Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, Vol. 41: pp. 322–326
  52. Back to citation This was the last conclave until 1958 in which non-Italians were a majority of the electorate.
  53. Back to citation Elected by accession after the second ballot. The first ballot was held on the third day of the conclave.
  54. Back to citation Elected by acclamation after the first ballot.
  55. Back to citation The vote was unanimous, with Borgia voting for himself.
  56. Back to citation This represents the largest group of cardinal-electors since the creation of the papal conclave. (Baumgartner, p. 87) (Ignoring some aberrations in the 12th century before the conclave format was fully established)
  57. Back to citation 16 September 1503 – 22 September 1503
  58. Back to citation 10 hours, according to Baumgartner
  59. Back to citation The vote was unanimous, except for the future pope, who did not vote for himself.
  60. Back to citation 30 December 1521 to 9 January 1522, one vote per day, with the final accession vote on the same day as the 11th scrutiny
  61. Back to citation 1 October 1523 to 18 November 1523, the first scrutiny was held on 6 October.
  62. Back to citation 11 October 1534 to 13 October 1534, but no voting took place on the 11th.
  63. Back to citation 29 November 1549 (19 days after Paull III death on 10 November) to 8 February 1550
  64. Back to citation Proclamation by adoration, followed by a unanimous ballot. The future Marcellus II voted for Cardinal Carafa, beginning a tradition of all-but-certain candidates casting their own vote for the dean of the college of cardinals.
  65. Back to citation Unanimously elected by acclamation
  66. Back to citation Not elected unanimously but by a close ballot
  67. Back to citation appointed by unanimous acclamation
  68. Back to citation Elected by acclamation on the first day, confirmed by a unanimous ballot on the second.
  69. Back to citation The vote was unanimous, except for the future pope, who did not vote for himself.
  70. Back to citation Sixtus V. fixed the size of the college at a maximum of 70 in 1586, a statute that would last until 1958. Any promotion that would exceed the limit was deemed invalid. Often the college had fewer members. The number of cardinal-bishops was lowered from seven to six, that of cardinal-priests increased from 28 to 50, and that of cardinal-deacons lowered from 18 to 14.
  71. Back to citation Urban and one other cardinal died, everyone else was still in Rome
  72. Back to citation Urban and one other cardinal died, everyone else was still in Rome
  73. Back to citation 7 October 1590 to 5 December 1590
  74. Back to citation Election was not unanimous
  75. Back to citation elected unanimously
  76. Back to citation 14 March 1605 – 1 April 1605
  77. Back to citation Leo XI and Cardinal Girolamo Agucchi both died, reducing the number of cardinals by two.
  78. Back to citation 8 May 1605 to 16 May 1605
  79. Back to citation 8 February 1621 to 9 February 1621
  80. Back to citation Gregory was elected by acclamation after the front-runner of the first and only ballot, Robert Bellarmine declined the position.
  81. Back to citation 19 July 1623 to 6 August 1623
  82. Back to citation No conclave between 1667 and 1830 lasted for fewer than three weeks.
  83. Back to citation 30 November 1799 to 14 March 1800
  84. Back to citation 2 September 1823 to 28 September 1823
  85. Back to citation 24 February 1829 to 31 March 1829
  86. Back to citation 14 December 1830 to 2 February 1831. No conclave since has lasted for more than one week or taken more than 14 ballots.
  87. Back to citation 14 June 1846 to 16 June 1846
  88. Back to citation 18 February 1878 to 20 February 1878
  89. Back to citation 31 July 1903 to 4 August 1903
  90. Back to citation 31 August 1914 to 3 September 1914
  91. Back to citation 2 February 1922 to 6 February 1922
  92. Back to citation 1 March 1939 to 2 March 1939
  93. Back to citation 25 October 1958 to 28 October 1958
  94. Back to citation 19 June 1963 to 21 June 1963
  95. Back to citation 25 August 1978 to 26 August 1978
  96. Back to citation 14 October 1978 to 16 October 1978
  97. Back to citation 18 April 2005 to 19 April 2005
  98. Back to citation Greeley, Andrew M. 2005. The Making of the Pope: 2005. Brown, Little. ISBN 0-316-86149-9.
  99. Back to citation 12 March 2013 to 13 March 2013
  100. Back to citation Lyman, Eric J. (1 March 2013). "Vatican summons cardinals for conclave". USA Today. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
  101. Back to citation "Argentine Cardinal Bergoglio elected pope, takes name Francis". 13 March 2013.
  102. Back to citation 7 May 2025 to 8 May 2025
  103. Back to citation "Entry into Conclave and Oath". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2025-05-08.
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